Biochar and Compost in the Soil: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Research

We would thank the Central Institute of Research, Science and Technology (ICICyT) and the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Natural Resources of the National University of Callao (UNAC).Biochar is a carbonized material obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass produced in a limiting environment of zero or very low oxygen. Its interest lies in its versatility for different applications in the water treatment, soil pollution, mitigation of greenhouse gases, etc. The synergy of this product with other amendments such as compost has been studied for different applications in the soil, including environmental remediation, crop yield, etc. The aim of the research is to identify the relevant aspects in the scientific literature of biochar, compost and soil through a bibliometric analysis for which 753 articles were selected from the Scopus database, having as keywords “biochar”, “compost” and “soil”. This research used R software, specifically the package Bibliometrix, to analyze descriptive analysis, author sources, document metrics, citation, co-citation analysis, co-occurrence network, co-word analysis, and collaboration analysis. Results showed that Zhang Z is the author with the greatest number of documents, and with a higher H index. Science of The Total Environment, Bioresource Technology, and Agronomy are the 3 topmost relevant sources. The keywords according to bond strength and most frequent use were biochar (538 occurrences), composting (349 occurrences), compost (436 occurrences), charcoal (295 occurrences), soil (255 occurrences). China is the country with the most collaboration. It is hoped that the bibliometric review will help to identify current research trends and provide information on the application of biochar and compost in the soil

First Report of Arthropod Fauna in Flooded Plains of Northern Patagonia (38° S, Araucania Region Chile)

In northern Patagonia, there is a kind of water body characterized as fl ooded plains (vegas), resulting from heavy rains. Th ey have submerged vegetation that sustains aquatic insects and crustaceans, including burrowing crayfi sh of the genus Parastacus. Th e object of the present study was to present the fi rst description of the community structure of three such water bodies. Th e results revealed the existence of seven species in the only site with Parastacus pugnax Poeppig, 1835, whereas in the sites where P. pugnax was absent there were one and three species respectively. Th e niche-sharing null model revealed the absence of niche-sharing due to interspecifi c absence. Th is kind of habitat presents marked heterogeneity, attributable to specifi c micro-environmental variations

Structural characterization of myrtle swamp forest in The Araucania region, Chile

Los bosques pantanosos de Chile presentan una distribución amplia y fragmentada (1300 km aprox.), y son dominados principalmente por mirtáceas. Están asociados a suelos con mal drenaje, por lo que sus hidroperiodos son de carácter temporal o permanente. El aspecto más conocido de estos bosques es el florístico-vegetacional, en tanto que información sobre su composición estructural es escasa en general e inexistente para los remanentes de la región de La Araucanía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la estructura vertical y horizontal de bosques pantanosos que prosperan en las localidades de Catrimalal, Labranza, Pumalal y Quepe, en la depresión central de la región de La Araucanía (0709451 E - 5709321 N), Chile. Para lo anterior, en cada localidad se levantó una parcela rectangular de 300 m2, en cada una de ellas se registraron las especies arbóreas presentes y se midieron los parámetros dasométricos básicos. Posteriormente y, con el fin de determinar diferencias entre las localidades estudiadas, se llevó a cabo un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) y luego una prueba de Tukey. La estructura vertical se compone de cuatro especies de árboles: Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied., Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray y Myrceugenia exsucca (DC.) O. Berg, cuyos promedios de altura y diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) generales alcanzan los 11.8 m y 22.1 cm, respectivamente. La estructura horizontal muestra una cobertura promedio del dosel arbóreo del 87% y a D. winteri como la especie con las mayores coberturas de copa. Los análisis estadísticos indican la presencia de diferencias significativas entre las localidades estudiadas, principalmente en Quepe. Los bajos valores de cobertura y altura promedio del dosel arbóreo en comparación a descripciones previas, hacen suponer un impacto antrópico en estos bosques. La diferencia de Quepe podría ser consecuencia de un hidroperiodo más corto, ya que dicho fenómeno regula entre otras cosas la estructura de estos ecosistemas. Los bosques pantanosos son esenciales para el mantenimiento de las napas freáticas, por lo que, acciones a favor de su protección y conservación se hacen cada vez más necesarias.Chile swamp forests have a wide and fragmented distribution (1 300 km approx.) and are dominated mainly by mirtaceas. They are associated with poorly drained soils, so their hydroperiods are temporary or permanent. The best-known aspect of these forests is the floristic-vegetation, although information on its structural composition is generally weak and nonexistent for the remnants of the La Araucanía region. The aim of this study was to characterize both vertical and horizontal structure of swampy forests that grow in the locality of Catrimalal, Labranza, Pumalal and Quepe in the central depression of La Araucanía region. In each locality a rectangular plot of 300 m2 was established, tree species present were recorded and basic dasometric parameters were measured. In order to determine differences between the studied localities an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and a Tukey test were carried out. The vertical structure consists of four species of trees: Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied, Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray and Myrceugenia exsucca (DC.) O. Berg, whose general average of height and diameter at breast height (DBH) reach 11.8 m and 22.1 cm. respectively. The horizontal structure shows an average canopy cover of 87% and D. winteri as the species with the highest coverage of crown. Statistical analyzes indicate the presence of significant differences among localities, mainly in Quepe. Low average levels of canopy coverage and height compared to previous descriptions could suggest a human impact on these forests. The difference found in Quepe could be due to a shorter hydroperiod, since this phenomenon regulates among others, the structure of these ecosystems.Swamp forests are essential for the maintenance of groundwater, therefore actions for their protection and conservation are increasingly necessary

Fabrication and characterization of nanostructured porous silicon-silver composite layers by cyclic deposition: Dip-coating vs spin-coating

Composites of nanostructured porous silicon and silver (nPSi-Ag) have attracted great attention due to the wide spectrum of applications in fields such as microelectronics, photonics, photocatalysis and bioengineering, Among the different methods for the fabrication of nanostructured composite materials, dip and spin-coating are simple, versatile, and cost-effective bottom-up technologies to provide functional coatings. In that sense, we aimed at fabricating nPSi-Ag composite layers. Using nPSi layers with pore diameter of 30 nm, two types of thin-film techniques were systematically compared: cyclic dip-coating (CDC) and cyclic spin-coating (CSC). CDC technique formed a mix of granular and flake-like structures of metallic Ag, and CSC method favored the synthesis of flake-like structures with Ag and Ag2O phases. Flakes obtained by CDC and CSC presented a width of 110 nm and 70 nm, respectively. Particles also showed a nanostructure surface with features around 25 nm. According to the results of EDX and RBS, integration of Ag into nPSi was better achieved using the CDC technique. SERS peaks related to chitosan adsorbed on Ag nanostructures were enhanced, especially in the nPSi-Ag composite layers fabricated by CSC compared to CDC, which was confirmed by FTDT simulations. These results show that CDC and CSC produce different nPSi-Ag composite layers for potential applications in bioengineering and photonics

En los orígenes de la presencia jesuita en Cerdeña

El artículo propone los primeros resultados de una investigación en curso sobre la presencia de los jesuitas en Cerdeña entre los siglos XVI y XVII. En particular, se centra en el estudio del caso de Sardara, donde los jesuitas tomaron posesión de una casa en el centro del pueblo donada por el canónigo Giacomo Spiga, de la diócesis de Ales. La confiscación de las rentas eclesiásticas por parte de la Compañía crea considerables fricciones con los párrocos de la comunidad, que se sienten empobrecidos y penalizados. La disputa sólo acaba con la supresión de la Compañía y los bienes de los jesuitas son embargados por la clase dirigente local y la comunidad.Il contributo propone i primi risultati di una ricerca ancora in corso sulla presenza dei gesuiti in Sardegna tra XVI e XVII secolo. In particolare, l’attenzione si focalizza sul caso studio di Sardara dove i gesuiti entrano in possesso di una casa nel centro del villaggio donata dal canonico Giacomo Spiga della diocesi di Ales. L’incameramento delle rendite ecclesiastiche da parte della Compagnia crea notevoli frizioni con i parroci della comunità, che ritengono di essere impoveriti e penalizzati. La contesa si chiude solo con la soppressione della Compagnia e i beni dei gesuiti saranno incamerati dal ceto dirigente locale e dalla comunità.This article presents the first results of an ongoing research on the presence of the Jesuits in Sardinia between the 16th and 17th century. In par-ticular, the focus is on the case study of Sardara, where the Jesuits took posses-sion of a house in the center of the village donated by Canon Giacomo Spiga of the diocese of Ales. The appropriation of ecclesiastical rents by the Company creates considerable tension with the parish priests of the community, who feel that they are impoverished and penalized. The dispute ended only with the suppression of the Compagnia, and the Jesuit property was forfeited to the local ruling class and communit

Introduction to Relational Responsibility in the Context of Socio-ecological Crisis

¿Qué hacer frente a la actual crisis socio-ecológica? Este artículo propone la noción de responsabilidad relacional como respuesta a esta pregun-ta, por tratarse de un principio ético idóneo para orientar la acción ante el tipo de situaciones implicadas en esta crisis; al mismo tiempo que brinda un marco analítico que enriquece las lecturas sobre las partes y fuerzas involucradas en dichas situaciones. Este artículo se vale de la integración y síntesis de reflexiones provenientes de múltiples disciplinas, tales como la filosofía, antropología, economía y psicología, para poner esta noción en contexto y mostrar su potencialidad. El cuerpo del artículo se divide en tres secciones. Las dos primeras tienen el propósito de situar la discusión en el contraste entre las dos formas de concebir el mundo que confluyen cuando la crisis socio-ecológica se aborda desde la responsabilidad relacional. Así, mientras la primera sección, examina los fundamentos ideológicos que alimentan esta crisis; la segunda, reflexiona sobre la relacionalidad, una forma alternativa de entender el mundo que, en el último tiempo, ha ido encontrando lugar en distintas disciplinas académicas. Luego, la tercera sección aborda la responsabilidad relacional en el contexto de la ética relacional y de las distintas formas en que se suele entender la res-ponsabilidad. El artículo concluye con algunas notas finales sobre el valor de la responsabilidad relacional, en el contexto de la actual crisis socio-ecológica, así como de los desaf íos que implica su adopción en la situación actual.What should we do in the face of today’s socio-ecological crisis? I respond to this question by proposing relational responsibility as both a well-suited ethical principle for guiding action in the kinds of situations that accom-pany this crisis and a notion that establishes an analytical framework for enri-ching our understanding of the parties and forces involved in such situations. To contextualize and demonstrate the potential of this notion this article draws upon discussions from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, such as philosophy, anthropology, economics, and psychology. The body of the article is divided into three sections. The first two sections aim to situate the discussion in the contrast between the two ways of conceiving the world that face each other when the socio-ecological crisis is approached from a relational responsibility perspective. While the first section examines the ideological foundations fue-ling this crisis, the second reflects on relationality, an alternative way of unders-tanding the world that has recently been gaining ground in various academic disciplines. Then, the third section addresses relational responsibility within the context of relational ethics and the different ways in which responsibility is commonly understood. The article concludes with some final remarks on the value of relational responsibility in the context of the current socio-ecological crisis, as well as the challenges involved in its adoption in the present situation

Colonial capitalism, Mapuche social suffering and political participation. The role of Mapuzungun and the boundaries of the colonial public sphere

El propósito de este artículo es profundizar en el rol de las prácticas discursivas contextualizadas mapuche y el rol del mapuzungun como fuente de conocimientos, saberes y memorias transgeneracionales facilitadoras del desarrollo de prácticas sociales de reciprocidad, y comprender cómo una lengua subalternizada por una historia de violencia racista, muestra cómo tales prácticas se ven severamente obstaculizadas cuando son articuladas en la esfera pública, tanto en la expresión del sufrimiento experimentado, como también en la reivindicación de demandas contra el capitalismo colonial. Situamos esta discusión en el contexto del actual proceso de apertura política a nuevas formas de concebir el Estado en Chile, como respuesta a las diversas demandas por justicia entre distintas comunidades políticas. Abordamos tanto los dilemas del capitalismo y la empresa colonial en el Cono Sur latinoamericano, como el debate sobre el bienestar y sufrimiento social mapuche frente a la violencia colonial.The purpose of this article is to explore the role of Mapuche contextualized discursive practices and the role of Mapuzungun as a source of knowledge, wisdom and transgenerational memories that facilitate the development of social practices of reciprocity, and to understand how a language subalternized by a history of racist violence, reveals how such practices are severely obstructed when they are articulated in the public sphere, both in the expression of the suffering experienced, as well as in the vindication of demands against colonial capitalism. We situate this discussion in the context of the current process of political receptiveness to new ways of conceiving the state in Chile, as a response to the diverse demands for justice among different political communities. We address both the dilemmas of capitalism and colonial enterprise in the Latin American Southern Cone, as well as the debate on Mapuche social welfare and suffering in the face of colonial violence

Pedagogical leadership in quality tasks that enhance reading comprehension in first cycle students

El liderazgo pedagógico ocupa un papel central en la mejora educativa, enfatizando en las habilidades pedagógicas de educadores para ejercer influencia positiva en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Sin embargo, en el aprendizaje de la lectura inicial persisten prácticas pedagógicas centradas en la decodificación que al parecer restringen el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora. El objetivo de este estudio es favorecer el liderazgo pedagógico y mejorar las prácticas de lectura de la docente para el desarrollo de habilidades de comprensión lectora a partir de tareas desafiantes que promuevan el aprendizaje de manera transversal. La metodología corresponde a una investigación acción participativa de alcance descriptivo, con un enfoque mixto (datos cuantitativos y cualitativos) que corresponde a un estudio de caso participativo, involucrando a la propia investigadora en el análisis de su propia práctica con la finalidad de mejorar la comprensión lectora de sus estudiantes. Participaron del estudio, estudiantes de primero básico, la docente del curso acompañada por otros profesionales de una escuela municipal de Perquenco. Se utilizaron cuestionarios, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales para la recolección de información. Luego del diseño e implementación de la propuesta de mejora, los resultados indican un desarrollo efectivo de la habilidad, los docentes son conscientes de sus prácticas y su influencia en el aprendizaje de los niños y niñas. Finalmente, posicionarse en un enfoque de líder aprendiz brinda las oportunidades necesarias para que los estudiantes puedan desarrollar las habilidades propias del lenguaje de manera efectiva, tomando un rol protagónico en el desarrollo de actividades.Pedagogical leadership occupies a central role in educational improvement, emphasizing the pedagogical skills of educators to exert positive influence on the development of the teaching-learning process. However, in learning initial reading, pedagogical practices focused on decoding persist that apparently restrict the development of reading comprehension. The objective of this study is to promote pedagogical leadership and improve the teacher's reading practices for the development of reading comprehension skills through challenging tasks that promote learning in a transversal way. The methodology corresponds to a participatory action research of descriptive scope, with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative data) that corresponds to a participatory case study, involving the researcher herself in the analysis of her own practice with the aim of improving understanding. . reader of his students. First grade students, the course teacher accompanied by other professionals from a municipal school in Perquenco participated in the study. Questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were used to collect information. After the design and implementation of the improvement proposal, the results indicate an effective development of the skill, teachers are aware of their practices and their influence on the children's learning. Finally, positioning yourself in a learner leader approach provides the necessary opportunities for students to develop their own language skills effectively, taking a leading role in the development of activities

Por uma antropologia da paisagem da revolta ruinação, iconoclastia e antropofagia na praça dignidade

El artículo, por medio de una mirada antropológica, explora los procesos de construcción del paisaje de la protesta a través de tres dispositivos conceptuales: la ruinación, la iconoclasia y la antropofagia. En base al trabajo de campo etnográfico y arqueológico hecho en el centro histórico de Santiago de Chile entre octubre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, se exploran y caracterizan estos procesos focalizando en las transformaciones materiales ocurridas en la plaza, la iglesia y el monumento. Se argumenta que en este ejercicio de construcción de un paisaje de la protesta como espacio de resistencia y deseo se expresan memorias, furias e heterotopias que permiten exorcizar los espectros de un pasado reciente de violencia política pero por, sobre todo, construir una comunidad emocional para iniciar un proceso de transformación política y cultural que actualmente se plasma en la escritura de una nueva Constitución.Via an anthropological gaze, the present article explores the construction of a landscape of protest through three conceptual devices: ruination, iconoclasm, and anthropophagy. Based on ethnographic and archaeological fieldwork undertaken in the historic center of Santiago de Chile between October 2019 and March 2020, these processes are explored through focusing on the material transformations that took place during demonstrations in and around the public square, the church, and the monument. We argue that the exercise of building a landscape of protest as a space of resistance, desire, memories, anger, and heterotopias is expressed by making possible the exorcism of the specters of recent past political violence. Additionally, material transformations enable the construction of an emotional community that is begins to make possible a process of political and cultural transformation, necessary for the ongoing writing of a new Chilean constitution

Inclusive and resilient leadership: socio-emotional skills of management teams for school

El liderazgo pedagógico moviliza a los miembros de la institución educativa para la mejora de los aprendizajes de los alumnos. La investigación aborda la problemática de las habilidades socioemocionales descendidas de los equipos directivos para la gestión de la convivencia educativa. El objetivo general fue favorecer la convivencia escolar desde un liderazgo inclusivo y resiliente para el fortalecimiento de las habilidades socioemocionales en estos líderes y los miembros de las comunidades educativas de la red de Ercilla. El marco metodológico consideró un estudio de caso, correspondiente a una investigación educativa con enfoque mixto de alcance descriptivo. Participaron directivos y encargados de convivencia escolar de ocho escuelas y liceos que forman parte de la red de comunal de convivencia educativa de la comuna de Ercilla. Se utilizaron como técnicas de recogida de datos: cuestionarios escala Likert, grupos de discusión, observación participante, análisis documental y multimodal. Los resultados presentaron avances importantes en valorar la educación integral en el proceso formativo de los estudiantes. En este punto fue central reconocer la importancia de los equipos para la articulación de las habilidades socioemocionales a nivel curricular que afecten el núcleo pedagógico al generar interacciones positivas entre docentes y estudiantes en el aula. Se concluye que los equipos directivos y CE progresaron en prácticas de transformación para un liderazgo inclusivo y resiliente con el propósito de profundizar en la integración de las dimensiones interpersonales e intrapersonales en el proceso educativo.Pedagogical leadership mobilizes members of the educational institution to improve student learning. The research addresses the problem of socio-emotional skills descended from management teams for the management of educational coexistence. The general objective was to promote school coexistence from an inclusive and resilient leadership to strengthen the socio-emotional skills of these leaders and the members of the educational communities of the Ercilla network. The methodological framework considered a case study, corresponding to an educational research with a mixed approach of descriptive scope. Directors and those in charge of school coexistence from eight schools and high schools that are part of the communal educational coexistence network of the commune of Ercilla participated. The following data collection techniques were used: Likert scale questionnaires, discussion groups, participant observation, documentary and multimodal analysis. The results presented important advances in valuing comprehensive education in the students' educational process. At this point, it was central to recognize the importance of teams for the articulation of socio-emotional skills at the curricular level that affect the pedagogical core by generating positive interactions between teachers and students in the classroom. It is concluded that the management and CE teams progressed in transformation practices for inclusive and resilient leadership with the purpose of deepening the integration of interpersonal and intrapersonal dimensions in the educational process