Learning from Common Law? The Binding Nature of the Hungarian Curia’s Judgments

This paper critically examines the Hungarian legal system’s recent turn toward a limited precedent model, introduced by the 2019 Precedents Act. Originally presented at a conference celebrating Professor Vékás’s 85th birthday, the study situates this development within the broader debate over the role of courts in shaping civil law and evaluates whether the new framework enhances legal certainty or instead obfuscates the applicable law. Through a detailed comparison with the English common law precedent system, the paper identifies structural weaknesses in Hungary’s quasi-precedent regime, including the lack of clarity around binding elements, challenges in accessing and navigating a vast body of precedents, and the rigidity imposed on the Curia’s jurisprudential development. The analysis raises fundamental questions about the viability and legitimacy of the Hungarian precedent system and calls for greater transparency, judicial infrastructure and professional engagement to ensure the rule of law. The paper concludes by reaffirming the importance of comparative legal dialogue, as advocated by Professor Vékás

Act XXXVII of 1875 and Slovak Commercial Law. A Contribution to the 150th Anniversary of Its Adoption

The Act XXXVII of 1875 (the Hungarian Commercial Code) was the first commercial law regulation in Hungary, representing the initial comprehensive codification of commercial law within the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia). This legal norm stood out for its modernity and innovativeness in many respects, and its “legal destiny” was not halted even by the circumstances of the First World War and the subsequent dissolution of the dualistic state of Austria-Hungary. On the contrary, it found its application even in the newly established state – Czechoslovakia. Under the influence of the so-called first Czechoslovak law, Act No. 11/1918 Coll. (of laws and decrees), the former Hungarian law was received onto the territory of Slovakia through this reception norm. Among other provisions, the Act XXXVII of 1875 was thereby adopted, making it a valid part of the newly formed Czechoslovak legal order (with validity for the territory of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia). Given the unfinished unification of commercial law during the interwar period, the regulation of this Act was subsequently adopted into the newly created, so-called Wartime Slovak State. In the area of application of its provisions, continuity with the preceding period was maintained, meaning no significant legislative interventions were made to its text. Following the renewal of Czechoslovakia, a “breakthrough” in relation to its application occurred only after 1948, due to the altered social, political, and economic direction of Czechoslovakia under the power of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). The final stage of this legal norm’s existence was the adoption of Act No. 243/1949 Coll. on Joint-Stock Companies, and Act No. 141/1950 Coll. the Civil Code, which repealed it without replacement, thereby “burying” commercial law in Czechoslovakia for more than forty years. The only exception was the provisions concerning the legal affairs of cooperatives, which, however, served merely as a transitional regulation for the emerging People’s Cooperatives and were therefore also quickly repealed by Act No. 53/1954 Coll., on People\u27s Cooperatives and Cooperative Organisations. Even though it was not readopted during the restoration of the market economy after 1989, Act XXXVII of 1875 represents the longest-standing and most effective commercial law regulation in the territory of Slovakia, leaving an indelible legacy.The Act XXXVII of 1875 (the Hungarian Commercial Code) was the first commercial law regulation in Hungary, representing the initial comprehensive codification of commercial law within the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia). This legal norm stood out for its modernity and innovativeness in many respects, and its “legal destiny” was not halted even by the circumstances of the First World War and the subsequent dissolution of the dualistic state of Austria-Hungary. On the contrary, it found its application even in the newly established state – Czechoslovakia. Under the influence of the so-called first Czechoslovak law, Act No. 11/1918 Coll. (of laws and decrees), the former Hungarian law was received onto the territory of Slovakia through this reception norm. Among other provisions, the Act XXXVII of 1875 was thereby adopted, making it a valid part of the newly formed Czechoslovak legal order (with validity for the territory of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia). Given the unfinished unification of commercial law during the interwar period, the regulation of this Act was subsequently adopted into the newly created, so-called Wartime Slovak State. In the area of application of its provisions, continuity with the preceding period was maintained, meaning no significant legislative interventions were made to its text. Following the renewal of Czechoslovakia, a “breakthrough” in relation to its application occurred only after 1948, due to the altered social, political, and economic direction of Czechoslovakia under the power of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). The final stage of this legal norm’s existence was the adoption of Act No. 243/1949 Coll. on Joint-Stock Companies, and Act No. 141/1950 Coll. the Civil Code, which repealed it without replacement, thereby “burying” commercial law in Czechoslovakia for more than forty years. The only exception was the provisions concerning the legal affairs of cooperatives, which, however, served merely as a transitional regulation for the emerging People’s Cooperatives and were therefore also quickly repealed by Act No. 53/1954 Coll., on People\u27s Cooperatives and Cooperative Organisations. Even though it was not readopted during the restoration of the market economy after 1989, Act XXXVII of 1875 represents the longest-standing and most effective commercial law regulation in the territory of Slovakia, leaving an indelible legacy

New data on the settlement history of the so-called villa, a Roman period building, at Testvérhegy

Testvérhegy and its surroundings have been densely inhabited since prehistoric times; therefore, the history of the area is interesting for research for several aspects. A settlement structure unique in Pannonia emerged there, consisting of rural settlements and villa estates which mutually supported each other. The centre of the area, and the site inhabited probably for the longest time, is the villa at Testvérhegy. Although first excavated in 1934, further research did not take place there until the mid-2000s, when housing development projects gave a second wind to the study of the area. This paper aims to examine the relations between the two larger, seemingly separate units of the site: Complex A and Complex B. Understanding this relationship further nuances the periodisation and extent of the settlement and its relationship with the surrounding buildings, thereby enriching our knowledge of the north-western ‘suburb’ of Aquincum

„tizta, igaz Magyar szóual”. Néhány magyar nyelvű bibliafordítás előszavának elemzése.: 2. rész

The Scripture is a text read and researched by inspired readers. However, Scripture can also be read and researched as a desacralized text of important cultural and historical significance. In my study this is presented by linguistic and translation-theoretical approaches of the prefaces of the Hungarian Bible translations prepared in the 16th and 17th centuries and in the 20th and 21st centuries. How publishers and translators approached the communication of linguistic and translation solutions and problems of the Hungarian target language texts: types of linguistic information and translation theory/solutions contained in the prefaces of the translations. Last but not least, the study also attempts to support or refute Christiane Nord’s claim that the prefaces to the Bible translations do not deal with linguistic and translation-technical issues.A Szentírást elsősorban az ihletett olvasók lapozgatják, kutatják. Az Írás azonban fontos kultúrtörténeti jelentőségű, deszakralizált szövegként is olvasható, kutatható. Tanulmányomban ezt erősítve mutatom be, hogy milyen nyelvi, nyelvészeti és fordításelméleti megközelítéseket tartalmaznak a 16–17. század és a 20–21. század magyar nyelvű bibliafordításainak előszavai. A kiadók és fordítók hogyan viszonyultak a magyar célnyelvi szövegek nyelvi és fordítástechnikai megoldásainak, problémáinak közléséhez: azt vizsgálom, hogy a fordítások előszava milyen típusú nyelvi információkat tartalmaz, illetve, hogy a két – időben egymástól jelentősen távol lévő – korban találhatók-e általános jellegű információk. Nem utolsó sorban arra is kísérletet teszek, hogy alátámasszam vagy megcáfoljam Christiane Nord állítását, mely szerint a bibliafordítások előszava nem foglalkozik nyelvi, fordítástechnikai kérdésekkel

From the table to the grave? The question of animal sacrifices in Avar cemeteries on the Little Hungarian Plain

One of the customs observed in Avar burials is that the Avars provided their dead with food and drink, as a kind of ‘passage’ to the afterlife. However, these bone and ceramic finds may have another interpretation, as it is also possible that they were placed with the deceased during the funerary feast. The bones could be traces of a last supper, or even donations placed in the grave to win the favour of the spirits

Heroismens abjekt i Stig Dagermans Skuggan av Mart

To participate or not to participate in the war is the central dilemma of Stig Dagerman’s drama Skuggan av Mart (The Shadow of Mart) which can be considered as a modern tragedy. In my paper, I will examine the problem of neutrality and heroism in conflicts between characters. As one of the most remarkable writers of Swedish modernism, Dagerman wrote about the horrors of war in different genres. Undoubtedly, his most important literary contribution was the surrealistic masterpiece De dömdas ö (Island of the Doomed). Furthermore, he published a reportage book German Autumn (1947) which presented the post-war Germany. In 1948, he published Skuggan av Mart. As Ingemar Algulin states in his The History of Swedish Literature: “The Shadow of Mart … can be seen as a sort of tentative apotheosis of the anti-heroic human ideals of the postwar period.” The drama presents a family traumatized by the war. The title of the play refers to a non-existing person, Marty, who is highly valued and admired by his mother, Angelica. However, the real protagonist of the play is the other boy, Gabriel, who survived the war. He is very shy, introverted personality who is constantly humiliated by his mother. His character embodies neutrality while the memory of his brother represents heroism. This paper will discuss how post-war ethical dilemmas are reflected in family relationships. Why is it necessary to deconstruct categories, whether in the question of heroism or neutrality?  The Dilemma of Neutrality and Heroism in Stig Dagerman’s Skuggan av Mart To participate or not to participate in the war is the central dilemma of Stig Dagerman’s drama Skuggan av Mart (The Shadow of Mart) which can be considered as a modern tragedy. In my paper, I will examine the problem of neutrality and heroism in conflicts between characters. As one of the most remarkable writers of Swedish modernism, Dagerman wrote about the horrors of war in different genres. Undoubtedly, his most important literary contribution was the surrealistic masterpiece De dömdas ö (Island of the Doomed). Furthermore, he published a reportage book German Autumn (1947) which presented the post-war Germany. In 1948, he published Skuggan av Mart. As Ingemar Algulin states in his The History of Swedish Literature: “The Shadow of Mart … can be seen as a sort of tentative apotheosis of the anti-heroic human ideals of the postwar period.” The drama presents a family traumatized by the war. The title of the play refers to a non-existing person, Marty, who is highly valued and admired by his mother, Angelica. However, the real protagonist of the play is the other boy, Gabriel, who survived the war. He is very shy, introverted personality who is constantly humiliated by his mother. His character embodies neutrality while the memory of his brother represents heroism. This paper will discuss how post-war ethical dilemmas are reflected in family relationships. Why is it necessary to deconstruct categories, whether in the question of heroism or neutrality? &nbsp

Őskori háborúkutatás a neolitikum és napjaink között

The study examines the theoretical and methodological problems of archaeological research on violence, situating them within broader historical and contemporary contexts. War was a marginal topic in prehistoric archaeology, partly due to narratives of a “peaceful prehistory.” Through the analysis of empirical case studies—Neolithic mass graves, evidence of executions, and rock art representations—the paper focuses on a phenomenology of violence and the structural patterns of massacres.A tanulmány az erőszak régészeti kutatásának elméleti és módszertani problémáit vizsgálja tágabb történeti és kortárs összefüggésekbe ágyazva. Rámutat arra, hogy a háború témája hosszú ideig periférikus szerepet töltött be a régészetben, részben a „békés őskor” ideológiailag motivált narratívái miatt. Empirikus esettanulmányok – neolitikus tömegsírok, kivégzések nyomai és sziklaművészeti ábrázolások – elemzésén keresztül a tanulmány az erőszak fenomenológiájára és a mészárlások strukturális mintázataira összpontosít

Koordinált gyermekút a kora gyermekkori intervencióban: Egy modellprogram tapasztalatai és eredményei

The study presents the conceptual framework, implementation, and empirical results of the Gyermekút model program, which aimed to improve equitable access to early childhood intervention services in underserved and socioeconomically disadvantaged regions. Building on national and international research findings and practical experience, as well as relevant legal and policy frameworks, the model implemented a coordinated, integrated, pathway-based case management approach. Its key components included a mobile, interdisciplinary diagnostic team, a coordination group, and a children’s pathway manager supporting families. The results demonstrate significant improvements in access to assessments, diagnoses, and developmental, therapeutic and socialization services, as well as in sustained engagement with services and parental satisfaction. The findings suggest that a coordinated model based on intersectoral collaboration and locally organized services can meaningfully contribute to reducing regional disparities and improving access to care for young children living in disadvantaged areas. Keywords: early intervention, access, equal opportunities, child pathway, child pathway managementA tanulmány a Gyermekút-modellprogram koncepcionális kereteit, megvalósítását és empirikus eredményeit mutatja be, amely a kora gyermekkori intervenciós ellátásokhoz való egyenlő esélyű hozzáférés javítását célozta szolgáltatáshiányos, hátrányos helyzetű térségekben. A hazai és nemzetközi kutatási eredményekre és gyakorlati tapasztalatokra, valamint jogi és szakpolitikai előzményekre épülő modell egy koordinált, integrált, gyermekút-menedzsmentre alapozott működést valósított meg, amelynek kulcselemei a mozgó, interdiszciplináris diagnosztikus team, a koordinációs csoport és a családokat támogató gyermekútmenedzser. Az eredmények jelentős javulást mutattak a vizsgálatokhoz, diagnózishoz és a fejlesztő, terápiás, szocializációs ellátásokhoz való hozzáférésben, valamint a szolgáltatásokba való tartós bekapcsolódás arányában és a szülői elégedettségben. A tapasztalatok azt jelzik, hogy az interszektorális együttműködésre és helyben szervezett szolgáltatásokra épülő, koordinált működés érdemben hozzájárulhat a területi egyenlőtlenségek mérsékléséhez és a hátrányos helyzetű térségekben élő kisgyermekek ellátáshoz jutásának javításához. Kulcsszavak: korai intervenció, hozzáférés, esélyegyenlőség, gyermekút, gyermekútmenedzsmen

Possible ways of use of medieval and early modern bone tools based on results of use-wear analysis, experimental archaeology, and ethnographic parallels

A demand has emerged in both Hungarian and international literature for research on the function of a group of rather diverse, yet broadly similar-looking objects made from the long bones of large ungulates, usually referred to as bone skates. These objects were made mainly from metacarpals, metatarsals, or the radius of horses and cattle. Many are perforated in various ways, but there are also some without any perforations. A flat surface can be observed on one side of most pieces—a trait usually considered a prerequisite for identification as skates. The ends of the bones are usually cut to remove the overhanging parts. This paper aims to determine what these bones were actually used for in the Middle Ages and early modern times, relying on use-wear analysis and experimental archaeological methods

Rebelión animal contra la especie: compañerismo, parentesco y devenires-otros en El diablo sabe mi nombre de Jacinta Escudos

The short story collection El diablo sabe mi nombre (The Devil Knows My Name), written by Salvadoran author Jacinta Escudos and published in 2008, has become an essential reference point for the animal question in 21st-century Spanish and Latin American literature. Although the book has gained greater relevance and readers with its recent reissue in Spain, critical studies on the subject have not explored a cross-cutting approach to the non-human elements that insistently populate much of the work. In this text, I propose to analyze six of the fourteen stories that make up El diablo sabe mi nombre based on key concepts in Animal Studies such as multispecies kinship and becoming-other. We will thus see that Escudos’ literary representation of non-human animals is imbued with equality and camaraderie between different species, as well as a profound critique of anthropocentrism, making the work a precursor to many of the most important Latin American literary titles of the present day.El libro de relatos El diablo sabe mi nombre, escrito por la salvadoreña Jacinta Escudos y publicado en 2008, se ha convertido en un referente ineludible de la cuestión animal en las letras hispanoamericanas del siglo xxi. Aunque el libro ha cobrado una mayor relevancia y ha ganado lectores con su reciente reedición en España, los estudios críticos al respecto no han explorado una aproximación transversal a los elementos no-humanos que pueblan con insistencia gran parte de la obra. En este texto propongo analizar seis de los catorce relatos que componen El diablo sabe mi nombre a partir de conceptos clave en los Estudios Animales como el parentesco multiespecie o los devenires-otros. Veremos, así, que la representación literaria que hace Escudos sobre el animal no-humano está cargada de igualdad y compañerismo entre las distintas especies, así como de una crítica profunda al antropocentrismo, convirtiendo la obra en precursora de buena parte de los títulos literarios latinoamericanos más importantes del presente