Language Use Attitudes in Sudanese Urban Centers

This paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] paper investigates the process of language maintenance and language shift among ethnic minority groups living in Dilling city, the Nuba Mountains, and Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. A 22-item questionnaire was used to collect data on language proficiency, language use, and language attitude. The results show that a considerable number of younger.-generation migrants have adopted Arabic as their primary language. Arabic was also used predominantly in most domains of communx'cation. Although many respondents showed a positive attitude to their ethnx"c languages, they actually did not make any effort to maintain them. The analysis suggests that language shift to Arabic in Dilling xs~ more pronounced than that in Khartoum. The main reason behind this difference is that a significant portion of the sample population in Khartoum belongs to the Southern groups who proved to be bigger in size, more homogeneous, and highly proud of their ethnx'c and cultural identity. Another possible reason is that while ethnic individuals from the same groups tend to live together in certain areas in Khartoum, those in Dilling Ixve in scattered areas around the cx"ty

Production Losses and Economic Importance of INttstitis among Friesian Cattle in the Sudan

This paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] cost of discarded milk, the cost of drugs used during this study and the total number of animals being culled because of mastitis were estimated. The major losses encountered ∎∎ ere due to the reduction of milk yield, diScarding of milk produced by infected cows and the increase in the replacement-heifer cost. Other losses include cost of drugs and veterinary services, e\ti a labor and loss of genetic material from the herd

The Feasibility of Using Wind-Pumps in Zimbabwe

The cost of using a wind-pump is estimated and compared to the costs of using diesel and grid-powered pumps for Zimbabwe conditions. The results are illustrated in a feasibility chart indicating the most cost effective pumping option, of the three options investigated, for a given duty and wind condition. The results emphasise the importance of the wind rotor size to attain the required duty. In Zimbabwe’s conditions the 6 and 7m sizes are dominantly important. The 3m machine was shown to be feasible only where the wind speed is relatively high and the duty is relatively low

Economical Evaluation of the use of Diesel Engines, Electrical Grid and Photovoltaic Panels for Pumping in Sudan1

The present value cost of using diesel engines, grid-supplied power and photo-voltaics are compared as prime-movers op pumps in small-scale farms in Sudan. The paper proposes a costing technique based on real options for local farmers

Performance of two commercial CFD packages in laminar flow predictions

The CFD packages: ALGOL FEA version 12.01 and PHOENICS version 1.4 were used to predict development of a plane flow at a Reynolds number of 500. The predicted velocity profiles at half and full length were compared. The two softwares were found to give predictions within 1 and 5 %, respectively, of the analytically calculated value. Entry length predictions were also compared for the two packages

Nutrative Evaluation Of Watermelon Seed (Citrallus Lanatus) Parts And By Products As Ruminant Feed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of watermelon seed and it different parts, pulp, hull and by products cake. This was done by estimating the chemical composition and an in situ study of the dry matter and crude protein degradability kinetics of the seeds. Samples were collected from Western Sudan. Samples were incubated in rumen for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hrs using two fistulated steer were fed with alfalfa. Significant different (p<0.05) were observed in the chemical composition (DM, CP, EE, CF and ASH) of whole seed, cake, pulp and hull. DM degradability in this study revealed that the watermelon seed cake had a lower DM degradability than whole seed and cake respectively, and had a higher (p<0.05) CP degradability followed by pulp and whole seed respectively.Thererfore chemical or physical treatment were recommended to protect WMS cake protein from microbial degradation.هدفت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة التركيب الكيميائي ومعدل تكسر المادة الجافة والبروتين لبذور البطيخ الكاملة ، الامباز ولب بذور البطيخ المجموعة من غرب السودان استخدم في هذه التجربة عجلين ذات ناسو ر كرشي وغذيت طيلة فترة التجربة على علف البرسيم . تم تحديد مدى ومعدل تكسر المادة الجافة والبروتين عن طريق آلية أكياس الهضم. حضنت العينات كل على حده في الكرش لمدة 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 و 48 ساعة. الاختلافات المعنوية شوهدت بين العينات الأربعة (الحبة الكاملة, الامباز, اللب والقشر) في التركيب الكيميائي للمادة الجافة, البروتين الخام, الألياف الخام, الدهن والرماد. معدل تكسر المادة الجافة في هذه التجربة للامباز سجل اقل معدل تكسر يليه البذرة الكاملة ثم اللب على التوالي, أيضا سجل أعلى معدل تكسر للبروتين يليه البذرة الكاملة ثم اللب على التوالي. لهذا المعامله الكيميائية او الفيزيائية ضرورية لحماية بروتين امباز حب البطيخ من ميكروبات الكرش.Watermelons;Watermelon (Citrallus Lanatus); Ruminants-Feeding and feeds;sudan;Animal Nutritio

Challenges and opportunities for the development of new treatments for leishmaniasis

There are significant differences in the progress and approaches to drug development for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). VL, caused by L. donovani and L. infantum, is potentially fatal and is the primary focus for drug R & D. The need for new drugs is urgent as the standard pentavalent antimonials are now almost obsolete in the key endemic area in Bihar state, India due to resistance. A number of amphotericin B lipid formulations have proved effective in the treatment VL, although only the liposomal formulation, AmBisome®, has become a standard treatment and demonstrated efficacy in single dose treatment and in combination therapy. Major challenges remain for VL treatment due to regional differences in response rates, and co-infections with HIV. Despite extensive screening and evaluation projects, few safe, oral, short course, cheap drugs are close to clinical development. There are limited treatment options for CL. One problem is the variation in drug effectiveness across the different Leishmania species that cause CL. Two recent Cochrane analyses of clinical trials of CL emphasized that most clinical studies did not meet standards of randomized placebo controlled trials. One promising approach has been the development of topical formulations, so far most successful for paromomycin. Another approach to CL treatment is to accelerate self-cure through the use of immunomodulators as adjunct therapies, for example, imiquimod. All attempts to discover and develop novel drugs for neglected infectious diseases depend on a network of partnerships, upon involvement of PDPs and the pharmaceutical industry and the involvement of key players in disease endemic countries. The issues of changing patterns of funding and involvement of different sectors all play a part in bringing new treatments to patients

How community-based research into podoconiosis has fuelled policy change in Ethiopia.

Over the past ten years, a multidisciplinary program of research into podoconiosis (nonfilarial endemic elephantiasis) has gathered pace in Ethiopia. The program has covered distribution, aetiology (genetic, mineralogical and biochemical), consequences (economic, social and ethical), management of disease (diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and health systems). To date, over 35 research articles and 10 reviews and book chapters have arisen from this program, and seven Master theses and four PhD theses have been completed. In this talk, Prof. Davey will explain how conducting high quality community-based research has had the additional benefit of raising the local and international profile of podoconiosis. The results of advocacy through research have been considerable: inclusion of podoconiosis in the WHO list of Neglected Tropical Diseases, selection of podoconiosis as one of 8 Neglected Tropical Diseases prioritised by the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health; and the foundation of the Ethiopian National Podoconiosis Action Network (NaPAN) and a global initative (Footwork, the International Podoconiosis Initiative - www.podo.org)

Identification of Biological Characteristics and Function of Human Sweat Gland Stem Cell

The sweat gland structure and function cannot be regenerated by itself during the treat and cure of severe full-thickness burn injury patients. To identify the biological characteristics and function of stem cell populations in human sweat gland, it will provide novel knowledge for human sweat gland regeneration in dermis. We developed a highly efficient and stable method to isolate and culture human sweat gland cells derived from infant polydactylism sample. Much more sweat gland tissue can be obtained from infant polydactylism sample compared to the samples from adult chest, neck and palm. In our study four types of cells had been distinguished in sweat gland tissue by relative specific markers in sweat gland tissue, including luminal cells in duct (K1b), peripheral cells in duct (K1), secretory gland cells (K8) and myoepithelial gland cells (SMA). Based on comparison of in vitro differentiation potential into keratinocytes in four types of sweat gland cells, K1b+ luminal cells in duct only take three days to differentiate into K14+K5+ keratinocytes and may responsible for restoring epidermal injure. Our data suggested that stem cells exist in duct part of sweat gland. We also designed a novel in vitro 3D culture system for regeneration of secretory gland tissue. K8+ secretory gland cells exhibited an excellent ability for building gland structure. Whether stem cells in duct is also contributed to reinforce secretory gland cell when dermal sweat gland injure occurs, it is still unclear. The next study will focus on high throughput analysis using gene microarray on four types of sweat gland cells and several doubts for human sweat gland stem cells may be answered

Current landscape of Sudanese natural products-based drug discovery: present opportunities, strength and weakness

Naturally derived molecules constitute a substantial portion of all therapeutic drug arsenals available today and the contribution of natural products to treat infectious diseases is immeasurable. Nevertheless, investigating the virtually untapped Sudanese natural resources for discovering structurally diverse bioactive novel molecules remains a challenge. The potential of natural products from plants against protozoa causing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has recently been reviewed extensively by members of our recently established international research initiative, the Research Network of Natural Products against Neglected Diseases (ResNet NPND). The presentation will focus on the current status and future perspectives of drug discovery from Sudanese plants with emphasis on the present opportunities, strength and weaknesses by providing vivid examples illustrating our research efforts to discover novel molecules against NTDs with especial reference to malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and mycetoma