Tracja Zachodnia jako region pograniczny w świetle przemian geopolitycznych i ludnościowych po I wojnie światowej (1919–1928)

The aim of the article is to show the borderlandness of the region called Western Thrace using the aspect od demographic and socio-political changes that occurred there after the First World War. Until the beginning of the 20th century this area was inhabited by communities with diverse cultural characteristics. Under Ottoman rule it was the part of a historical-geographical region called Thrace. It began to be recognised as a separate territorial unit and geopolitical question from the time of the Balkan Wars (Bulgarian Aegean Thrace, Turkish and Greek Western Thrace). It was finally annexed to Greece in 1920. On the basis of documentation from representatives of the Entente military, the League of Nations and the Greek authorities, the processes that contributed to the consolidation of a contemporary dichotomous cultural landscape in the region will be presented. On the one hand, it was subordinated to the paradigm of a unitary nation-state, while on the other hand, religious autonomy for more than a hundred thousand Muslims was included. In practice, however, this solution contributed to the isolation (ghettoisation) of the Muslim minority community, slowed down the integration of Muslims into Greek society and strengthened the control of the central administration over the affairs of the region.Celem artykułu jest ukazanie pograniczności regionu o nazwie Tracja zachodnia przez pryzmat zmian demograficznych i społeczno-politycznych, jakie nastąpiły tam po I wojnie światowej i przejęciu władzy przez Grecję. Do początku XX w. obszar ten, stanowiący część Turcji osmańskiej i zamieszkany przez społeczności o zróżnicowanej charakterystyce kulturowej, stanowił część historyczno-geograficznego regionu o nazwie Tracja. Za odrębną jednostkę terytorialną zaczęto go uznawać od czasu wojen bałkańskich (buł. Tracja egejska, tur. i gr. Tracja zachodnia). W 1920 r. został on ostatecznie przyłączony do Grecji. Na podstawie dokumentacji pochodzącej od przedstawicieli wojsk Ententy, Ligi Narodów i władz greckich, przedstawione zostaną procesy, które złożyły się na ugruntowanie dychotomicznego krajobrazu kulturowego w regionie, funkcjonującego do czasów dzisiejszych. Z jednej strony podporządkowano je paradygmatowi unitarnego państwa narodowego, z drugiej uwzględniono autonomię religijną dla ponad stu tysięcy muzułmanów. W praktyce rozwiązanie to przyczyniło się jednak do izolowania (gettoizacji) muzułmańskiej wspólnoty mniejszościowej, spowolniło integrację muzułmanów ze społeczeństwem greckim i wzmocniło kontrolę administracji centralnej nad sprawami regionu

Politics of the French empire in the east Adriatic coast (1809–1814)

The article processes the period of the French Empire’s rule on the east Adriatic coast between 1809 and 1814. Based on the relevant literature and historical sources, the article points to events that followed Campo Formio's peace in 1797 until the destruction of French rule in 1814. Special focus is placed on the activities of the new rulers, based on the ideas of the French revolutions, which sought to transform the area of east Adriatic and integrate it into the state system of the French empire, with the goal of creating a united political, administrative, militaristic, economic and cultural-educational area. In that context, in the article, the main question being examined is the formation of the Illyrian provinces, which were intended to be a separate province of the French empire, which was supposed to unite different national and religious communities that spoke the same language. With a comprehensive analysis of political and social changes, an attempt is made to point to a pioneer attempt to transform a patriarchal and traditional community, through the implementation of modern models of public administration, healthcare, and education.Članak obrađuje perod vlasti Francuskog carstva na Istočnoj obali Jadrana u periodu od 1809. do 1814. godine. Na osnovu relevantne literature i istorijskih izvora, ukazuje se na događaje koji su uslijedili nakon mirovnog sporazuma u Campo Formiju 1797. godine, sve do urušavanja francuske vlasti 1814. godine. Poseban fokus je na aktivnostima novih vlasti, da na idejama Francuske revolucije transformišu prostor Istočnog jadrana, i integrišu ga u državni okvir Francuskog carstva, sa ciljem stvaranja jedinstvenog političkog, administrativnog, vojnog, ekonomskog i kulturno-obrazovnog prostora. U tom kontekstu, u članku je posebno obrađeno pitanje formiranja Ilirskih provincija, koje su zamišljene kao posebna pokrajina Francuskog carstva, koja će objediniti različite naconalne i vjerske zajednice koje su govorile istim jezikom. Sveobuhvatnom analizom političkih i društvenih promjena, pokušava se ukazati na pionirski pokušaj transformacije jedne patrijarhalne i tradicionalne zajednice, kroz uvođenje savremenih modela javne uprave i administracije, zdravstvene zašttite i obrazovanja.The article processes the period of the French Empire’s rule on the east Adriatic coast between 1809 and 1814. Based on the relevant literature and historical sources, the article points to events that followed Campo Formio's peace in 1797 until the destruction of French rule in 1814. Special focus is placed on the activities of the new rulers, based on the ideas of the French revolutions, which sought to transform the area of east Adriatic and integrate it into the state system of the French empire, with the goal of creating a united political, administrative, militaristic, economic and cultural-educational area. In that context, in the article, the main question being examined is the formation of the Illyrian provinces, which were intended to be a separate province of the French empire, which was supposed to unite different national and religious communities that spoke the same language. With a comprehensive analysis of political and social changes, an attempt is made to point to a pioneer attempt to transform a patriarchal and traditional community, through the implementation of modern models of public administration, healthcare, and education

On the ratio of the main agricultural sectors in the urban economy of the Principality of Moldavia (the end of the 16th century – beginning of the 18th century)

The article considers the ratio of the leading agricultural sectors in the economic structure of Moldavian cities in the period from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century. The study attempts to systematise the available historical material (various sources of that era) based on the mathematical method and mathematical modelling tools. The results of the study confirm the well-established facts that agricultural and trade and handicraft activities were basic in the urban economic infrastructure and were closely interconnected. The dominance of the agrarian factor in urban life and the semi-agrarian nature of the towns of the Principality of Moldavia contributed to significant functional changes in the evolution of the economic infrastructure of towns and cities, the formation of the urban market, trade and market relations, craft formations, and so on for the following centuries.The article considers the ratio of the leading agricultural sectors in the economic structure of Moldavian cities in the period from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century. The study attempts to systematise the available historical material (various sources of that era) based on the mathematical method and mathematical modelling tools. The results of the study confirm the well-established facts that agricultural and trade and handicraft activities were basic in the urban economic infrastructure and were closely interconnected. The dominance of the agrarian factor in urban life and the semi-agrarian nature of the towns of the Principality of Moldavia contributed to significant functional changes in the evolution of the economic infrastructure of towns and cities, the formation of the urban market, trade and market relations, craft formations, and so on for the following centuries

O tym jak się „dusza narodu na wzór ojczystych okolic nastraja”. Ideologiczny krajobraz ojczyzny w serbskim dyskursie urbanistycznym okresu międzywojennego

When a project for the comprehensive modernization of the Serbian capital Belgrade was conceived in the late 1860s, an altruistic concern for the health of society was a constant element of most discussions devoted to this problem. When the modernization process of the Serbian capital Belgrade was continued in the late 1860s, an altruistic concern for the health of the society was a constant element of most statements devoted to this problem. The health discourse, apart from the aesthetic one, was an element connecting the reflection on the city in Western Europe and Serbia. However, while in the West attempts to heal urban space were supposed to be an antidote to the negative effects of industrialization, in relation to Belgrade these treatments resulted from completely different premises, namely, they were motivated by the legacy of the times of industrial backwardness as a result of Turkish rule. Urban green areas played a special role in the process of modernizing Belgrade. The concern for them in the statements of Serbian architects and town planners of the interwar period, presented as a touchstone of modernity, was in fact included in the mission of strengthening dynastic interests, based on „national forest myth-making”. In the article I present the mechanisms of designing a historical and political filter on nature, which are one of the strategies of including it in the processes of creating and strengthening the ideology of „integral Yugoslavism”, hidden under the slogans of modernizing the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by greening it.Kiedy pod koniec lat sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku powstał projekt kompleksowej modernizacji stolicy Serbii - Belgradu, stałym elementem większości dyskusji poświęconych temu problemowi była altruistyczna troska o zdrowie społeczeństwa. Dyskurs zdrowotny, oprócz estetycznego był elementem łączącym refleksję nad miastem na Zachodzie Europy i w Serbii. Jednak o ile na Zachodzie próby uzdrowienia przestrzeni miejskiej stanowić miały antidotum na negatywne skutki industrializacji, w odniesieniu do Belgradu zabiegi te wynikały z przesłanek zupełnie innych, motywowane były mianowicie spuścizną po czasach przemysłowego zacofania jako pokłosia panowania tureckiego. Szczególna rola w procesie modernizowania Belgradu przypadła terenom zieleni miejskiej. Troska o nie w wypowiedziach serbskich architektów i urbanistów okresu międzywojennego przedstawiana jako probierz nowoczesności włączona została w istocie w misję umacniania interesów dynastycznych, opartą na „leśnym mitotwórstwie narodowym”. W artykule prezentuję mechanizmy projektowania na przyrodę filtru historycznego i politycznego w celu jej włączenia w procesy stwarzania i umacniania ideologii „integralnego jugoslawizmu”

Social and economic determinants of the Wallachian settlement in Thessaloniki in the 19th and early 20th centuries

The aim of the article is to present, on the basis of source materials and historiographical findings, the regularities associated with the evolution of the Wallachian settlement in Thessaloniki in the 19th and 20th centuries. In this case, a rapid process of assimilation of the newcomers into the local Greek-speaking Orthodox community is noticeable. It took place in the context of coexistence between individual Wallachian families and the Greek population in cultural and economic terms. At the root of integration of Wallachians with the Greeks were the religious community (subordination to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, common churches and liturgy in Greek), the lack of an adequately established Wallachian language tradition, and the impossibility of implementing their traditions (identified with a pastoral-transhumant economy) in urban socio-economic realities. As a result, the settlers in Thessaloniki became Hellenized in a linguistic and national sense, but they kept also some cultural distinctions, defined in terms of kinship or places of origin. This situation could not be altered by cultural activities of Romania, which at the turn of the 20th century aimed at establishing national and linguistic ties with individual Wallachian communities.The aim of the article is to present, on the basis of source materials and historiographical findings, the regularities associated with the evolution of the Wallachian settlement in Thessaloniki in the 19th and 20th centuries. In this case, a rapid process of assimilation of the newcomers into the local Greek-speaking Orthodox community is noticeable. It took place in the context of coexistence between individual Wallachian families and the Greek population in cultural and economic terms. At the root of integration of Wallachians with the Greeks were the religious community (subordination to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, common churches and liturgy in Greek), the lack of an adequately established Wallachian language tradition, and the impossibility of implementing their traditions (identified with a pastoral-transhumant economy) in urban socio-economic realities. As a result, the settlers in Thessaloniki became Hellenized in a linguistic and national sense, but they kept also some cultural distinctions, defined in terms of kinship or places of origin. This situation could not be altered by cultural activities of Romania, which at the turn of the 20th century aimed at establishing national and linguistic ties with individual Wallachian communities

Balkan Orthodox Churches in Soviet Union policy (in the first years after the Second World War)

The aim of the article is to present the concept and actions taken by the Soviet diplomacy and the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church to subjugate the Orthodox communities in the communist Balkan countries. The mechanism of the subjugation of the Balkan churches has been included into a comparative perspective and integrated into the broader concept of the Moscow Patriarchate towards gaining a leading role in the Orthodox world in the first years after the end of the Second World War. The process of dependency and its effects are reflected in diplomatic documents, but also in those produced by the Orthodox Churches themselves. The key element for gaining central position in the Orthodox world by Moscow was the organisation of anniversary celebrations and conferences to integrate the community and to involve it in the implementation of plans towards Soviet political domination. The results of these efforts were very limited in relation to ambitions outlined by the leadership of the Soviet state, revealing differing positions of the major patriarchates, as well as a real strength of authority and prestige that the Ecumenical Patriarchate invariably enjoyed.The aim of the article is to present the concept and actions taken by the Soviet diplomacy and the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church to subjugate the Orthodox communities in the communist Balkan countries. The mechanism of the subjugation of the Balkan churches has been included into a comparative perspective and integrated into the broader concept of the Moscow Patriarchate towards gaining a leading role in the Orthodox world in the first years after the end of the Second World War. The process of dependency and its effects are reflected in diplomatic documents, but also in those produced by the Orthodox Churches themselves. The key element for gaining central position in the Orthodox world by Moscow was the organisation of anniversary celebrations and conferences to integrate the community and to involve it in the implementation of plans towards Soviet political domination. The results of these efforts were very limited in relation to ambitions outlined by the leadership of the Soviet state, revealing differing positions of the major patriarchates, as well as a real strength of authority and prestige that the Ecumenical Patriarchate invariably enjoyed

Między upamiętnieniem a manipulacją: miejsce obozu koncentracyjnego w Jasenovacu w serbskiej pamięci i przestrzeni publicznej lat 80. i 90. XX wieku

The article discusses the question of the politics of memory in the public discourse of Serbia in the 1980s with regard to the crimes commited by the Ustasha regime against the Serbian population in Independent State of Croatia (NDH), during World War II. Particular attention is is paid to the case of the largest Ustasha concentration camp Jasenovac. The discussion on this topic was presented on the basis of the press from the second half of the 1980s and the early 1990s. The predominant number of publications emphasised that the Serbs suffered huge losses and that the crimes against the Orthodox population in the NDH were never punished. Discussions about the genocide, which was often described in Serbia as „forgotten”, referred to the political climate in the republic at the time. Leading Serbian politicians spoke sharply on the subject, and numerous scientific and quasi-scientific publications were published. The number of victims was manipulated. Moreover, a message about the „awakening of the Ustasha spirits” was developed in relation to Croatian national activities. Anti-Croatian rhetoric intensified with the introduction of the multi-party system in Yugoslavia (1989) and strengthening of secessionist aspirations in Croatia. The discussions concerning Jasenovac were developed in the context of the political crisis of the federation at the time and the aspirations of Serbian elites towards national unification of Serbs around martyrdom messages.W artykule omówiono kwestię polityki pamięci w dyskursie publicznym Serbii w latach 80. XX wieku w odniesieniu do zbrodni ustaszy podczas II wojny światowej, popełnionych przeciwko Serbom w Niezależnym Państwie Chorwackim (NDH). Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na sprawę największego obozu koncentracyjnego ustaszy w Jasenovacu. Dyskusja na ten temat została przedstawiona na podstawie tekstów prasowych z drugiej połowy lat 80. i początku lat 90. W dominującej liczbie publikacji podkreślano, że Serbowie ponieśli ogromne straty, a zbrodnie przeciwko prawosławnym w NDH nigdy nie zostały ukarane. Zwracano uwagę na liczbę ofiar, często zawyżając liczbę zamordowanych w Jasenovacu. Dyskusje o ludobójstwie, które w ówczesnej Serbii często określano mianem „zapomnianego”, odnosiły się do ówczesnego klimatu politycznego w republice. Czołowi politycy serbscy ostro wypowiadali się na ten temat, ukazywały się liczne publikacje o charakterze naukowym i quasi-naukowym. Wielokrotnie manipulowano liczbą ofiar. W odniesieniu do działań narodowych chorwackich rozwijano przekaz o „przebudzeniu duchów ustaszy”. Antychorwacka retoryka nasiliła się wraz z wprowadzeniem systemu wielopartyjnego w Jugosławii (1989) i nasileniem dążeń secesjonistycznych w poszczególnych republikach. Tematy dotyczące Jasenovaca były rozwijane w kontekście ówczesnego kryzysu politycznego w Jugosławii i aspiracji elit serbskich w kierunku narodowego jednoczenia Serbów wokół przekazów martyrologicznych

The Byzantine chronicles of Symeon the Magister and the Logothete (10th cent.) and Joannes Zonaras (12th cent.). Lesser known sources of knowledge on the Balkan and Eastern Europe Slavs (review of research)

The article deals with two Byzantine chronicles that were translated into Old Church Slavic in the Middle Ages on the Balkan Peninsula and were subsequently adapted in Rus’, where they served as the base and source of inspiration for indigenous East Slavic historical studies in universal history. It is about the works of Symeon Magister and Logothete, who probably wrote between the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus and the beginning of the reign of Basil II, and the Epitome historiarum of John Zonaras, covering history from the creation of the world to 1118, which is the most comprehensive Byzantine historical work and which, possibly, was completed ca. 1145. The aim of the article is to establish the chronology of the creation of the Old Church Slavic translations of both chronicles and the history of their dissemination in the Slavia Orthodoxa area (with a review of the state of research). The editions of the translations and unpublished manuscript material were examined (its excerpt is presented in the appendix). We were able to establish that the complete translation of the work of Symeon Magister and Logothete is preserved only in the Moldavian historiographical compilation of 1637, while the text of John Zonaras was translated by the Slavs several times and functioned in their literatures in many versions, none of which, however, is complete.The article deals with two Byzantine chronicles that were translated into Old Church Slavic in the Middle Ages on the Balkan Peninsula and were subsequently adapted in Rus’, where they served as the base and source of inspiration for indigenous East Slavic historical studies in universal history. It is about the works of Symeon Magister and Logothete, who probably wrote between the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus and the beginning of the reign of Basil II, and the Epitome historiarum of John Zonaras, covering history from the creation of the world to 1118, which is the most comprehensive Byzantine historical work and which, possibly, was completed ca. 1145. The aim of the article is to establish the chronology of the creation of the Old Church Slavic translations of both chronicles and the history of their dissemination in the Slavia Orthodoxa area (with a review of the state of research). The editions of the translations and unpublished manuscript material were examined (its excerpt is presented in the appendix). We were able to establish that the complete translation of the work of Symeon Magister and Logothete is preserved only in the Moldavian historiographical compilation of 1637, while the text of John Zonaras was translated by the Slavs several times and functioned in their literatures in many versions, none of which, however, is complete