FISCAL POLICY AND ITS ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This study highlights the impact of fiscal policy through its tools (expenditures and revenues) on economic development, and how these tools can be utilized to achieve an appropriate level of development that aligns with essential requirements and the urgent increase in meeting needs that reflect intellectual progress and keep pace with current and future global conditions. The research aims to analyze the role, scope, and impact of fiscal policy through its various tools on economic development, as well as to define and examine these tools and their influence on development. It also seeks to demonstrate the importance of economic development and its impact on the economic reality, which aspires to meet growing needs and demands in order to achieve economic well-being for society This goal is achieved through the prudent use of expenditures and revenues. Therefore, the study reviews the impact of these tools on development in Iraq

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ARGENTINA’S STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION

This study examines dynamic relationships between foreign direct investments (FDI) and stock market value in Argentina during 1998 to 2025. The relevant theoretical structure and drawing on empirical data appoints a semi-logical authorative model to investigate the effects of FDI, Economic Development (GNP). Conclusions suggest that the FDI and GDP have significant positive effects, while inflation seems statistically insignificant. The study provides significant implications for political decision makers who promote capital market development through foreign investments and macroeconomic stability

PROCUREMENT RISK MANAGEMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE OF SACHET WATER PRODUCERS IN MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the impact of procurement risk management on the supply chain performance of sachet water producers in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Utilizing a census approach, data were collected from the entire population of 169 staff through a validated questionnaire, with a reliability coefficient of 0.854. Logit regression analysis, performed using SPSS Version 26, provided insights into the effects of various risk management practices on supply chain outcomes. The analysis reveals that contractual risk analysis (CRA) significantly enhances supply chain performance, with an estimate (B) of 0.498, a Wald statistic of 4.567, and a significance level of 0.002, indicating that each unit increase in CRA improves performance odds by approximately 3.645 times. This means that for each unit increase in contractual risk analysis, the likelihood of improved supply chain performance multiplies by 3.645. In contrast, supplier reliability assessment (SRA) shows no significant impact, with an estimated coefficient (B) of 0.065, a Wald statistic of 0.021, and a significance level of 0.885, suggesting limited effect on performance. Supplier risk assessment (SUA) is found to be statistically significant with an estimated coefficient (B) of 0.553, a Wald statistic of 2.608, and a significance level of 0.018, which implies that each unit increase in SUA boosts performance odds by about 2.738 times. Supply chain visibility (SCV) and sourcing and category management practice (SCM) show minimal impact, with estimates of 0.055 and -0.303 respectively, both statistically insignificant. The study conclude that not all procurement risk management practices contribute equally to supply chain performance as shown in the result, hence it is recommended among others that focusing on robust contractual risk management and comprehensive supplier risk assessments while considering resource reallocation from less impactful practices will be helpful for the studied firms

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH VOLATILITY IN CAMEROON: DOES FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT MATTER?

The objective of this paper was to investigate whether changes in financial sector development affect industrial growth volatility in Cameroon. After exploring the related literature on the issue, time series data for 41 years was used spanning from 1979 to 2020 and ARDL bound test estimation technique employed. Findings showed that changes in financial sector development do not significantly affect volatility in industrial growth in the country. Also, financial sector development as a moderating factor renders changes in inflation volatility insignificant in controlling industrial growth volatility in the economy. The authors recommend that stakeholders should implement policies to bridge the gap separating the financial sector and the industrial sector of the country so that they should be interdependent. The financial sector as well should be empowered to meet the demands of the industrial sector for the industrial sector to principally rely on it for finance

FROM COMPLIANCE TO COMPETITIVE EDGE: A FINANCE LEADER’S GUIDE TO IFRS S1 AND S2

This paper examines the strategic and operational implications of implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) S1 and S2, the sustainability disclosure standards introduced by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB). These standards mark a pivotal shift in corporate reporting by integrating sustainability risks, especially climate-related factors, into mainstream financial disclosures, with a focus on enterprise value. Using a qualitative, literature-based methodology, the paper identifies key challenges including regulatory misalignment across jurisdictions, fragmented environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data systems, limited internal capabilities, and increased assurance expectations. In response, it proposes a phased implementation framework encompassing materiality assessment, data governance, cross-functional collaboration, and continuous improvement. The findings highlight CFOs as key drivers of sustainability reporting and its alignment with strategy and investor needs. Beyond compliance, IFRS S1 and S2 offer a strategic opportunity to enhance transparency, build stakeholder trust, and gain competitive advantage. The paper outlines practical implications for corporate leadership, governance structures, policymakers, and researchers, highlighting the need for convergence, assurance readiness, and ongoing capability development. Ultimately, these standards are not just regulatory requirements, they represent a new blueprint for how organizations define, measure, and communicate long-term value in an ESG-driven economy

“STUDY OF BRAND PROMOTION STRATEGY WITH REFERENCE TO AMAZON AND FLIPKART: TWO MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE E-COMMERCE INDUSTRY”

The rapid evolution of e-commerce has transformed the retail landscape, with Amazon and Flipkart emerging as leading players in the global and Indian markets, respectively. In order to better understand how Amazon and Flipkart\u27s unique marketing techniques affect market share, consumer behaviour, and competitive positioning, this study compares and contrasts them. Amazon is a multinational-commerce behemoth that uses data analytics, a vast technology infrastructure, and a customer-focused strategy to dominate markets all over the world. Conversely, Flipkart leverages its profound comprehension of the Indian market by prioritizing customized offerings, strategic alliances, and specialized strategies to meet regional tastes. By carefully analysing crucial components including branding, consumer interaction, digital marketing, and promotional methods, this study analyses the marketing strategies of the two businesses. Amazon has a strong focus on innovation and technology developments, as evidenced by the wide range of   products it offers and the smooth integration of its Prime membership program. Flipkart, on the other hand, has a marketing plan that is specifically designed to meet  the demands and obstacles of the Indian market. The organization hopes to appeal to a wide range of customers by emphasizing regional festivals, specialized advertising, and vernacular languages. While Amazon\u27s strategy emphasizes scalability and global consistency, Flipkart’s approach is deeply rooted in regional customization and consumer engagement. The study also explores how these strategies impact customer loyalty, brand perception, and market performance

PROJECT QUALITY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF PROJECT COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE AND CLIMATE AMONG CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA

Effective communication remains one of the critical success factors in projects, especially since construction firms engage many stakeholders within a tight schedule. This paper investigates the influence of project communication structures and climate on the project quality of construction firms in North-Central Nigeria. This research adopts a quantitative research design through a physical administration of 5-point Likert-scale structure questionnaires to respondents in the industry. The statistical analysis was done using multiple regression with the aid of SPSS 27. Findings indicate that both dimensions of communication significantly determine project quality and overall project success. Results depict that clear communication structures enable the avoidance of misunderstandings and proper articulation of the project milestones. Also, an appropriate climate, one of communication indicative of trust, openness, and shared cooperation, reduces project delays. Consequently, the research recommends establishing clear, hierarchical communication channels to minimize ambiguities. This ensures critical information flows through designated pathways, reducing delays and misunderstandings. Also, the research recommends that construction forms foster a supportive communication environment by promoting transparency, trust, and active listening

IMPACT OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING ON FRAUD DETECTION IN NIGERIAN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS

This study investigated the impact of forensic accounting on fraud detection in deposit money banks within Benue State, Nigeria, utilizing a cross-sectional research design. The population consisted of 145 employees from three deposit money banks operating in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State. A census sampling technique was employed, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire validated through content and construct validity methods, achieving a Cronbach\u27s Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.872. The study employed binary logistic regression to estimate the impact of forensic accounting variables on fraud detection. The findings reveal that Engagement of Forensic Accountants (EFA) significantly enhances fraud detection, with a coefficient (B) of 1.671 (SE = 0.414), Wald statistic of 9.830 (p 0.001), and odds ratio (Exp(B)) of 3.911. This implies a 291.1 increase in the likelihood of fraud detection with the engagement of forensic accountants, underscoring their pivotal role in improving financial transparency and accountability. Conversely, Litigation Support Skills (LSA) did not show a statistically significant impact on fraud detection (B = 0.541, SE = 0.378, p = 0.152), suggesting limited effectiveness in this context. However, Forensic Investigative Professional Skills (FIS) demonstrated a significant positive impact (B = 1.203, SE = 0.406, p = 0.015), increasing the likelihood of detecting fraud by 104.4. The study recommends that banks prioritize the integration of forensic accountants into internal audit processes to bolster fraud detection capabilities effectively. Furthermore, continuous professional development in forensic investigative techniques should be emphasized to enhance staff skills and readiness in identifying and mitigating complex fraud schemes

FINANCIAL CRISIS AND INSTABILITY

Financial crises and instability are common occurrences in the world economy, and they have significant effects on both developed and developing nations. The numerous causes of financial crises and the ensuing instability in the financial markets are thoroughly examined. It explains the theoretical foundations of financial crises, going over important ideas including market bubbles, excessive leverage, and regulatory shortcomings The paper also looks into how regulations and governmental actions can either exacerbate or lessen financial crises, how financial institutions contribute to systemic risk propagation and how interconnected they are. It looks at how the spread of crises across borders and asset classes can aggravate their severity through the contagion effect.  It also covers the socio-economic fallout from financial crises, such as social unrest, income inequality, and unemployment. The summary concludes by highlighting how crucial it is to have strong regulatory control and proactive risk management to avert and lessen future financial disasters. It promotes a comprehensive strategy that blends international collaboration, regulatory changes, and responsible risk-taking to promote long-term economic growth and stability in a global financial system that is becoming more linked

CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

The study investigated the effect of capital structure on the performance of selected Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Nigeria. The study specifically examined the effect of Total Debt to Total Assets (TDTA) on performance of selected of development finance institutions in Nigeria; and ascertained the effect of Total Debt to Total Equity (TDTE) on performance of selected development finance institutions in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design and data were collected from published annual financial records of the selected DFIs on both TDTA and TDTE, the independent variables and Return on Assets (ROA), the dependent variable, for a period of ten (10) years (2013-2022). The population of the study composed of seven (7) national DFIs namely: Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Bank of Agriculture (BOA), Bank of Industry (BOI), Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN), Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN), Nigeria-Export-Import Bank (NEXIM) and the Infrastructure Bank Plc (IBN). The study sampled four (4) national DFIs using a purposive sampling technique, including CBN, BOI, FMBN and NEXIM. Computation of the relevant ratios were done for the independent variables (TDTA and TDTE); and the dependent variable (ROA). Data analysis was done using multiple regression and the econometric technique of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) with the aid of E-Views Version 13.  The study found that TDTA has a negative but significant effect on ROA, indicating that a percentage change in TDTA leads to lower ROA by 0.071551 and TDTE has a positive effect of TDTE on ROA, showing that a percentage change in TDTE will significantly increase ROA by 0.001696. The study concluded that the investigated DFIs have low equity capital which seems to hinder their ability to attract large loans for operations. The study recommended amongst others that DFIs should maintain a balanced total debt to total assets (TDTA) and ensure the regular monitoring of the debt-to-asset ratio to ensure it remains within a healthy range which will help maintain a balance between leveraging and risk