Role of Slaughtering in Salmonella Spreading and Control in Pork Production

[EN] Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. Pork products are among the main sources of Salmonella infection in humans, and several countries have established Salmonella surveillance and control programs. The role of slaughtering in carcass contamination has been indicated by studies focused on the slaughterhouse environment. In this review, we examine and discuss the information available regarding the influence that farm status, pig transport, and lairage have on the carriage of Salmonella by pigs entering the slaughter line. The evolution of carcass contamination throughout the slaughtering process, the main sources of contamination in the dirty and clean zones of the slaughter line, and previously reported prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and factors affecting this prevalence also are discussed. The importance of implementing interventions at the slaughter level is discussed briefly. Consistent with the information available, pigs from infected farms and newly acquired or recrudescent infections in pigs at the subsequent stages of transport and lairage are important sources of Salmonella at the slaughtering plant. The continuous introduction of Salmonella into the slaughterhouse and the potential for resident flora constitute a risk for carcass contamination. At the slaughterhouse, some dressing activities can reduce carcass contamination, but others are critical control points that jeopardize carcass hygiene. This information indicates the importance of considering slaughter and previous stages in the pork production chain for controlling Salmonella in swine productionS

In vitro effect of furan acetamide bromide on Salmonella enterica isolates from chickens

[ES] Dentro del género Salmonella, la especie Salmonella enterica, subsp enterica es una de las de mayor interés por su efecto patógeno sobre los animales. El trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto in vitro de la acetamida furánica bromada (AFB) sobre Salmonella enterica aviar. La AFB se obtuvo en el Centro de Bioactivos Químicos de la Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba. La actividad antimicrobiana del producto sobre los aislados de Salmonella enterica se determinó por el método de macrodilución en caldo, según el "National Comité for Clinical Laboratory Standards", NCCLS, documento M7-A2. La concentración letal mínima se determinó según NCCLS, documento M26-A, 1999. Las pruebas bioquímicas y serológicas confirmaron la presencia de Salmonella gallinarum en el 100 % de las muestras. Los valores de la mínima concentración inhibitoria (MCI) y mínima concentración bactericida (MCB) de la AFB fueron ambas de 12.5 mg/ml, para las cepas de Salmonella gallinarum y "American Type Culture Collection" de E. coli. Se concluye que la MCI y MCB de la Salmonella enterica frente a la acetamida furánica bromada in vitro fue de 12.5 mg/ml, demostrando la acción bactericida del producto.N

Fire severity shows limited dependence on fuel structure under adverse fire weather conditions: a case study of two extreme wildfire events

Fire Ecology is the official journal of the Association for Fire Ecology[EN] Background Extreme wildfire events (EWEs) are becoming increasingly frequent in many biomes worldwide. Although the drivers of fire severity are generally well understood, current knowledge in the context of EWEs remains limited. In this study, we focused on two pyro‑convective wildfires, classified as extreme based on current definitions, that occurred in northwest Spain during 2022. The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio‑Enhanced Vegetation Index (dNBR‑EVI) computed from Sentinel‑2 multispectral imagery was used as a proxy for fire severity. Among other datasets, we leveraged ecologically relevant LiDAR‑derived metrics capturing fuel density and leaf area density distribution across different strata, along with high‑resolution meteorological data (vapor pressure deficit; VPD) as a proxy for dead fine fuel moisture content, to investigate the relative importance of fuel type and structure, fire weather, and topography in determining fire severity in EWEs through a Random Forest (RF) modeling approach. Results The RF model explained the spatial variability of fire severity with high accuracy (R 2 = 0.81). Among the predictors, LiDAR‑based metrics indicative of surface, ladder, and canopy fuel density, as well as VPD, were identified as the most influential drivers of fire severity in the two EWEs analyzed. Coniferous forests exhibited the highest fire severity, associated with structurally homogeneous fuel loads across multiple strata that may promote surface and crown fire spread. In contrast, broadleaf‑dominated forests and mosaic landscapes with agricultural areas displayed lower fire severity, highlighting their potential to moderate fire behavior. Under extremely dry conditions (high VPD), fire severity showed little sensitivity to variations in fuel parameters, indicating that fire weather may override bottom‑up controls under this circumstance. Conversely, under low to moderate VPD values, high fire severity was observed when very hazardous fuel accumulation and arrangement were present. Topographic factors, although slightly contributing to severity, proved relatively less important in the two EWEs. Conclusions Our results emphasize the need for targeted fuel management in coniferous forests and shrublands to mitigate the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of intensifying wildfire regimes. However, strategies aimed at removing fuel load may not be effective under extreme fire weather conditions in the context of EWEs[ES] Antecedentes. Los eventos de incendios extremos (EWEs) están incrementando su frecuencia en numerosos biomas del planeta. Aunque los factores determinantes de la severidad del fuego están generalmente bien investigados, el conocimiento actual en el contexto de los EWEs es bastante limitado. En este estudio, nos enfocamos en dos eventos de fuego piro-convectivos, clasificados como extremos basados en las definiciones actuales, y que ocurrieron en el noroeste de España durante 2022. El índice de diferencia de relación de quemado normalizada-índice de vegetación mejorado (dNBR-EVI) calculado a partir de una imagen multiespectral Sentinel-2, fue utilizado como una aproximación de la severidad del fuego. Entre otros conjuntos de datos, determinamos la influencia de diversas métricas ecológicamente relevantes derivadas de datos LIDAR, relacionadas con la densidad del combustible y la densidad del área foliar por estratos, así como de datos meteorológicos de alta resolución (déficit de vapor de difusión, VPD) como una aproximación para determinar el contenido de humedad del combustible fino muerto, para investigar la importancia relativa del tipo y estructura del combustible, del tiempopeligro meteorológico, y la topografía, en la determinación de la severidad del fuego en EWEs mediante un modelo Random Forest (RF). Resultados. El modelo RF explicó la variabilidad espacial de la severidad del fuego con una alta precisión (R2 = 0.81). Entre los predictores, las métricas basadas en LIDAR indicativas de la densidad del combustible de superficie, en escalera y del dosel, como así también del VPD, fueron identificados como los factores más influyentes de la severidad del fuego en los dos EWEs analizados. Los bosques de coníferas fueron los que exhibieron la mayor severidad del fuego, asociados con cargas de combustibles estructuralmente homogéneas a través de múltiples estratos que puede promover la propagación del fuego a nivel de superficie y opas. En contraste, los bosques dominados por frondosas, y en paisajes tipo mosaico con áreas agrícolas, mostraron una severidad mucho más baja, enfatizando su potencial como moderadores del comportamiento del fuego. Bajo condiciones extremadamente secas (altos niveles de VPD), la severidad del fuego mostró muy poca sensibilidad a las variaciones en los parámetros del combustible, indicando que el peligro meteorológico, en estas circunstancias, puede superar los controles de abajo hacia arriba (bottom-up). Contrariamente, con bajos a moderados valores de VPD, la alta severidad fue observada cuando una peligrosa acumulación y disposición espacial del combustible estuvo presente. Los factores topográficos, aunque contribuyeron ligeramente a explicar la severidad, probaron ser menos importantes en los dos EWEs. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados enfatizan la necesidad del manejo de los combustibles en bosques de coníferas y matorrales para mitigar los impactos ecológicos y económicos de la intensificación de los regímenes de incendios. Sin embargo, las estrategias enfocadas a reducir la carga del combustible pueden ser inefectivas bajo condiciones de peligro meteorológico extremas en el contexto de EWEsSIThis study was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation in the framework of LANDSUSFIRE project (PID2022‑139156OB‑ C21) within the National Program for the Promotion of Scientific‑Technical Research (2021–2023), and with Next‑Generation Funds of the European Union (EU) in the framework of the FIREMAP project (TED2021‑130925B‑I00); and by the Regional Government of Castile and León in the framework of the IA‑FIREXTCyL project (LE081P23

A comprehensive regional approach to eco-efficiency in Spanish agriculture over time

[EN] Eco-efficiency, which integrates environmental and economic variables, is crucial for decision-making in agriculture, particularly within the framework of European environmental policy. The SBM-DEA tool has been applied in several studies, and facilitates the optimization of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the agricultural sector. Despite the significance of the Spanish agricultural economy at both European and international levels, the analysis of its eco-efficiency is limited and fragmented, and does not consider the regional disparities within the country. The objective of this study is therefore to assess the eco-efficiency of the Spanish regional agricultural sector during the period from 2004 to 2022, considering its regional and productive differences. This has been achieved using data from the Farm Accounting Network and the non-oriented SBM-DEA method with constant returns to scale. The eco-efficiency of the Spanish regional agricultural sector as a whole was estimated to range from 0.644 to 0.837, with an average value of 0.772 for the period analyzed. Forty-seven percent of the regions exceeded the average eco-efficiency. The data indicate significant opportunities to improve eco-efficiency and reduce GHG emissions at both the national (65.6%) and regional (ranging from 7.4 to 86.5%) levels. This paper discusses the need to develop regionalized strategies to optimize resource allocation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the Common Agricultural Policy.S

Spanish migration to Mexico (1898-1936). The case of the province of León

636 p.[ES] La presente tesis doctoral analiza la emigración leonesa hacia México durante el periodo comprendido entre 1898 y 1936, destacando su impacto económico, social y cultural, tanto en el lugar de origen como en el de destino. Este fenómeno, aunque cuantitativamente menor en comparación con otras provincias españolas, resulta profundamente significativo por las dinámicas transnacionales que generó y su capacidad para conectar dos realidades geográficas y culturales diferentes. El estudio parte de un análisis detallado de las causas de la emigración, contextualizándolas dentro de las crisis estructurales que afectaron a España en general y a León en particular. Así, desde un enfoque multidimensional, la investigación aborda las políticas migratorias españolas y mexicanas, mostrando cómo la legislación, aunque restrictiva en ciertas ocasiones, no impidió los flujos migratorios derivados de las redes familiares y comunitarias. Unas redes que facilitaron la migración en cadena, el asentamiento y la integración de los emigrantes, quienes encontraron en el comercio, la hostelería o la industria oportunidades para prosperar, como fue el caso de Pablo Díez Fernández, fundador del Grupo Modelo. Del mismo modo, se resalta cómo los emigrantes leoneses lograron preservar su identidad cultural a través de asociaciones, festividades y prácticas comunitarias, fortaleciendo los vínculos entre México y León. Además, el legado de estos emigrantes tuvo un impacto transformador en sus comunidades de origen, mejorando infraestructuras locales, financiando proyectos educativos y fomentando el desarrollo regional. Por este motivo, se evidencia cómo la emigración leonesa no solo actuó como un puente cultural entre ambas regiones, sino también como un motor de desarrollo y cambio en los contextos de destino y origen.[EN] This doctoral dissertation analyzes emigration from León to Mexico during the time between 1898 and 1936, highlighting its economic, social and cultural impact as much in the place of origin as in that of destination. This phenomenon, although relatively minor in quantity when compared with other Spanish provinces, becomes deeply meaningful when we consider the translational dynamics it created and its capacity to connect two different geographical and cultural realities. This study starts with a detailed analysis of migration causes, contextualizing them within the structural crises that affected Spain in general and León in particular. Thus, from a multidimensional framework, this research deals with Spanish and Mexican migration policies, showing how legislation, although restrictive sometimes, did not prevent migratory flows derived from family and community networks. These networks facilitated the chain migration, the settlement and integration of migrants who found opportunities to prosper in business, hospitality and other industries, as in the case of Pablo Díez Fernández, founder of the trademark Grupo Modelo. At the same time, this research underlies how Leonese migrants maintained their cultural identity through associations, festivities and community practices, strengthening their links between Mexico and León. Besides, these emigrants’ legacy had a transformational impact in their communities of origin, with the improvement of local infrastructures, the financing of educational projects, and the promotion of regional development. All this proves that Leonese emigration did not only work as a cultural bridge between both regions but also as an engine of development and change in the contexts of destination and origin

Detailed biogeographical mapping as a useful novel tool for the conservation of endemic taxa: a case of study for Iberian orchids

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved][EN] BACKGROUND. Many Iberian orchids occur in plant communities designated as habitats of interest in the European Union, particularly in Mediterranean grasslands and forests. Their ecological importance highlights the need for a deeper understanding of their distribution and ecological requirements in order to develop effective conservation and management policies. METHODS. This study focuses on the biogeographical mapping and characterisation of five Iberian and Balearic endemic orchid species at district level. Distribution data were collected from existing biodiversity databases and integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). In order to assign the correct biogeographical epithet to each taxon, a set of rules and criteria was developed to ensure an objective, simple and universal classification based on the species' distribution areas. RESULTS. For each orchid species, the study identified its phytosociological assignment, bioclimatic range and current conservation status. Detailed maps were produced, providing insights into the biogeographical, bioclimatic and phytosociological attributes of these taxa. CONCLUSIONS. The biogeographical mapping and ecological classification presented in this study provide a basis for effective decision-making regarding the conservation and management of these orchid species. In addition, the results can be used to update their conservation status to better reflect their ecological needs and threatsSIThis project has received funding from the European Commission [ERASMUS+ programme] under grant agreement No [20211FR01KA220VET000043186](DEMAIN: Vers la transition agro-ecologique en viticulture (TOMORROW: Towards the agro-ecological transition in viticulture)); the European Commission [Zimbral for LIFE] under grant agreement No [101074592] (LIFE21-NAT-PT-Zimbral-for-LIFE); the European Union [NextGenerationEU/PRTR], MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under grant agreement No [TED2021-1311388B-I00]. Funding was also received from the Regional Ministry of Education, Junta of Castilla and León (Spain), EDU/667/2019 and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Junta of Castilla and León (JCyL). The grant was awarded to AGP author and included a Fellowship Scheme for a Doctoral Training Program: Order of 12 December 2019 from the Regional Ministry of Education (extract published in B.O.C. y L. No. 245, 23 December)). BDNS (Ident.): 487971 and Postdoc scholarship for AGP (UNAM-DGAPA Postdoctoral Program

Population structure of eleven Spanish ovine breeds and detection of selective sweeps with BayeScan and hapFLK

[EN] The goals of the current work were to analyse the population structure of 11 Spanish ovine breeds and to detect genomic regions that may have been targeted by selection. A total of 141 individuals were genotyped with the Infinium 50 K Ovine SNP BeadChip (Illumina). We combined this dataset with Spanish ovine data previously reported by the International Sheep Genomics Consortium (N = 229). Multidimensional scaling and Admixture analyses revealed that Canaria de Pelo and, to a lesser extent, Roja Mallorquina, Latxa and Churra are clearly differentiated populations, while the remaining seven breeds (Ojalada, Castellana, Gallega, Xisqueta, Ripollesa, Rasa Aragonesa and Segurenã) share a similar genetic background. Performance of a genome scan with BayeScan and hapFLK allowed us identifying three genomic regions that are consistently detected with both methods i.e. Oar3 (150-154 Mb), Oar6 (4-49 Mb) and Oar13 (68-74 Mb). Neighbor-joining trees based on polymorphisms mapping to these three selective sweeps did not show a clustering of breeds according to their predominant productive specialization (except the local tree based on Oar13 SNPs). Such cryptic signatures of selection have been also found in the bovine genome, posing a considerable challenge to understand the biological consequences of artificial selectionSIThis research was partially funded by a grant (RZ2011-00015-C03-01) from the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Spain). We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad for the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2016–2019 award SEV-2015-0533.We are indebted to all the veterinarians that, in the course of sanitation campaigns and paternity controls, provided us sheep blood samples. We would also like to thank María Inés Fariello for helpful advice when performing the HapFLK analyses. Many thanks also to the International Sheep Genomics Consortium (and specially to Drs. Hans Lenstra and Elena Ciani) for kindly providing ovine 50 K data from 5 Spanish breeds. Taina F Cardoso was funded with a fellowship from the CAPES Foundation-Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education, Ministry of Education (MEC) of the Federal Government of Brazi

Structure and viability of 24- and 72-h-old biofilms formed by four pathogenic bacteria on polystyrene and glass contact surfaces

1). Riesco Peláez, Félix: Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, School of Industrial, Computer and Aerospace Engineering, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain. 2) MATERIAS (Suject): Tecnología de los Alimentos; Medicina. Salud; Informática (software)[EN]. The biofilms formed by Salmonella Hadar (SH174), Listeria monocytogenes (LM6), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA125) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE61s) on polystyrene and glass after 24 h and 72 h of incubation at 37 °C were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after staining with SYTO9 and propidium iodide (PI). A lower average biovolume (P < 0.05) was observed for SH174 biofilms (73,073.61 ± 52,365.90 μm3 in the observation field of 14,161 μm2) than for LM6 (180,804.50 ± 32,554.62 μm3), MRSA125 (208,605.34 ± 57,534.93 μm3) and VRE61s (212,543.91 ± 39,718.62 μm3) biofilms. SH174 showed the greatest (P < 0.05) biovolume on glass, as compared with polystyrene. Biofilms of LM6, MRSA125 and VRE61s were produced at comparable levels on both contact surfaces. After 24 h, SH174 formed small scattered cell clusters, and biovolume of biofilms increased (P < 0.05) after 72 h. By contrast, LM6, MRSA125 and VRE61s formed compact biofilms quickly (24 h) on both contact surfaces. Seventy-two-hour-old biofilms showed the largest biovolumes of dead or damaged (PI-stained) cells, except for MRSA125 (polystyrene) and VRE61s (polystyrene and glass). Appropriate procedures for the disinfection of food processing surfaces immediately after use are required to prevent the formation of biofilm by pathogenic bacteria.SIThis work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (INIA, RTA2014-00045-C03-02)

Teaching-Learning french grammar through social media: Instagram as an innovative tool in secondary school classrooms

[ES] Escogiendo el primer curso de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria como grupo de referencia, concretamente en la asignatura francés como lengua extranjera, vemos conveniente la introducción de estos instrumentos como parte complementaria al trabajo realizado en el aula. El objetivo es que los alumnos aprendan la gramática básica a través de textos cortos, ya que los caracteres que la aplicación Instagram nos ofrece son limitados.[EN] By choosing the first year of compulsory secondary education as a reference group, specifically in the French subject as a foreign language, we see fit the introduction of these instruments as a complementary part to the work done in the classroom. The aim is for students to learn basic grammar through short texts, since the characters that the Instagram app offers us are limited

Delibes: "Madera del héroe", Names, Christian Saints and The Matter of heroism

[ES] Este trabajo se propone releer Madera de héroe (antes 377A, Madera de héroe, 1987), de Miguel Delibes, buscando una propuesta constructiva sobre el valor del heroísmo. En la novela pugnan distintas ten-dencias (o tentaciones): una valoración persistente del heroísmo como impostura, la de su nocividad para individuos y sociedades, mientras va cobrando forma la idea, que se consolida al final, del heroís-mo como ejemplo que sólo puede cumplirse a posteriori, al modo de la santidad. El método de análisis atenderá conexiones, repeticiones y resignificaciones dentro del texto, tomando en cuenta las elecciones de nombres, vocablos, frases, y lo que surge de la ironía que posibilitanlas cercanías o distancias de las distintas voces respecto a la materia narrada.[EN] The purpose of this work is reread Madera de héroe (before 377A, Madera de héroe, 1987), by Miguel De-libes, seeking a constructive proposal on the value of heroism. There are conflicting ideas in the novel: a persistent valuation of heroism as an imposture, that of its harmfulness for individuals and societies, while the idea is taking shape, which is consolidated in the end, of heroism as an example that can only be fulfilled posthumously, like the holiness. The method of analysis will address the connections, repe-titions and resignifications in the text, considering names, words, phrases, and the irony that arises from the proximity or distance of the different voices in history