Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models in Hemodialysis Vascular Access: ChatGPT-5, Gemini-2.5, and DeepSeek-V3

Objectives: Vascular access is a key component of effective hemodialysis treatment. Patient education regarding selection, complications, and daily care remains challenging. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been explored as supportive tools in this field. This study compared three widely used LLMs (ChatGPT-5, Gemini-2.5, and DeepSeek-V3) in addressing patient-centered questions on hemodialysis vascular access. Methods: Twenty-five frequently asked patient questions were compiled from literature, educational materials, and expert input. Each question was submitted to the three LLMs in standardized sessions, and answers were anonymized. Four cardiovascular surgeons independently evaluated responses in a blinded manner using 5-point Likert scales for accuracy, clarity, and scientificity. Statistical analyses compared model performances. Results: DeepSeek-V3 provided significantly responses with a higher word count and achieved higher scientific depth scores compared to ChatGPT-5 and Gemini-2.5 (P<0.01). Accuracy scores showed ChatGPT-5 demonstrated significantly lower than both Gemini-2.5 and DeepSeek-V3 (P<0.001). No significant differences were observed among models regarding clarity. Overall, DeepSeek achieved the highest mean scores across all criteria. Conclusions: DeepSeek-V3 demonstrated superior scientific depth and overall reliability, whereas ChatGPT-5 showed relative weaknesses in accuracy. The comparable clarity across models highlights LLMs' potential as supportive tools for patient education. Future studies should further validate these tools in real-world clinical settings and define appropriate safeguards for their use

Measurements of the inclusive W and Z boson production cross sections and their ratios in proton-proton collisions at TeV

Measurements are presented of the W and Z boson production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV. Data collected in 2022 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.01 fb?1 with one or two identified muons in the final state are analyzed. The results for the products of total inclusive cross sections and branching fractions for muonic decays of W and Z bosons are (acceptance) nb for W+ boson production, (acceptance) nb for W? boson production, and (acceptance) nb for the Z boson production in the dimuon mass range of 60–120 GeV, all with negligible statistical uncertainties. Furthermore, the corresponding fiducial cross sections, as well as cross section ratios for both fiducial and total phase space, are provided. The ratios include charge-separated results for W boson production (W+ and W?) and the sum of the two contributions (W±), each relative to the measured Z boson production cross section. Additionally, the ratio of the measured cross sections for W+ and W? boson production is reported. All measurements are in agreement with theoretical predictions, calculated at next-to-next-to-leading order accuracy in quantum chromodynamics. © The Author(s) 2026.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU; Ministry of Education and Science, MES; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP; Center for African Studies, CAS; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT; Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, DAE; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU; National Science and Technology Development Agency, NSTDA; Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, MOE; National Science Foundation, NSF; Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, IN2P3; Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV; Ministério da Educação e Ciência, MEC; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ; Universiti Malaya, UM; Bundesministerium Bildung, BMBWF; National Science Council, NSC; Ministry of Science,Technology and Research, MoSTR; Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP; Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP; Austrian Science Fund, FWF; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, IndiaDST; Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS; Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, BMBF; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO; Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TUBITAK; Research Council of Finland, AKA; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES; California Earthquake Authority, CEA; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu, TENMAK; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja, MPNTR; Science Foundation Ireland, SFI; U.S. Department of Energy, ERDA; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP; Cosmetic Surgery Foundation, CSF; Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, MOST; General Secretariat for Research and Innovation, GSRI; Bulgarian National Science Fund, BNSF; Hugh Green Foundation, HGF; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación; Maryland Ornithological Society, MOS; Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand, MHESRI; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, SRNSF; Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM; CERN, CERN; National Retail Federation, NRF; Ministry of Science ICT and Future Planning, MSIP; Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT; Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN; Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, UASLP; National Natural Science Foundation of China, NNSFC; (2022/WK/14); (C-1845); (2021/43/B/ST2/01552, 2021/41/B/ST2/01369); (675440, 752730, 758316, 724704, 101002207, 765710, 824093, 101115353); (B39G670016); (FR-22-985); Engineering Research Centers, ERC, (MoER TK202); Engineering Research Centers, ERC; (CA16108); (MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033); (CEECIND/01334/2018); (Z191100007219010); (400140256 — GRK2497, 390833306); Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal, NKFI, (TKP2021-NKTA-64, K 143460, K 146914, K 146913, K 143477, K 138136, 2021-4.1.2-NEMZ_KI-2024-00036, K 147048, K 131991, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, K 133046); Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal, NKFI; (22rl-037

A Robust Method for Automated Segmentation of Optic Disc Using Hypercolumn Deep Features With Probability Thresholding

Glaucoma is a dangerous disease that can lead to blindness in advanced stages. It has been a hot topic among machine learning researchers as it can be diagnosed quickly and effectively through optic disc segmentation. However, anomalies in the optic disk region significantly complicate this task. There is also a need for a model that produces stable results on different data sets. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel method that can be used for early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. Using deep learning architecture, hypercolumn deep features extracted from retinal fundus images were trained with different classifiers, and their behavior was examined in depth according to varying thresholding values. Global and local thresholding approaches were developed to improve the predictions of the standard classifier. The proposed model achieved Dice scores of 0.9437, 0.9654, and 0.9407 on the DRIONS, DRISHTI, and RIMONE-v3 datasets, respectively. The results obtained at the end of the study show that the proposed model is robust on these datasets and is competitive with other studies in the literature. In conclusion, we showed that the proposed model can be used effectively in glaucoma diagnosis. © 2026 Wiley Periodicals LLC

Advanced electrospun biomaterials for skin tissue engineering

Autografts, allografts or xenografts can be applied for treating damaged skin tissue, but these methods have certain disadvantages such as additional damage to donor regions, increased infection risk, and risk of disease transmission. On the other hand, tissue engineered skin substitutes provide more advantageous properties including large sources and good bioactivity. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of science that aims to develop tissue-engineered substitutes or tissue scaffolds in order to replace, repair, maintain, and regenerate the tissue functions. For producing functional tissue scaffolds for use in tissue engineering, different fabrication methods have been used by scientists. One such technique is electrospinning, which has been recognized as a promising method for creating microstructures that closely resemble the extracellular matrix of skin tissue. ın this review article, the aim was first to provide information about skin tissue-related problems, current treatment methods, electrospinning method and its working principle, and to review the recent literature on the applications of electrospinning for use in skin tissue engineering

Efficacy of a Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program for Turkish Second-Grade Primary School Children

School-based prevention programs may play a crucial role in protecting children against child sexual abuse. However, only a few prevention programs have been implemented for primary school children in T & uuml;rkiye so far. Ultimately, we aimed to develop a child sexual abuse prevention program and explore its efficacy using a pretest-posttest comparison group design. We carried out the study with 104 second graders aged 6-8 years (M-age = 6.99, SD = 0.49). Using a quasi-experimental design with comparison group, children's classrooms were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 66) or the wait-list comparison group (n = 38). All the children were recruited to a pretest and a posttest using the Child Sexual Abuse Knowledge Form, the Self-Protection Skill Form, and the Good Touch-Bad Touch Test. The students in the intervention group participated in the 4-hour child sexual abuse prevention program. To investigate effectiveness of the program on children's knowledge levels, we used the three-state latent Markov model with (SABIC = 2067.7511, AIC = 2091.4234) and without (SABIC = 2075.4711, AIC = 2095.0264) intervention and wait-list comparison groups as a covariate variable. This result implied that the program was effective for the children in the intervention group since the transition probabilities between the intervention and wait-list comparison groups were significantly different. The findings revealed that the children in the intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge. Their self-protection skills (number of responses, effective strategies, diversity of response) also showed significant improvements. (respectively (F(1, 101)= 4.280, p <.05, eta(2)= .04, F(1, 101)= 4.539, p <.05, eta(2)= .04, F(1, 101)= 10.029, p <.05, eta(2)= .09). Hence, we can confidently highlight the importance of the prevention program for second graders, and the child sexual abuse prevention program can be utilized as a primary prevention program in Turkish primary schools

Comparative evaluation of the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy of various toothpaste formulations

This study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility of twelve toothpaste formulations using human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cell cultures, and to compare their antibacterial efficacy. In accordance with ethical guidelines, healthy hGF were obtained from individuals. The toothpaste formulations tested included Colgate Total 12 (TP1), Colgate Maximum Cavity Protection (TP2), Curaprox Enzycal (TP3), Elmex Kinder (TP4), Klorhex (TP5), ROCS Baby (TP6), ROCS Kids (TP7), Meridol (TP8), Oral-B Pro Expert Stages (TP9), Sensodyne Pronamel for Kids (TP10), Sensodyne Multi Protection (TP11), and Aquafresh Little Teeth (TP12). The cytotoxic effects of these formulations were evaluated in real-time using the xCELLigence system, which monitored cellular activity at 5-minute intervals over a 72-hour period. The apoptotic effects of the toothpastes at their IC50 concentrations on hGF were assessed through Annexin V and Caspase-3 assays. Genotoxicity was investigated using the Alexa Fluor (R) 488 Mouse anti-H2AX assay. Antibacterial efficacy against Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus mutans was determined using a modified microdilution method. Based on IC50 values, TP8 was found to be the most cytotoxic toothpaste, while TP5 exhibited the least cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity ranking of the formulations is as follows: TP8 (0.062)> TP2 (0.266) > TP3 (0.296) > TP10 (0.359) > TP11 (0.385) > TP6 (0.467) > TP7 (0.525) > TP4 (0.745) > TP12 (0.811) > TP9 (1.016) > TP1 (1.176) > TP5 (2.646) (p 0.05). TP8 and TP4 demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy against L.rhamnosus,whereas TP1, TP2, TP5, TP7, and TP10 exhibited superior activity against S.mutans. The tested toothpaste formulations exhibited marked variability in cytotoxicity and antibacterial performance in human gingival fibroblast cultures. While several formulations demonstrated strong antibacterial effects, these were frequently accompanied by increased cytotoxicity, particularly in products containing aggressive surfactant systems. Among the twelve formulations evaluated, Klorhex (TP5) showed the most favorable biological profile, characterized by the highest IC50 value (lowest cytotoxicity), absence of significant apoptotic or genotoxic effects, and effective antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Based on the combined assessment of biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy, TP5 appears to be the most suitable option for clinical use, particularly for individuals with increased mucosal sensitivity or long-term dentifrice exposure. Clinicians should consider both the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy of dentifrices when making personalized recommendations for caries prevention

Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonunda (Hatay-Elazığ) Kırsal Alanlarda Deprem Kaynaklı Ekonomik Sorunlara Bakış

223K116 (TUBITAK-1001)Earthquakes constitute one of the most pervasive natural disasters globally, leading to significant loss of life and property. Turkey, characterized by an extensively active fault zone with fractures extending from various faults encircling the country, is markedly affected by seismic events. Rural and urban settlements along the Eastern and North Anatolian Fault Zones are particularly susceptible. Most research concerning earthquakes along these fault lines predominantly focuses on urban areas, while rural regions receive comparatively less attention. Accordingly, this study examines the economic impact of earthquakes on rural settlements along the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, investigating whether post-earthquake developments have resulted in positive or negative changes in economic activity, and evaluating the suitability of new rural settlements for existing economic pursuits. To achieve this, twelve sample villages with diverse physical and human characteristics were selected from the provinces of Hatay, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, and Elazığ. Focus Group ınterviews, a qualitative research methodology, were employed within these villages. Verbal data obtained from these interviews were transcribed and analyzed using MAXQDA software, thereby elucidating the relationship between seismic events and the development and transformation of economic activities within the sample villages.Dünya genelinde en fazla mal ve can kaybına neden olan doğal afetlerin başında depremler gelmektedir. oluşum bakımından aktif ve her taraftan çeşitli faylarla kırılmış olan Türkiye de depremlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Özellikle Doğu Anadolu ve Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu üzerindeki kır ve kent yerleşmeleri çok daha fazla etkilenmektedir. Bu Fay Zonları üzerinde meydana gelen depremlere yönelik çalışmaların büyük kısmı şehir odaklı olmakta ve kırsal alanlar büyük ölçüde ihmal edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada bu Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu üzerinde bulunan kırsal yerleşmelerin ekonomik açıdan depremlerden nasıl etkilendikleri, deprem sonrasındaki gelişmelere bağlı olarak ekonomik faaliyetlerde olumlu veya olumsuz değişimlerin gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediği ve özellikle yeni kırsal yerleşmelerin mevcut ekonomik faaliyetlere uygunluğu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu tespitleri yapabilmek için Hatay, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya ve Elazığ illerinden farklı fiziki ve beşeri özelliklere sahip toplamda 12 örneklem köy seçilmiştir. Köylerde nitel araştırma tekniklerinden olan Odak Grup Görüşmesi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu görüşmelerden elde edilen sözel veriler metne aktarılarak MAXQDA programında çeşitli analizlere tabi tutulmuş ve böylece örneklem seçilen köylerin ekonomik faaliyetlerinin gelişimi ve değişimi ile deprem arasındaki ilişki ortaya konulmuştur.[TR] Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TUBITAK

The determination of the potential anticancer effects of ruthenium (Ru) arene complexes in PC-3, Du-145, and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines

Cancer remains the most common disease, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. While cisplatin and platinum (II) derivatives continue to be widely used chemotherapeutic agents, extensive research has been conducted on ruthenium (Ru) arene complexes due to the undesirable side effects associated with the use of these metal drugs and the development of resistance in cancers. In this study, we aimed to analyze ruthenium arene complexes in different structures in cancer cell lines. Characterization of six bimetallic Ru complexes (Ru1a-3a, Ru1b-3b) was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. After that, the cellular properties of these complexes were analyzed on Du-145, LnCap, and PC-3 cell lines. Cytotoxic effects of ruthenium arene complexes were determined by MTT assay. CASP-3, CASP-8, CASP-9, BCL-2, BAX, P53, P21, P16, BCL-XL, CYCLIN D1, CDK4, CDK6, BID, PUMA, NOXA, AKT1, PTEN, MMP2 and MMP-9 gene mRNA expressions were evaluated by Real-time PCR. It was found that ruthenium arene complexes in prostate cancer cells suppressed migration and colony formation by using wound healing and colony formation assays, respectively. In conclusion, it is thought that ruthenium arene complexes indicate anticarcinogenesis activity by affecting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, migration, and colony formation in prostate cancer cells. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, CBU, (2021-093

Glenoid-sided lateralization decreases scapular notching with a 135° humeral component Arthrex reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Background: The incidence of scapular notching has dramatically reduced with the shift from 155 degrees to 135 degrees humeral inclination in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). However, humeral inclination is not the only factor as notching persists with medialized glenospheres. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of glenoid-sided lateralization on scapular notching with a 135 degrees rTSA. Methods: A retrospective review was performed from a multicenter prospectively collected database to identify patients who underwent primary rTSA and had a minimum 2-year follow-up. All rTSAs were performed with the Arthrex system using a 135 degrees inlay humeral component. Varying amounts of glenoid-sided lateralization were used from 0 to 8 mm in 2-mm increments based on surgeon preference. Postoperative radiographs were evaluated for scapular notching, distalization shoulder angle, and lateralization shoulder angle. The lateralization shoulder angle was further subdivided into humeral and glenoid contributions. Regression analysis was performed on component and clinical variables to assess for factors predictive of notching and the effect on clinical outcomes. Results: Overall, scapular notching was observed in 56 of 517 shoulders (10.8%). Metallic glenoid lateralization and glenosphere overhang were protective of notching (P = .030 and P = < .001, respectively). For women, 6 mm of lateralization reduced notching compared to 4 mm or less (5.3% vs. 15.6%; P = .016). For men, 8 mm of lateralization reduced notching compared to 6 mm or less but the difference did not meet statistical significance (7.6% vs. 13.6%; P = .161). Notching also was associated with decreased forward flexion by 13 degrees (beta -12.79, 95% confidence interval: -19.63 to 5.96 P = < .001). Discussion: With a 135 degrees inlay humerus and lateralized glenoid rTSA, scapular notching decreases with metallic lateralization of 6 mm or more. Additionally, inferior glenosphere positioning is protective of notching. Notching is associated with worse clinical outcomes and lower postoperative range of motion. (c) 2025 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AItraining, and similar technologiesArthrex, Inc. [AIRR-00608-82]Funding: This study was funded by Arthrex, Inc. (#: AIRR-00608-82)

A GIS-based forest fire risk mapping and UAV deployment planning: the case of Izmir

Forest fires, one of the largest natural disasters, have had negative consequences for centuries. Today, these damages continue due to various negligences or climate influences. In large cities, this danger brings along significant problems. This study focuses on the Izmir region, a metropolitan city in T & uuml;rkiye, where the ecosystem and biodiversity are damaged by fire every year. In order to prevent these fires, it is necessary to identify areas with high fire potential and develop fire management strategies there. In this context, the aim of the study is to obtain a comprehensive fire risk map in GIS and routes for early fire detection with the help of UAVs. The risk map was created by combining 14 maps, including topographic, meteorological, human-induced, historical fire data, and vegetation data. As a result of the findings, single and multi-center routes were obtained using K-Means and LCP methods with UAVs divided into three categories of high, medium and low cost in high fire risk points. It has been found that more efficient results are achieved with a multi-center approach and medium-cost UAVs. This holistic approach proposed within the scope of forest fire management helps develop more effective strategies.Izmir Bakircay UniversityOpen access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUB & Idot;TAK)