Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Allium chinense G. Don

Background Allium chinense G. Don is a medicinal and aromatic herb belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, characterized by a high saponin content. The previous report has mostly been focused on the bulb, and there is very limited work on the leaf. The information about biological and chemical constituent of A. chinense leaf is still inadequate in contrast to the investigations reported on the bulb. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the hexane extract of both bulb and leaf extract. Therefore, the present investigation was focused on identifying and characterization of the hexane extracts of A. chinense bulb and leaf quantitatively and by using the GC-MS method and to know its scavenging, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Results Twenty-eight bioactive compounds were identified in the bulb and nine in the leaf extract by GC-MS analysis. The versatile compounds present in the bulb are 2-methyloctacosane (21.30%), tetracontane (14.05%), eicosane, 10-methyl (12.06%), heneicosane (8.46%), octadecyl trifluoroacetate (6.48%), and 1-heneicosanol (5.76%), whereas in the leaf, it was phytol (35.76%), tetratetracontane (18.49%), perhydrofarnesyl acetone (14.76%), and heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl (10.79%). In quantitative estimation, saponins were estimated to have the highest with 375.000 ± 0.577 mg/g in the leaf and 163.750 ± 0.433 mg/g in the bulb. The DPPH antioxidant scavenging activity was found to be minimum in both the bulb (IC50 = 678.347 μg/ml) and leaf (IC50 = 533.337 μg/ml). A. chinense extracts of both leaf and bulb exerted potential antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Leaf extract exhibited greater antifungal activity than the bulb against Aspergillus niger. Conclusion From the analysis, the hexane leaf extract exhibited higher antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity than the bulb. Their superior activity might be due to the higher content of total saponin and terpenes. This result will lead to further in-depth research towards the potential use of this plant; the bio-constituents can be further isolated and used in medical and therapeutic applications

Application of computational intelligence techniques for internet of things: an extensive survey

The application of computational intelligence (CI) techniques to internet of things (IoT) is gaining popularity due to its capability of providing human-like knowledge, such as cognition, recognition, understanding, learning, and others. This paper attempts to provide an exhaustive survey of the available literature on IoT using CI techniques. In addition, detailed categorisation has been provided on the basis of different CI tools and their hybridisations used to tackle different problems of IoT. The potential benefits and utility of CI techniques in IoT are highlighted. The possible mapping of CI techniques to the real-world IoT problems is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of CI algorithms over traditional IoT solutions are discussed. A general evaluation of CI algorithms is presented, which will serve as a guide for using CI algorithms for IoT. Finally, some considerations regarding the recent trends and potential

QMSR: Qos Multi-hop Sensor Routing Cross-Layer Design for WSNs

We have proposed a QoS Multi-hop Sensor Routing (QMSR) protocol that is developed for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs). This protocol manages Admission Control Scheme (ACS) with minimum overhead resources for fresh flows without degrading the performance of the existing flows. ACS is an important strategy for regulating the parallel flows in a contention-based channels to meet the requirements of QoS. QMSR estimates the available bandwidth before allocating the resources on a per hop basis. The protocol minimizes the overall energy consumption and guarantees the end-to-end delay

ETXTD: ETX and RTT Delay Based Fault Detection Algorithm for WSNs

In order to sustain QoS when sensor nodes deteriorate and malfunction, node fault detection and recovery techniques are necessary. An Expected Transmission Count and Round Trip Time Delay (ETXTD) based Fault Detection Algorithm is proposed in this chapter that is able to identify working and faulty sensors in a computationally effective manner

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and anticancer activity of tetrahydro-quinolines using silica iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst

An efficient synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines using silica iodide as heterogeneous catalyst. Ethyl acetoacetate, dimedone, ammonium acetate with suitable aromatic aldehydes in ethanol was reported. Silica iodide (SiO2–I) acts as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst to afford the products in excellent yield in short reaction duration and reusable catalyst. The synthesized 4 d and 4 h compounds were characterized by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. Further, the prepared quinoline derivatives showed potent anti-cancer activity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Docking study was carried out to evaluate the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds and the standard drug doxorubicin with Estrogen Receptor (ER)

Web Page Recommendations Based on User Session Graph

Web page recommender system provides users with recommendations to assist their navigation and increases the website usability and user satisfaction. In this chapter, Web page recommendation method is presented by constructing User Session Graph using user sessions from the navigation log. The node represents Web pages and weight on the edge is calculated by the number of times the Web pages present in the sessions. new page problem is solved by computing co-occurrence value between two terms present in titles. Web pages are recommended based on connected nodes in the graph and co-occurred terms. Experiments are conducted on user navigation data collected from Microsoft Website www.microsoft.com . The proposed method is compared with TermNetWP method and outperforms TermNetWP with higher precision and satisfaction values

Supramolecular Self-Assembly Properties of Metallo-Ionic Phthalocyanines Constituting Regioisomers

We describe the synthesis and properties of metallo-ionic phthalocyanines (MIPCs), obtained upon interacting metalled phthalocyaninetetracarboxylic acid with 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride in a methanolic sodium hydroxide (NaOH) condition. Two MIPCs analyzed by 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF, additionally, the four positional regioisomers (Cs, C4h, D2hand C2v) confirm by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicate the purity of the sample. The UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy used to characterize the effects of peripheral substituents on the absorption and emission spectroscopy that featured the distinctive J(Jelly) and H(hypsochromic) aggregates of MIPCs in a polar solvent. Electrochemical characteristics evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirms the redox properties and the electron transfer mechanism studied by DFT calculations. Gelation experiment demonstrated on zinc-ionic phthalocyanine shows the entangled network as evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. We also studied the chromonic liquid crystalline behavior of MIPCs

Luminescence Studies and Cie Diagram of Zirconium Substituted Sodium Borate Glass with Dysprosium Ion for White Led Applications

This study focuses the effect on the transition metal oxide with Dy3+ ion. The glass composition of zirconium sodium borate glasses with dysprosium ion have been prepared by most traditional melt quench method and the influence of ZrO2 with Dysprosium ion in the present glass system have been examined. An XRD and FTIR studies were carried out to know the glass structure and various functional group present in glass system. The emission spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range 400 -700nm upon the excitation at 385nm. The Commission International deI'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates are determined to estimate the emission colour of the present study. It is observed that glasses having emission in the white region and thus can be used for bright white LED applications