A Research And Critical Study Of Selected Prose Works Of The 21st Century In India : بھارت میں اکیسویں صدی کی منتخب عروضی کتب:تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ

The science of ‘Arud or ‘Aruz (علم عروض) is a branch of knowledge that deals with the prosody and meter of poetry. It involves analyzing the rhythm and structure of verses according to specific rules and patterns. This science was developed by Khalil ibn Ahmad in the 2nd century Hijri (8th century CE) and originated in Arabic. Over time, it was adopted into Persian and later into Urdu, with scholars adapting it to fit the nuances of each language. In the Indian subcontinent, numerous books on the science of ‘Arud were published before the partition of India. These works primarily focused on traditional discussions within the field. After partition, this tradition continued in India, and many books on ‘Arud have been published, reflecting both the preservation of classical approaches and modern innovations, such as comparative studies with other poetic forms and the creation of new poetic meters. Today, India has a rich repository of classical and contemporary works on ‘Arud, contributing to the ongoing development of this field. Similarly, afer the parttion of India, several books on the science of Aruz have been written in Pakistan and are stil being written. In these Aruz books, attempts have been made to simplify modern Aruz discussions and Aruz along with traditional topics. So far, a good amount of Aruz capital has come ot the fore. Keywords: Arooz, Arooz History, Bharat, Arooz Books, 21st centur

Politics, Society, and Intellectual Evolution: An Evolutionary Study of Freedom of Thought in Contemporary Perspective: سیاست، سماج اور فکری ارتقاء: عصری تناظر میں فکری آزادی کا ارتقائی جائزہ

This research paper investigates the historical and intellectual evolution of freedom of thought in relation to politics and society. In today’s globalized and ideologically polarized world, the question of intellectual autonomy is both urgent and complex. The study analyzes how political structures, social norms, and cultural ideologies have shaped — and at times restricted — the development of independent thinking. Through a critical and interdisciplinary approach, the paper explores the dialectical relationship between authority and dissent, obedience and consciousness, and examines how intellectual freedom emerges, evolves, or collapses in different sociopolitical contexts. Special attention is given to modern societies where surveillance, censorship, populism, and ideological conformity challenge individual liberty. The research argues that intellectual freedom is not a static ideal, but an ongoing struggle shaped by historical experience, social structures, and political will. The goal is to understand how societies can cultivate environments where diverse ideas thrive and critical thinking is not only tolerated but celebrated. Key Words: Intellectual Evolution, Politics, Society, Critical Thinking, Authority and Dissen

A Review of the Impact of Budget Deficit on Private Investment in Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to investigate how budget deficits affect private investment in Pakistan, which is a key factor in determining the prosperity and expansion of the nation's economy. The study will examine the relationship between fiscal deficits and private sector investment using data from 1990 to 2023 and sophisticated statistical techniques, including the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The findings will show a negative correlation: as budget deficits increase, private investment tends to decrease. The positive relationship between rising deficits and rising interest rates, as well as the difficulty in obtaining credit, will cause this occurrence. As a result, businesses will have a harder time finding investment possibilities. Investor confidence will be further undermined by inflation and the uncertainty of fiscal policies, making long-term planning more difficult. The influence that government borrowing, both domestically and abroad, might have in this specific situation will also be examined. The results show that in order to attract private investment, Pakistan needs to improve its financial management and adopt a more robust fiscal policy. Keywords: Budget Deficits, Private Investment, Pakistan, Fiscal Policy

Relationship Between Parents and Teachers’ Communication on Students Successat Secondary Level in Haveli Kahutta

This research was conducted to examine the relationship of parent-teacher communication with student success. The study aimed to identify the primary sources of interaction between parents and teachers, explore the relationship between their communication and student performance. The population consisted of teachers and parents from secondary schools in the public and government sectors. A sample of 150 teachers and parents was selected through convenience sampling from the Tehsil and District Haveli in Azad Kashmir. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale for both teachers and parents. The responses were analyzed using SPSS software, revealing significant insights into the dynamics of parent-teacher communication and its correlation with student performance. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that schools implement regular training for teachers on effective communication strategies with parents to foster open dialogue. Additionally, schools should organize workshops to equip parents with the necessary skills to engage meaningfully with teachers about their children's education. Finally, establishing flexible communication channels, such as emails and phone calls, can help accommodate the diverse preferences and schedules of parents, thereby enhancing their involvement in their children's academic success

The Formation of Civilizational Consciousness and Cultural Identity in Urdu Literature: A Critical and Intellectual Study : اردو ادب میں تہذیبی شعور اور ثقافتی شناخت کی تشکیل: ایک تنقیدی و فکری مطالعہ

This research paper explores the intricate relationship between civilizational consciousness and cultural identity within the realm of Urdu literature. It investigates how literary texts reflect, shape, and preserve cultural memory and collective identity through various historical, social, and philosophical dimensions. Drawing from both classical and modern Urdu literature, the study highlights the role of literature in the evolution of societal values, aesthetic expression, and cultural resilience. The research also examines how colonial and post-colonial experiences have influenced the literary construction of identity and the perception of "self" and "other." Through critical perspectives and theoretical frameworks, the paper reveals how Urdu writers have contributed to the discourse on civilization and culture, and how literature becomes a site for negotiating tradition, modernity, and belonging. This study ultimately underscores the importance of literature as a vessel of civilizational awareness and cultural continuity in a rapidly globalizing world. Key Words: Urdu Literature, Civilizational Consciousness, Cultural Identity, Postcolonial Theory, Tradition and Modernity, Literary Representation, Social Values

Generative AI in Academic Writing: Opportunities and Challenges for Students

Artificial Intelligence (AI) generative writing, while providing coherent, structured, and error-free content, is diminishing critical and creative thinking among students. This study investigates the impact of AI on academic writing - advantages and disadvantages. The study draws upon the thematic analysis of Clarke and Braun thematic analysis to find the effects of AI on critical thinking and creativity and equity to ensure its access to the disadvantaged and underprivileged students. The data are collected from a private university in Islamabad and a governmental college in Rawalpindi. The findings reveal that the generative AI while providing error free and structured writing diminishes the creativity and critical thinking hence a double edge sword to be used cautiously. It also reveals that AI is not equitably available to all the students even in cities like Rawalpindi. The research theorizes the need for equitable resources, such as free internet access, to ensure that underprivileged students can fully benefit from generative AI in academic writing. Keyword: Generative AI, Academic Writing, Equity, Creativity, Critical Thinking, Educational Acces

Effect of Flipped Classroom Method on Speaking Skills of ESL Learners at Graduate Level: An Experimental Investigation

The current research explored the impact of an instructional strategy known as the ‘flipped classroom’ on the development of speaking skills among ESL learners. Guided by the constructivist learning theory framework, the researcher employed an experimental approach to assess the impact of the flipped classroom on ESL learners’ speaking skills. The experimental group received instruction through the flipped classroom model, while the control participants in control group were given instructions through traditional lecture method lectured to in a traditional teaching method that provided minimal classroom activities. Both groups were given pre-tests and post-tests to measure the participants’ speaking abilities in the four components of fluency, coherence, pronunciation, interactive communication, and proficiency. Analysis of the quantitative data collected revealed that students in the experimental group improved in all aspects of speaking skills than the control group. The study also found the effectiveness of the flipped classroom in promoting self-directed learning, enhancing communicative language pedagogy, and facilitating a shift towards student-centered learning. These findings carry significant pedagogical implications for ESL educators, suggesting that incorporating flipped approaches into language instruction can provide richer opportunities for spoken language practice and more effective skill development. Keywords: Flipped classroom, ESL learners, critical thinking, constructivism, learner autonomy, language pedagog

Mrs Dalloway: A Critical Analysis of Traumatized Characters through Judith Herman’s Trauma and Recovery

This research aims to delineate Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway with the characters, Septimus Warren Smith and Clarissa Dalloway who will be explored in the light of Judith Herman’s Trauma and Recovery (1992). This research article intends to explore how the above mentioned mirror characters, each in their own capacity are battling trauma in their respective lives. Purportedly, life is rosy and delightful but both these characters in their repressed states are traversing dangerous traumatic grounds mentally. While discussing their traumatic states individually, I also intend to bring both these characters on one pedestal to in order to compare their distressed situations. I intend to explore the above contention with Herman’s statement that, “Atrocities refuse to be buried” (1). Additionally, she introduces us to trauma- induced symptoms like hyperarousal (persistent expectation of danger, startled reaction and hyper alertness); intrusion (during which the traumatic events are relived, as if they were occurring in the present); constriction (numbing, withdrawal, indifference, acute passivity or surrender)” (Robinett 2007). With a textual analysis and Herman’s Trauma and Recovery (1992) as my theoretical framework, I intend to unearth the dark underlying traumatic events that have grounded the above characters’ lives in pain and suffering

The Role of Digital and Distance Learning In Higher Education: Insight from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This study main aim to assess and evaluate distance learning programs in the higher education sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The objectives were to assess the effectiveness of these programs, explore their role in expanding access to higher education, identify their prospects, and highlight key challenges. The research targeted all universities in Pakistan offering distance learning, with data collected from 79 departments across five universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, selected from a total of 97 departments in 15 universities. A structured, closed-ended questionnaire was used for data collection, and responses were analyzed using SPSS, applying statistical tools such as Chi-Square, simple mean, and percentage. Findings revealed that a significant majority of respondents expressed positive views, with 55% favoring distance learning programs. Notably, 70% of participants believed that these programs provide quality education at the higher level. Based on this insight, several key recommendations have been put forward to improve the effectiveness and accessibility of distance learning in the region. Key words: Distance Learning, Higher Education, E-Learning, Online Education, Quality Education, Educational Technology

Gopi chand Narang's popular and well-known critical terms : گوپی چند نارنگ کی مستعمل اور معروف تنقیدی اصطلاحات

Gopi Chand Narang was a distinguished linguist, literary theorist, and scholar of Urdu literature whose work significantly bridged classical traditions with contemporary thought. He played a crucial role in introducing modern literary trends to Urdu criticism, while skillfully integrating Western theoretical frameworks with indigenous perspectives. Beyond his contributions as a translator, Narang was an insightful critic who posed thought-provoking questions and initiated new discourses in literary criticism. His efforts helped develop a coherent and globally informed critical tradition in Urdu, incorporating interdisciplinary elements from political theory and cultural studies. By employing concepts such as intertextuality and decentering, he provided innovative tools for interpreting canonical texts of Urdu literature. Narang’s scholarship reflects a dynamic engagement with both global and local contexts, making him a pivotal figure in the evolution of modern Urdu criticism. Keywords: Urdu Criticism, Gopi Chand Narang, Intertextuality, Decentering, Indigenous Perspectives, Modern Literary Trends