Microbiology Independent Research Journal (MIR Journal)
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    Антимикробные пептиды и белки в биожидкостях человека

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    Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) are endogenous compounds that have a direct antimicrobial effect on bacteria (e. g., by disrupting bacterial membranes), as well as on fungi and viruses. AMPs are the main component of the innate immunity of living organisms and are produced by both epithelial cells (skin cells, cells of respiratory tract, intestine, urinary and genital tracts) and cells of the immune system and are secreted into secretory fluids. AMPs can also act as chemoattractants for immunocompetent cells (neutrophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells) in the inflammation site and affect the antigen presenting cells by modulating adaptive T cell immune responses. The representatives of the main 15 AMP classes, that we describe in this review, are the most studied group of the large pool of these compounds. We discuss their localization, expression, and concentration in various biofluids of humans under normal and pathological conditions.Антимикробные пептиды и белки (АМПБ) – это эндогенные соединения, оказывающие прямое противомикробное действие на бактерии, а также на грибы и вирусы. АМПБ являются основным компонентом врожденного иммунитета живых организмов и вырабатываются как эпителиальными клетками (клетки кожи, дыхательных путей, кишечника, мочевыводящих и половых путей), так и клетками иммунной системы, и выделяются в секреторные жидкости. Помимо антимикробной функции АМПБ могут выполнять роль хемоаттрактантов иммунокомпетентных клеток (нейтрофилы, моноциты, Т лимфоциты, дендритные клетки) в очаг воспаления. АМПБ оказывают влияние также на антигенпрезентирующие клетки, модулируя адаптивные T-клеточные иммунные ответы. Из большого количества описанных АМПБ наиболее изученными являются 15 основных классов, которые мы рассматриваем в данном обзоре, включая их локализацию, экспрессию и концентрацию в различных биожидкостях в норме и при патологии

    Возможности коррекции микробиоты ротоглотки и кишечника у детей природными средствами на основе экстрактов растений

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    The widespread use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases causes antimicrobial resistance in opportunistic microorganisms, which leads to the chronic forms of respiratory diseases and contributes to the risk of repeated respiratory infections. One of the new therapeutic solutions is the use of multicomponent water-soluble plant extracts. The goal of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of the extracts of multicomponent herbal remedies versus the synthetic antiseptic for the treatment of the oropharyngeal and gut opportunistic microflora in children with chronic tonsillitis.In a retrospective study, we compared the effectiveness of the plant extract Tonzinal (experimental group, 100 patients) versus the Miramistin antiseptic agent (control group, 40 patients) for the treatment of chronic tonsillitis in children 5 to 15 years old using various treatment regimens.The oropharyngeal microbiocenosis was investigated by the bacteriological analysis of smears from the posterior wall of the pharynx and tonsils. Bacterial strains were isolated by inoculation on liquid agar media with the subsequent identification of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida spp., Moraxela cataralis, and Mycoplasma pneumonie according to the morphological and biochemical characteristics. For the bacteriological analysis of gut microbiocenosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Candida spp., Klebsiella spp., Clostridiums spp., and Proteus spp. were isolated from the fecal filtrate and then identified by the same methods. The occurrence rate of microorganisms in patients of the experimental and control groups was compared before and after the 10-day course of therapy.A statistically significant decrease in the occurrence rate of Staphylococcus aureus (from 25% to 0%, p<0.01) and Candida spp. (from 18% to 0%, p<0.01) in the oropharynx of patients in the experimental group and from 20% to 7.5% and from 5% to 0% (p<0.05), respectively, in the control group was observed. A statistically significant decrease in the occurrence rate of Streptococcus pyogenes was only observed in the experimental group (from 30% to 0%, p<0.01). Treatment with Tonzinal or Miramistin did not lead to the statistically significant changes in the occurrence rate of opportunistic microorganisms in the gut microflora of the patients in both groups. Therefore, we have shown a higher antimicrobial efficacy of Tonzinal versus the Miramistin antiseptic for the treatment of the oropharyngeal opportunistic microorganisms in children with chronic tonsillitis.Широкое применение антибактериальных препаратов для лечения респираторных заболеваний формирует резистентность к антибиотикам у условно-патогенных микроорганизмов, что влечет за собой хронические формы респираторных заболеваний и способствует риску повторных респираторных инфекций. Одним из новых терапевтических решений может быть применение многокомпонентных фитопрепаратов в виде водорастворимых экстрактов. Цель данного исследования – оценить эффективность антибактериального действия экстрактов многокомпонентных фитопрепаратов на условно-патогенную микрофлору ротоглотки и  кишечника у детей с диагнозом «хронический тонзиллит» по  сравнению с синтетическим антисептиком.В ретроспективном исследовании мы провели сравнение фитопрепарата «Тонзинал» (опытная группа, 100 человек) с антисептическим средством «Мирамистин» (группа контроля, 40 человек), определяя эффективность различных схем лечения хронического тонзиллита у детей в возрасте от 5 до 15 лет. Микробиоценоз ротоглотки исследовали с помощью бактериологического анализа мазков с задней стенки глотки и миндалин. Штаммы микроорганизмов выделяли методом посева на жидкие агаризованные среды с последующей идентификацией Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida spp., Moraxela cataralis, Mycoplasma pneumonie по морфологическим и биохимическим признакам. Для проведения бактериологического анализа микробиоценоза кишечника штаммы условно-патогенных микроорганизмов выделяли из копрофильтрата аналогичным способом и идентифицировали Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Candida spp., Klebsiella spp., Clostridiums spp., Proteus spp. Сравнивали частоту встречаемости микроорганизмов, имеющих показатели интенсивности обсемененности более 104  КОЕ/г, в опытной группе и группе контроля до начала лечения и после 10‑дневного курса терапии.После 10‑дневного курса терапии в  ротоглотке наблюдали статистически значимое снижение частоты встречаемости Staphylococcus aureus и Candida spp. в опытной группе с 25% до 0% и с 18% до 0% соответственно (p<0.01) и в группе контроля с 20% до 7.5% и с 5% до 0% соответственно (p<0.01). Частота встречаемости Streptococcus pyogenes статистически значимо снизилась только в опытной группе (с 30% до 0%, p<0.01). При исследовании кишечной микрофлоры статистически значимых изменений частоты встречаемости исследуемых бактерий в опытной группе и группе контроля после применения препаратов не выявлено. Таким образом, мы показали более высокую антимикробную эффективность «Тонзинала» в отношении условно-патогенных микроорганизмов ротоглотки по сравнению с антисептиком «Мирамистин» при хроническом тонзиллите у детей

    Статья отозвана. Биологические свойства грамнегативных бактерий, верифицированных в моче пациенток с рецидивирующей неосложненной инфекцией нижних мочевых путей

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    Article retracted.Uncomplicated infections of the lower urinary tract are more often recorded in women and are characterized by recurrent severe course. The lack of effective approaches to the management of this cohort of patients and the insufficient knowledge of the qualitative characteristics of uropathogens hinder the successful treatment of these infections. The purpose of this project is to study the biological properties of representatives of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection at various levels of bacteriuria.We present here the results of the one-stage cohort study of 62 patients 20-50 years old with recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. The level of bacteriuria, genes of virulence factors, hemolytic, adhesive and anti-lysozyme activities were determined for the Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urine of patients.Representatives of Gram-negative microorganisms (62 strains) were isolated from the urine of all patients. Their bacteriuria levels ranged from 102 to 108 CFU/ml. A wide range of the virulence factor genes with the prevalence of papGII, feoB, fyuA, were found in all strains regardless of the degree of bacteriuria. Twenty significant (p<0.05) coefficients of mutual contingency between different pairs of genes were found. We found that the hemolytic activity of Enterobacteriaceae is statistically significantly associated with papA, feoB, fyuA, kpsMII, and usp, while the anti-lysozyme activity is associated with papA, afa, and usp.The detection of genotypic and some phenotypic traits expressed in various variations in all Gram-negative bacteria regardless of their bacteriuria levels creates a potential risk for recurrent of the lower urinary tract infection. Consequently, even the minimal levels of bacteriuria become clinically significant. Therefore, in bacteriological diagnostics it is necessary to determine all levels of bacteriuria, including the minimum level (102 CFU/ml), since isolated microorganisms at this level have not only adhesive and anti-lysozyme activities, but also contain genes encoding the virulence factors. Статья отозванаНеосложненные инфекции нижних мочевых путей чаще регистрируются у женщин и характеризуются рецидивирующим тяжелым течением. Отсутствие эффективных подходов по ведению данной когорты пациенток и недостаточная изученность качественных характеристик уропатогенов препятствуют успешному лечению этих инфекций. Цель настоящего исследования — изучить биологические свойства представителей грамнегативной микробиоты, выделенной из мочи паци­енток с рецидивирующей неосложненной инфекцией нижних мочевых путей, при различных уровнях бактериурии.Проведено когортное одномоментное исследование 62 пациенток в возрасте 20–50 лет с рецидивирующей неосложнен­ной инфекцией нижних мочевых путей. У грамнегативных бактерий, выделенных из мочи пациенток, определяли уровень бактериурии, гены факторов вирулентности, гемолитическую, адгезивную и антилизоцимную активности.У всех пациенток из мочи выделены представители грамнегативных микроорганизмов (62 штамма). Уровни бактери­урии колебались от 102 до 108 КОЕ/мл. У всех штаммов обнаружены гены факторов вирулентности в широком диапазоне с превалированием papGII, feoB, fyuA независимо от степени бактериурии. Обнаружено 20 достоверных (p<0.05) коэффи­циентов взаимной сопряженности между различными парами генов. Гемолитическая активность энтеробактерий значимо связана с papA, feoB, fyuA, kpsMII и usp, антилизоцимная – с papA, afa и usp.Таким образом, наличие генотипических и некоторых фенотипических признаков в различных вариациях экспрессии у всех представителей грамнегативных бактерий при всех уровнях бактериурии создает потенциальный риск развития очередного рецидива инфекции нижних мочевых путей. Поэтому даже минимальные уровни бактериурии являются кли­нически значимыми. Таким образом, при бактериологической диагностике необходимо определять все уровни бактери­урии, включая минимальный (102 КОЕ/мл), так как выделенные микроорганизмы при данном уровне обладают не только адгезивной и антилизоцимной активностями, но и имеют гены факторов вирулентности

    Antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia

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    We investigated the occurrence rate of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in exotic pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia. Salmonellae samples were collected from eight different genera of pet reptiles (snakes and lizards). Selective enrichment and selective plating procedures were carried out in order to detect salmonellae. Isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests, API 20E strips, and the VITEK compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Salmonella spp. belonging to subspecies I (Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica) were detected in 29.2% of the samples. All of the detected salmonellae showed multidrug resistance (p<0.001, χ2 ). The results demonstrated that pet reptiles in private households could present health hazards to humans. Therefore, these animals should be carefully handled to avoid infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the occurrence rate of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia. The detected Salmonella serovars should be subjected to further in-depth molecular analyses in order to understand the overall epidemiology of salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia.We investigated the occurrence rate of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in exotic pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia. Salmonellae samples were collected from eight different genera of pet reptiles (snakes and lizards). Selective enrichment and selective plating procedures were carried out in order to detect salmonellae. Isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests, API 20E strips, and the VITEK compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Salmonella spp. belonging to subspecies I (Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica) were detected in 29.2% of the samples. All of the detected salmonellae showed multidrug resistance (p<0.001, χ2 ). The results demonstrated that pet reptiles in private households could present health hazards to humans. Therefore, these animals should be carefully handled to avoid infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the occurrence rate of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in pet reptiles in Saudi Arabia. The detected Salmonella serovars should be subjected to further in-depth molecular analyses in order to understand the overall epidemiology of salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia

    Clostridium difficile инфекции у пациентов детского онкологического стационара: проблемы культивирования анаэробной кишечной флоры и лечения

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    In recent years, the number of infectious diseases caused by Clostridium difficile in the world has grown with a significant increase in relapses and mortality in patients, particularly among the cancer patients in hospitals. There is also observed an increase in the resistance of Clostridium difficile to the first-line drugs, namely metronidazole and vancomycin, which makes the search for new methods of treatment and prevention of this infection even more urgent. In this review, we analyze the recent data on the methods of cultivation and isolation of the pure bacterial culture of Clostridium difficile and other anaerobic enteropathogens over the course of enterocolitis treatment with antimicrobial drugs in pediatric patients with oncopathology. Novel approaches to the therapy of this infection are discussed. В последние годы в мире наблюдается рост числа инфекционных заболеваний, вызванных Clostridium difficile со значительным увеличением рецидивов и смертности, в том числе среди онкологических больных – пациентов стационаров. Отмечается также рост резистентности Clostridium difficile к препаратам первой линии терапии, а именно к метронидазолу и ванкомицину, что делает актуальным поиск новых методов лечения и профилактики данной инфекции. Мы проанализировали данные последних лет по методам культивирования Clostridium difficile, связанные с получением чистой культуры Clostridium difficile и других анаэробных энтеропатогенов при энтероколитах у детей с онкопатологией на фоне приема антимикробных препаратов, а также современные подходы к терапии данной инфекции.

    Membrane protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in the availability of active testosterone through its interaction with AKR1C2 enzyme leading to the upregulation of TMPRSS2 protease expression

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    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and ongoing pandemic that has devastated humankind. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was noticed that the mortality rate in men is higher than that in women. The membrane (M) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in the viral life cycle regulating intracellular trafficking and processing of spike (S) protein. In infected individuals, M protein inhibits the conversion of active testosterone to its inactive form through its interaction with Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2) protein. This leads to the high availability of active testosterone and boosts the formation of its complex with an androgen receptor that in turn promotes the transcription of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) gene. TMPRSS2 is known to play a pivotal role in the priming of S protein that is necessary for the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cell. Therefore, the interaction of the M protein of SARSCoV-2 with AKR1C2 eventually leads to the upregulation of the transcription of the TMPRSS2 gene that results in an enhanced viral infection and in turn higher mortality in men. The interaction of M protein with AKR1C2 could be a possible target for SARSCoV-2 antiviral drug design.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and ongoing pandemic that has devastated humankind. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was noticed that the mortality rate in men is higher than that in women. The membrane (M) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in the viral life cycle regulating intracellular trafficking and processing of spike (S) protein. In infected individuals, M protein inhibits the conversion of active testosterone to its inactive form through its interaction with Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2) protein. This leads to the high availability of active testosterone and boosts the formation of its complex with an androgen receptor that in turn promotes the transcription of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) gene. TMPRSS2 is known to play a pivotal role in the priming of S protein that is necessary for the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cell. Therefore, the interaction of the M protein of SARSCoV-2 with AKR1C2 eventually leads to the upregulation of the transcription of the TMPRSS2 gene that results in an enhanced viral infection and in turn higher mortality in men. The interaction of M protein with AKR1C2 could be a possible target for SARSCoV-2 antiviral drug design

    Мутации в геноме вирусов гриппа птиц подтипов Н1 и Н5, ответственные за адаптацию к млекопитающим

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    Avian influenza viruses of H1 and H5 subtypes were involved in the formation of highly pathogenic viruses that caused pandemics and panzootics in the 20th–21st centuries. In order to assess the zoonotic potential of viruses of these subtypes, two viruses of H1N1 and H5N3 have been isolated from wild ducks in Moscow and adapted to growth in mouse lungs. Their phenotypic properties were studied, and the genetic changes that occurred during adaptation were identified. The original A/duck/Moscow/4970/2013 (H1N1) and A/duck/Moscow/4182-C/2010 (H5N3) viruses were apathogenic for mice but became pathogenic after 7–10 passages in mouse lungs. Complete genome sequencing revealed 2 amino acid substitutions in the proteins of the H1N1 mouse-adapted variant (Glu627Lys in PB2 and Asp35Asn in hemagglutinin (HA) – numbering according to H3) and 6 mutations in the proteins of H5N3 virus (Glu627lys in PB2, Val113Ala in PB1, Ser82Pro in PB1-F2, Lys52Arg in HA2, Arg65Lys in NP, and Ser59Ile in NA). The increase in virulence is most likely due to a common substitution in the protein PB2 Glu627Lys as revealed in both viruses. The replacement of Asp35Asn in HA of the mouse-adapted H1N1 virus is associated with an increase in the pH value of the HA transition from 5.0 for 5.5 in comparison to the HA of parent virus. The found mutations in HA, NA, and PB1-F2 proteins of the adapted H5N3 variant are unique. The mutations Glu627Lys in PB2, Arg65Lys in NP, and Val113Ala in PB1 are most likely host adaptive.Вирусы гриппа птиц подтипов Н1 и Н5 участвовали в формировании высокопатогенных вариантов вирусов, вызвавших пандемии и  панзоотии в  XX–XXI  веках. С  целью оценки зоонозного потенциала вирусов этих подтипов, выделенных от диких уток в черте Москвы, была проведена адаптация вирусов к размножению в легких мышей, изучены их фенотипические свойства и идентифицированы генетические изменения, возникшие при адаптации. Изначально апатогенные для мышей вирусы A/duck/Moscow/4970/2013 (H1N1) и A/duck/Moscow/4182‑C/2010 (H5N3) после 7–10 пассажей через легкие мышей изменили фенотип на патогенный. Полногеномное секвенирование выявило в адаптированных к мышам вирусах 2 аминокислотные замены в вирусе гриппа H1N1 (Glu627Lys в белке PB2 и Asp35Asn в гемагглютинине (HA) — нумерация по H3) и 6 мутаций в белках вируса H5N3 (Glu627Lys в PB2, Val113Ala в PB1, Ser82Pro в PB1‑F2, Lys52Arg в HA2, Arg65Lys в NP и Ser59Ile в NA). Возрастание вирулентности для мышей, скорее всего, обусловлено общей для обоих вирусов заменой – Glu627Lys в  белке PB2. Замена Asp35Asn в  HA адаптированного к  мышам вируса гриппа H1N1  ассоциирована с возрастанием значения рН конформационного перехода HA с 5.0 до 5.5 относительно HA дикого вируса. Обнаруженные в адаптированном варианте H5N3 мутации в белках НА, NA и PB1‑F2 — уникальные. Мутации Glu627Lys в PB2, Arg65Lys в NP и Val113Ala в PB1, скорее всего, носят адаптационный характер

    Evidence for the extracellular delivery of influenza NS1 protein

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    We constructed a reporter influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus expressing truncated 124aa N-terminal NS1 protein fused to a luciferase reporter sequence (NanoLuc) without signal peptide. The reproduction activity of the vector correlated well with the luminescent activity in the lysates of infected cell cultures or mouse respiratory organ suspensions. Surprisingly, we found that luciferase enzymatic activity was present not only in the intracellular compartments but also in cell culture supernatants as well as in the sera or bronchiolar lavages of infected mice. This fact allowed us to formulate a working hypothesis about the extracellular delivery mechanism of the NS1 protein. To test this idea, we conducted co-transfection experiments in Vero cells with different combinations of plasmids encoding influenza genomic segments and chimeric NS1-NanoLuc encoding plasmid. We found that the emergence of the luciferase reporter in the extracellular compartment was promoted by the formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) from the co-transfection of plasmids expressing PB1, PB2, PA, and NP proteins. Therefore, influenza NS1 protein may be delivered to the extracellular compartment together with the nascent RNP complexes during the maturation of virus particles.We constructed a reporter influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus expressing truncated 124aa N-terminal NS1 protein fused to a luciferase reporter sequence (NanoLuc) without signal peptide. The reproduction activity of the vector correlated well with the luminescent activity in the lysates of infected cell cultures or mouse respiratory organ suspensions. Surprisingly, we found that luciferase enzymatic activity was present not only in the intracellular compartments but also in cell culture supernatants as well as in the sera or bronchiolar lavages of infected mice. This fact allowed us to formulate a working hypothesis about the extracellular delivery mechanism of the NS1 protein. To test this idea, we conducted co-transfection experiments in Vero cells with different combinations of plasmids encoding influenza genomic segments and chimeric NS1-NanoLuc encoding plasmid. We found that the emergence of the luciferase reporter in the extracellular compartment was promoted by the formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) from the co-transfection of plasmids expressing PB1, PB2, PA, and NP proteins. Therefore, influenza NS1 protein may be delivered to the extracellular compartment together with the nascent RNP complexes during the maturation of virus particles

    Мониторинг микробного загрязнения учебно-научного Модуля чистых помещений

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    The production environment in pharmaceutical industry should not be a source of microbial contamination of the product. The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of changes in the microbial contamination level in clean rooms. The study was conducted at the educational and scientific clean room module of the Biotechnology Department of the Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering (IATE NRNU MEPhI). It was shown that the level of contamination of surfaces in production facility increases with the presence of personnel on the premises. The degree of microbial contamination of the air varies slightly depending on the type of activity and the number of personnel on premises. The compliance of the investigated clean room module with class D for clean rooms was confirmed. It was concluded that it is necessary to monitor microbial contamination of premises more often, as well as to implement the sanitary treatment in order to eliminate the sources of spore-forming microflora.Окружающая среда при производстве лекарственных средств должна обеспечивать минимальный риск микробного загрязнения продукта. Нами были изучены закономерности изменения уровня микробного загрязнения в чистых помещениях на примере учебно-научного Модуля чистых помещений Отделения биотехнологий ИАТЭ НИЯУ «МИФИ» (Обнинск). Показано, что уровень загрязнения рабочих поверхностей увеличивается при наличии в помещениях работающего персонала. Степень микробного загрязнения воздушной среды в зависимости от вида выполняемых работ и количества персонала изменяется незначительно. Подтверждено соответствие исследуемых чистых помещений классу чистоты D по микробиологической чистоте. Сделан вывод о необходимости чаще осуществлять контроль микробного загрязнения помещений, а также усилить санитарно-гигиенические мероприятия для устранения источников спорообразующей микрофлоры

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    Microbiology Independent Research Journal (MIR Journal)
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