Variation in Types of Malaria in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India

Objectives: To find out the status of Malaria in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Materials and Methods: By analyzing the data available on the websites of the Directorate of Health Services (DHS), Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC). Results: The Malaria problem is maximum in the Nicobar District and least in the North and Middle Andaman District. Conclusions: Vivax type of Malaria is the commonest type found in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Emulgel of Rumex hastatus D. Don Methanolic Root Extract with Antifungal Activity: Formulation and Evaluation

This study emphasised on the production of ‘Rumex Hastatus’ D. Don methanolic root extract for antifungal purposes. We performed a variety of physical and chemical analyses. We also executed many phytochemical investigations. Extracts from sequential hot percolation (Soxhlet) were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The objective of this investigation was to formulate and analyze a herbal emulgel with antifungal activity based on Rumex hastatus root extract. "The purpose of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of herbal emulgel formulation using Rumex hastatus root extract" might serve as an appropriate substitute for the original sentence. The extract has antifungal properties and is used in the formulation as an active therapeutic product. The extraction employed methanol, and the yield was found to be 26%. many phytoconstituents were found in the extract, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinone glycoside. Despite the fact that this is an early examination, the results show that the generated emulgel is effective, and the pure chemical responsible for the effect should be extracted and studied. All of the developed formulations were effective, although formulation F3 showed the most promising outcomes of the four compositions and can be recommended for pilot scale up after constituent isolation

EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREDIABETES AND ITS PREVENTION

Background: Prediabetes is a state in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but lower than those required for a diagnosis of diabetes. Adults with prediabetes are at a high risk of developing type 2diabetes and its associated complications. The prevalence of prediabetes and type 2diabetes is increasing worldwide and exhibits a challenge on the health care system. It is estimated that worldwide 6.7% of the adult population have prediabetes, half of them aged less than 50years old, about one third are aged between 20-39years old. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding prediabetes and its prevention among degree student. Methods: A quantitative pre experimental method was use for this study. The sample consists of 60degree students of selected colleges, Bangalore. They were chosen by a purposive sampling technique. One group pre test- post test design was used to collect the data from subjects. Results: In the pretest, majority of the subjects had inadequate knowledge with a mean knowledge score of 36.8% whereas in post test there was a significant gain in mean knowledge score of 67.6%.A significant association was found between socio demographic variables. χ 2 value  was 78.367 at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: The finding of the study shows that in the pretest, majority of the degree students had inadequate knowledge regarding prediabetes and its prevention, where as in posttest majority of students had gained adequate knowledge after administration of structured teaching program. Thus, the study findings indicate that structured teaching program was effective in enhancing the knowledge regarding prediabetes and its prevention among degree students in selected colleges, Bangalore

ETIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS, AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

The fibroelastic sac that covers the heart is known as the pericardium. It has an effect on cardiac hemodynamics and serves as a protective barrier. Constrictive pericarditis is a condition in which the pericardium grows granulation tissue, causing a loss of pericardial elasticity and ventricular filling limitation. Although it is usually a chronic condition, subacute, transient, and occult variants have been reported. The pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, as well as the role of the interprofessional team in its treatment, are covered in this exercise. This review article aims to describe the pathophysiology of constrictive pericarditis, review a patient's presentation with constrictive pericarditis, summarise constrictive pericarditis options for treatment, and discuss the importance of improving care coordination among interprofessional team members to enhance constrictive pericarditis patient outcomes. The 10-year survival rate for patients who get a pericardiectomy is around 50%. Medical treatment alone results in a short lifespan

ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF Irvingia gabonensis ON DIABETES INDUCED MOTOR IMPAIRMENT ON ALBINO RATS CEREBELLUM

Hyperglycemia as a life threatening disease causes motor impairments which has been ignored by researchers and clinicians. The study investigated the antidiabetic potential of Irvingia gabonensis (IG) on diabetic induced motor disorder in albino rats. Thirty rats were assigned into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of Streptozotocin (STZ) and confirmed after 72 hours. Blood glucose was checked at interval of 5 days for sustained hyperglycemia. Groups C, D and E were treated with100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of IG while Group F received 500 mg/kg of metformin. Motor activities were tested using string method to ascertain the role of IG on motor impairment in diabetic rats. The supernatants of homogenates were used to assay for lipid profiles namely TChol, Trig, HDL and LDL. The result showed significant decrease in TChol, LDL, triglyceride and HDL across the treated groups compared to group B (P≤0.05). Grip strength significantly decreased in group B while the extract significantly increased the grip strength in Groups C, D and E (Table 2). Limb impairment was significantly reduced in group B compared to A and increased in groups C, D and E (P≤0.05). Microscopically, group B showed structural alterations in the cerebellum with structural improvement in treated groups C, D, and E compared to group B. In conclusion, Ig have the potential to improve grip strength and limb impairment which may be useful in addressing motor complications arising from diabetes

ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS AMONG PHYSICIANS

The narrative review was important in understanding secondary traumatic stress among physicians. The primary aim of this narrative review was achieved by reviewing qualitative and quantitative studies to analyze if physicians were at-risk of being exposed to secondary traumatic stress when providing care to traumatized individuals. A review of the literature revealed a significant finding that identified 29 medical specialties that were more likely to be exposed to secondary traumatic stress associated with burnout when subjected to repetitive indirect traumatic exposures. An interesting finding showed that physicians were at a greater risk of secondary traumatic stress when they worked longer hours per day (12 hours or more), extended hours throughout the week (80 hours or more), and worked primarily overnight shifts. An unexpected finding in this narrative review revealed that physicians with dependents (e.g., a child/children) had an increased risk of being vulnerable to the effects of secondary traumatic stress. This noteworthy finding was compelling because factors that interlinked dependents to secondary traumatic stress among physicians were unanticipated. Though this narrative review contributes to the body of literature, further studies are necessary because research on secondary traumatic stress among physicians is limited and the lack of literature suggests needed future research

KNOWLEDGE ON TRIAGE MANAGEMENT AMONG NURSES IN A TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL OF KATHMANDU

Triage refers to the sorting of injured or sick people according to their need for emergency medical attention. Triage management refers to the process of rapidly identifying victims who not only have life-threatening injuries but also have best chance of survival. An accurate triage decision helps patients receive the emergency service at the most appropriate time. A descriptive study was carried out among 124 nurses in a tertiary level hospital, Kathmandu Nepal. The objective of the study was to find out the knowledge on triage management among the nurses in a tertiary level hospital. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire by using non-probability purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16 by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Findings of the study revealed that more than one-fourth (28.2%) of respondents had good level of knowledge and more than one-third (37.1%) of respondents had inadequate level of knowledge on triage management. This study showed significant association between respondents’ level of knowledge, age group and employment status. It is concluded that nurses have insufficient knowledge related to triage management. Continue in-service training regarding triage management would be pivotal for updating knowledge and efficient management of patient in emergency situation

SCHISTOSOMIASIS DETECTION AMONG SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN IN COMMUNITIES LIVING ALONG THE NYAMA RIVER SYSTEM IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA

Schistosomiasis is a public health concern particularly in rural areas where poverty and poor social amenities prevail. The disease infects mostly children of school age and pregnant women, more often those living close to water bodies harbouring the snail intermediate host of the causative agent of schistosomiasis. The Nyama River system transverses many communities in Enugu State and the prevalence of schistosomiasis in these communities is unknown. This study therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among school-aged children living along the Nyama River system. A cross- sectional study involving urine and stool microscopy was used to demonstrate eggs of parasites respectively. The result showed an overall prevalence of 21.7% for Schistosoma haematobuim and 17.6% for Schistosoma mansoni infections; more males were infected with Schistosoma haematobuim (27.9%) than females (15.1%). There was a statistically significant difference between infections among age groups (P < 0.05) with children between 9 – 11 years having more infection than the other age groups. There was also statistically significant difference in infection among schools with Akwuke Primary school having the highest rate of infection in comparison to the other schools. It is recommended that the government develop control strategies for afflicted school children. Also, large-scale testing and treatments should be carried out for the entire community, including all age groups, to determine the transmission cycle from adults to children

A REVIEW ON MITRAL REGURGITATION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS AND TREATMENT

Background: The retrograde movement of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV) causes a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla. MR is the most common valvular anomaly in the globe, affecting around 2% of the population and increasing in incidence with age. This activity examines the diagnosis and treatment of mitral regurgitation, emphasizing the importance of the healthcare team in assessing and treating patients with this illness. Conclusion: The goal of this review article is to identify the etiology and epidemiology of mitral regurgitation medical conditions and emergencies, review the proper history, physical, and evaluation of mitral regurgitation, outline the treatment and management options for mitral regurgitation, and describe interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance mitral regurgitation and improve outcomes

A QUICK OVERVIEW OF NANOMEDICINE APPLICATIONS IN BREAST CANCER DETECTION, IMAGING, AND THERAPY

Breast cancer continues to be a global public health dilemma and is currently the most prevalent tumor in the world. Breast cancer awareness, public attention, and progress in the breast imaging have had a positive impact on breast cancer recognition and screening. Breast cancer is a fatal disease in females and the leading cause of death in females. Over the past two decades, studies related to breast cancer have guided amazing advances in our understanding of breast cancer, leading to more competent treatments. Among all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality among postmenopausal women, accounting for 23% of all cancer fatalities. This is a global problem today, but it is still diagnosed in its advanced stages due to women's neglect concerning about the self-inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review presents different types of breast cancer, symptoms, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations, and treatment. Chemotherapy, targeted therapies, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone replacement therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy, and stem-cell therapy are some of the treatments for breast cancer. In this review, various applications of nano-carriers were discussed such as nanopolymers, Nanoshells, nanocrystals, quantum dots, and dendrimers were examined, as well as their potential in early cancer diagnosis and therapy