Role of Bioceramic Sealers in Enhancing Endodontic Outcomes

Bioceramic sealers have become a breakthrough in endodontics since cements show stronger biology and mechanicalbenefits over conventional sealers. They possess an outstanding ability to seal a connection and are dimensionally stableand they are bioactive which helps to further enhance treatment outcomes by lowering microleakage and increasingthe long-term success of the root filling treatment. Bioceramic sealers also have periapical regenerative, antibacterialproperties and enhance fracture resistance of roots that are endodontically treated. Further possibilities of integration ofmore advanced diagnostic equipment, e.g., cone-beam computed tomography, artificial intelligence only increase theprecision and predictability of the evaluation and clinical use of these materials. Biomeric sealers are another criticaladvancement of the currently evolving endodontic practice that can change its treatment regimens and raise the levelof patient care

Radiation Dose Considerations in CBCT: Balancing Safety and Diagnostic Value

CBCT has now developed to be a key imaging modality in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial view, providing 3dimensional visualization with a lot of diagnostic utility. Nevertheless, the radiation dose is of concern and this posesserious safety issues especially to the pediatric populations and vulnerable populations. The paper will evaluate existingevidence on CBCT radiation dose level, compare with the existing radiographic and medical CT protocols, and identifyfactors that affect exposure to patients. Dose optimization strategies, including customized field of view (FOV), customizedexposure parameters and application of advanced image reconstruction methods, are discussed in the context of ALARA(As Low As Reasonably Achievable) and ALADAIP (As Low As Diagnostically Acceptable is Indication-oriented andPatient-specific) principles. The main clinical guidelines used by the major international entities are addressed to facilitatethe practice-based risk-benefit decision-making. Prospective opportunities, such as the use of AI to optimise imagingand protocols tailored to patients are also discussed. CBCT imaging should be balanced to guarantee the efficacy of thediagnosis and keep the patients saf

Endodontic Irrigation Systems and Techniques: A Review of the Literature

Effective irrigation is central to the success of root canal treatment, enabling removal of microorganisms, tissue remnants, and the smear layer from complex root canal systems. Traditional irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and EDTA remain the foundation of endodontic disinfection, but limitations in their effectiveness and safety have driven the development of newer agents and combinations. Delivery methods have also evolved from conventional syringe irrigation to advanced activation systems, including ultrasonic, sonic, laser-based, negative pressure, and multisonic technologies. Adjuncts such as intracanal heating, surfactants, and microbubble technology are under exploration for improved efficacy. Laboratory evidence strongly supports the superiority of activated and advanced systems in enhancing microbial reduction, smear layer removal, and irrigant penetration. However, translational challenges, methodological variability, and limited long-term clinical evidence restrict definitive conclusions on their impact on treatment outcomes. Future directions require standardized protocols, clinically relevant biofilm models, well-designed randomized controlled trials, and patient-centered outcome measures. This review synthesizes current knowledge, highlights limitations, and discusses future perspectives in the evolving landscape of endodontic irrigation

Regenerative Endodontics: Current Concepts, Clinical Protocols, and Future Directions

Regenerative endodontics is a paradigm shift in the treatment of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps that uses beyond apexification methods, biologically-based methods that repair the pulp-dentin complex. The recent theories have focused on the three components of tissue engineering that include stem cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules and the importance of the apical papilla in the maturation and healing of roots. Standardized clinical protocols are currently based on conservative canal disinfection, the induction of a biological scaffold (platelet concentrates or blood clots), and bioactive material sealing. Even though good results have been obtained, such as periapical healing, increased root wall thickness, and sustained root growth, shortcomings remain with respect to the predictability of genuine regeneration of the pulp, the potential of tooth discoloration, and inconsistent responses of long-term vitality. Continued developments in biomaterials, gene therapy, stem cell therapies and nanotechnology have the potential to eliminate these challenges and make regenerative endodontics more clinically applicable.. Future directions aim toward predictable, personalized, and biologically driven treatment strategies that may redefine the standard of care in endodontics

Antioxidant and Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Activity of Leaf Extract of Plant Piper Attenuatum (B. HAM)

Piper attenuatum (B. Ham) is traditional medicinal plant in India. It has been claimed in traditional Indian system of medicine that the phytochemical constituents present in P. attenuatum (B. Ham) have Antioxidant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. So the present study aimed to evaluate anti–oxidant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity of ethanolic, aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of plant P. attenuatum (B. Ham), respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro as well as in vivo methods. Invitro method we used DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) scavenging assay while in vivo methods antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed by using animal models. Anti-oxidant activity of following concentrations 10μg/mL, 20μg/mL, 30μg/mL, 40μg/mL and 50μg/mL were measured for both extracts. Ethanolic extract of P. attenuatum (B. Ham) was evaluated at dose of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w. for skeletal muscle relaxant activity by using rota rod apparatus. The high antioxidant activity was found in the ethanolic extract of P. attenuatum (B. Ham) compared to aqueous one. For muscle relaxation, 200 mg/kg b.w. showed a significant reduction in the time spent by the animals on the revolving rod compared to the control. From the above study it may be concluded that both extract of P. attenuatum (B. Ham) having Anti – oxidant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity

In Vitro Anti Microbial Activity of Roylea elegans, Chrozophora tinctoria, and Daphniphyllum himalaense

Herbal combination plays a major role in enhancing the activity due to its synergetic effects. Many well-known plants possess their antibacterial activity individually, and a combination of these may lead to the better efficacy of results. Plants belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and Laminaceae possess an excellent antibacterial effect against various bacteria. However, secondary metabolites like; terpenes, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds are well for their free radical scavenging activity, which may inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Thus, the combination of these herbal plants is evaluated for antibacterial activity using hydrogel forms solution

Decalcification: An Amenable Process in Oral Histology

In histopathology, decalcification of calcified tissues plays a highly essential role in determining any hard tissue pathology by means of adequate tissue processing protocols. Before the examination of the tissue thoroughly to thrive for a final diagnosis, tissues go through a sequential curriculum to be differentiated clearly. To prepare tissues for microscopic examination, the elimination of calcium from hard tissues is an essential step so that acceptable sections can be obtained and used further. Decalcification is carried out by various decalcifying methods incorporating a variety of decalcifying agents, including acids and chelating agents. However, as it sometimes takes a long time lag and decreases the staining qualities of the specimen, many ventures have been made to find methods for accelerating this procedure

Swertia chirata- A Wonderful Herb

The Binomial Name is Swertia chirata Buch Ham. Because it grows in Nepal’s forests, S.chirata is also known as Nepali Neem. Since the 18th century, India has used S.chirata as a medicinal plant, which Europe has introduced and recommended abroad. It can potentially treat anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, wound healing, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, antitussive, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor. It belongs to the Family: Gentianaceae, Genus: Swertia, and Species: Chirata. This review article contains all the relevant information regarding its morphology, microscopy, phytochemistry, plant description, taxonomy, substitutes of S. chirata, pharmacological activities of the plant. The review article aims to provide brief knowledge about this drug among people and researchers

Management of Complex Root Canal Anatomy: Clinical Strategies and Case Reports

Identification, negotiation, disinfection, and blockage of the whole root canal system are key elements of the success of rootcanal treatment by clinicians. Additional canals, C-shaped, dens invaginatus, and taurodontism are all anatomical variationswhich often present a diagnostic and treatment challenge. A lack of identification and handling of such complexities can leadto a chronic infection and poor treatment results. This paper provides a literature review on prominent clinical modalitieson the management of complex root canal anatomy, such as, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), magnification,ultrasonics, advanced nickel-titanium instruments, and better irrigation and obturation methods. Chosen case reportsreflect how these approaches practically apply in different clinical situations and the significance of technology-baseddiagnostics and individual clinical decision-making. The results support the idea that effective endodontic treatment ofcomplicated anatomy predetermines a combination of good biological principles with the latest tools and techniques

A Recent Approach for Developing an Anti-malarial Phytomedicine

A reverse pharmacology approach to developing an anti-malarial phytomedicine is designed and implemented in Mali resulting in a new standardized herbal anti-malarial after six years of research. The first step is to select the remedy for development through a retrospective treatment. The second step is the dose-escalating clinical trial that showed a dose-response phenomenon and help the safe and most effective dose. The third step is to compare the phytomedicine in the first line treatment. The fourth step is to identify the active compound can used for standardization and quality control