Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Agaricus bisporus for Advanced Glycoconjugate Recognition and Biomedical Sensing

The demand for safe, biocompatible nanomaterials in Glycotechnology and biomedical diagnostics has driven increasing interest in green-synthesised metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesised using Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom) extract as a natural reducing and stabilising agent. The phytochemicals present in the mushroom—primarily polysaccharides, phenolics, and proteins—enabled a rapid, eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis pathway. The ZnONPs were characterised using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and zeta potential analysis. Results confirmed the successful formation of crystalline, hexagonal wurtzite ZnONPs with an average particle size of 20–40 nm and high colloidal stability. The biocompatible nature of the mushroom-derived ZnONPs was evaluated through in vitro cytotoxicity assays, hemocompatibility tests, and ROS generation studies, all confirming low toxicity and excellent bio-safety. Finally, their potential in Glycotechnology was demonstrated by evaluating the nanoparticles for glycan sensing, glycoprotein immobilisation, and electrochemical biosensor platforms. The findings suggest that Agaricus bisporus-derived ZnONPs represent a promising material for next-generation glycan-based biosensors and biomedical devices

Artificial Intelligence in Non-Invasive Skin Oxygenation Monitoring: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

With exciting advances that could completely change how medical practitioners gauge and monitor skin oxygenation levels, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a disruptive force in the field of non-intrusive skin oxygenation monitoring. This study explored the ongoing potrait of artificial intelligence applications in this domain, highlighting key advancements, challenges, and future directions. Recent studies have demonstrated the remarkable capabilities of AI-based systems in accurately assessing skin oxygenation levels by leveraging sophisticated machine-learning as well as deep-learning algorithms. These AI-powered imaging technologies capture high-resolution, multispectral images of the skin, which are then analyzed using neural networks to detect subtle variations in oxygenation that may serve as early indicators of underlying health conditions. However, despite significant progress made in controlled research settings, the widespread adoption of AI in clinical practice faces several challenges. These carries issues in context to the consistency and dependency of AI-based systems in real-world clinical environments, need for extensive validation and standardization, and genuine as well as official implications of incorporating AI across healthcare decision-making processes. As researchers and clinicians continue to explore the potential of AI in non-invasive skin oxygenation monitoring, future directions may focus on addressing these challenges through collaborative efforts between AI experts, healthcare professionals, and regulatory bodies. By utilizing the energy of Artificial Intelligence volunteer as well as result oriented, we can shift the route for more accurate, efficient, and accessible skin oxygenation monitoring, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing the health care field

Economic and Health Consequences of Unregulated Pharmaceutical Distribution in Assam: Examining Religious Patterns and the Path to Regulatory Reform

Background: Unregulated over-the-counter (OTC) medication sales, particularly antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), represent a significant public health challenge in Assam, India. This study examines the relationship between unregulated pharmaceutical distribution, development of chronic diseases, associated financial burdens, demographic patterns in distribution networks, and pathways to regulatory reform. Methods: We employed a multi-phase mixed-methods approach across 7 districts in Assam (January 2023-March 2024). Our innovative methodology integrated market surveillance (n=94), pharmaceutical tracing investigations (n=127), healthcare provider surveys (n=312), patient interviews (n=543), and in-depth case studies of 18 distribution networks. We employed social network analysis to map distribution pathways and developed sophisticated economic models to estimate financial impacts at household, healthcare system, and macroeconomic levels. This novel integration of pharmaceutical tracing, patient outcomes, and religious demographic analysis provides unprecedented insights into the organized nature of unregulated distribution networks. Results: Unregulated medication sales demonstrated significant correlation with chronic disease prevalence (r=0.74, p<0.001) and catastrophic health expenditure incidence (OR 3.8, 95% CI: 2.9-4.7). Laboratory analysis of unregulated pharmaceuticals revealed 41.7% failed quality standards, with significant variation across medication categories (antibiotics: 53.2%, NSAIDs: 39.4%, corticosteroids: 68.7%). Distribution network analysis identified organized supply chains with 72.3% linked to specific religious affiliations. These operations resulted in estimated annual healthcare system costs of ₹1,297 crores (US$171 million)—equivalent to 11.3% of Assam\u27s total health budget—and pushed 11.4% of affected households below the poverty line. Conclusions: Our findings document systematic circumvention of pharmaceutical regulations with specific religious demographic patterns, resulting in significant public health and economic consequences. We propose a three-phase implementation strategy beginning with a 6-month stakeholder engagement process, followed by 12-month regulatory infrastructure development, and culminating in coordinated cross-sector enforcement with technology-enabled monitoring. Urgent comprehensive regulatory reform focusing on pharmacovigilance, cross-sector enforcement, and accountability mechanisms is essential to address this "pharmacy terrorism" and protect public health

Review Article: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Pollution on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in the Anthropocene

The Anthropocene epoch, characterized by accelerated industrial growth and intensified human activities, has led to widespread environmental contamination, significantly endangering biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. This review delves into key pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and microplastics, examining their origins, biological impacts, and ecological repercussions. Toxic elements like mercury and lead tend to accumulate through food chains, resulting in physiological impairments and neurological issues in various wildlife species. The use of pesticides and agrochemicals interferes with hormonal systems and reproductive functions, especially affecting pollinators and aquatic fauna. Residual pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and hormonal agents, disrupt microbial ecosystems and contribute to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, microplastics and engineered nanoparticles infiltrate aquatic environments, where they are ingested by marine and freshwater organisms, causing cellular damage and toxic responses. The degradation of biodiversity caused by pollution leads to the breakdown of food chains, habitat loss, and reduced ecological resilience. Modern advancements in biomonitoring—such as molecular-level biomarkers, bioindicator species, and satellite-based sensing—are proving instrumental in identifying and assessing ecotoxicological hazards. To counter these threats, the adoption of sustainable solutions like green chemistry, bioremediation techniques, and policy reforms is crucial. This review highlights the pressing need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategies to limit pollutant exposure and uphold ecosystem health in the Anthropocene. Future directions should prioritize cutting-edge remediation technologies and robust regulatory systems to effectively manage and mitigate ecotoxicological risks

Influence of External Fields on the Morphology and Rate of Crystal Growth

This study explores the effect of external electric and magnetic fields on the morphology and growth rate of crystals, using potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and benzoic acid as model systems. Crystals were grown under controlled laboratory conditions with varying intensities of electric (10 V and 30 V) and magnetic (0.1 T and 0.5 T) fields. The results show a significant enhancement in crystal growth rate under both types of fields, with the electric field at 30 V producing the most pronounced increase. Morphological analysis revealed improved symmetry and shape uniformity in field-assisted crystals compared to those grown under ambient conditions. Additionally, crystals exposed to higher field strengths reached target sizes more rapidly and exhibited a greater degree of preferred facet orientation. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed that these differences were highly significant. The findings suggest that external fields influence crystallization by altering molecular transport, orientation, and interfacial dynamics, offering a promising approach for improving the quality and efficiency of crystal production in scientific and industrial applications

Methods For Measuring Quantum Entanglement: Entanglement Entropy Measures and their Implications

The paper is an elaborate comparative assessment of the most relevant entropy-based quantities to be applied in quantifying quantum entanglement in pure, mixed, bipartite, and multipartite quantum systems. The study fills the existing gap in the literature in which most of the previous literature examines individual measures, but a lot of knowledge is lacking on what these measures are regarding their strengths, weaknesses, and the operational usefulness against each other. The study can prove the behaviour of each measure under noise, decoherence, dimensional scaling, and variation of state-type by analysing von Neumann entropy, the Tsallis entropy, entropy of entanglement of formation, concurrence and logarithmic negativity. Numerical studies with pure two-qubit states, Werner states, GHZ states, W states and mixed random states demonstrate specific sensitivity properties and computational limitations which ensure that no single measure can be a universal quantifier. The paper goes on to say that entropy-only measures do not work in mixed regimes because of a dominance in classical correlations. The results have several important implications to quantum communication, quantum simulation, and quantum computing in the NISQ-era, where the choice of measurement has a direct impact on benchmarking, error-correction scheme, and protocol performance based on entanglement. The paper ends with a recommendation of contextual, purpose-based scheme of selecting entanglement measures and suggests a further study on scalable benchmarking, hybrid quantifiers, and operational performance-based entanglement measurements. These observations reinforce the theoretical premise of entanglement studies and enable the advancement of more effective quantum technologies in the field of practice

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers (MDA, TAC, SOD) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and their Correlation with HbA1c Levels

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is closely linked with increased oxidative stress due to chronic hyperglycaemia, which disrupts the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences. This study assesses key oxidative stress biomarkers—malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)—in patients with T2DM and examines their correlation with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving T2DM patients and age-matched healthy controls. Blood samples were analysed using standard biochemical methods to quantify oxidative stress markers and glycaemic control parameters. Results showed significantly elevated MDA levels in T2DM patients, reflecting increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Conversely, TAC and SOD activities were markedly reduced compared to the control group, indicating compromised antioxidant defence systems. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive association between MDA and HbA1c, while TAC and SOD showed significant negative correlations with HbA1c. These findings suggest that poor glycaemic control exacerbates oxidative stress, contributing to diabetes-related complications. Monitoring oxidative stress biomarkers alongside HbA1c may enhance early identification of metabolic imbalance and support targeted therapeutic strategies. The study highlights the importance of antioxidant-focused interventions to improve clinical outcomes in T2DM patients

Role of Ayurveda in Lifestyle Disorders Management: A Comparative Study

Nowadays, the worldwide increase of lifestyle diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, adiposity, and cardiovascular disease, has become a major public health issue. As much as modern medicine has made tremendous progress in diagnostics and acute care, it frequently falls short in longterm prevention and its scope toward holistic wellbeing. In Ayurveda,an Indian traditional system of medicine, the concept of health care is based upon “Preventive health care through personal diet and regimen”.This is the scenario that was current in the ancient days also, when the geniuses of Ayurveda like Charaka, Sushruta and others were deeply engrossed in defining and deciding the code of conduct and on the concept of health and health care. This review sheds light on the role of Ayurveda in management of lifestyle disorder in comparison with modern medicine bringing into focus strengths, weaknesses and areas that can be complemented. Based on published WHO data, clinical trials, and available meta-analysis, the paper presents on prevalence trends and on the effectiveness of classic Ayurvedic remedies (such as Panchakarma, Triphala, Guggulu, Arjuna, Ashwagandha) compared to standard therapeutic strategies. These findings suggest that integrative strategies, by which beneficial preventive Ayurvedic modalities are combined with modern evidence-based care, have potential to reduce the disease burden, improve quality of life, and reduce side effects. But concerns regarding standardisation, dosing regimes and multicentre RCTs remain. This research validates Ayurveda as an organized body of knowledge and highlights the significance of policy level integration and further studies to confirm Ayurvedic interventions within modern health care

Air Pollution in India: Ecological, Health, and Socio-Economic Implications - A Review

Air pollution has emerged as one of the most critical environmental stressors of the 21st century, with India among the most affected countries globally. The rapid pace of urbanization, industrial expansion, and vehicular growth has elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds to hazardous levels. This review synthesizes literature published between 2000 and 2025 to examine the ecological, health, and socio-economic implications of air pollution in India. The review analyzes major pollution sources including vehicular emissions, coal-based power plants, stubble burning, household biomass use, and urban dust. Ecological impacts include ozone-induced crop yield losses, reduced forest productivity, urban biodiversity decline, and contamination of aquatic and soil systems. Public health consequences are severe, with over 1.6 million premature deaths annually linked to respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and maternal-child health conditions. Vulnerable populations such as children, women, the elderly, and outdoor workers face disproportionate risks. Socio-economic burdens include reduced labor productivity, escalating healthcare costs, agricultural losses, and damage to tourism and cultural heritage, amounting to nearly 8.5% of India’s GDP. The study highlights mitigation strategies such as the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), Bharat Stage VI vehicular norms, and clean household energy initiatives, while noting enforcement gaps and governance challenges. Future research needs include satellite–ground data integration, AI-driven forecasting, and citizen science approaches. Ensuring clean air in India is therefore a public health imperative, ecological necessity, and economic opportunity

Natural Chemical Constituents and Polymer Used in to Reduce PCOS Pain

The complex metabolic and endocrine disorder known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. Factors that predispose women to polycystic ovarian syndrome encompass dietary and lifestyle decisions, environmental pollutants, genetic predisposition, gut dysbiosis, alterations in neuroendocrine function, and excess adiposity. Hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, inadequate folliculogenesis, and irregular menstrual periods are symptoms that may arise from these variables, potentially contributing to an escalation of metabolic syndrome. Pathogenic dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may have a role in the aetiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Immature oocytes, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and resveratrol are pathological features of PCOS that may be ameliorated by supplementation with natural compounds such as polyphenols, quercetin, resveratrol, flavonoids, vitamin C, gamma-linolenic acid, piperine, and omega-3 fatty acids, along with natural and semi-synthetic polymers. This review encapsulates the current understanding of the efficacy of natural chemical supplementation in the treatment of PCOS