Prebiotics: A Brief Review

Although antibiotics have proven beneficial against various diseases and improve human beings’ overall health, excessive use of antibiotics may lead to an imbalance between the beneficial and harmful microorganisms, making our body more susceptible to infections. Antibiotic resistance is the second major concern. Prebiotic supplementation has gained interest in recent years to improve gastrointestinal health and immune function. Probiotic, prebiotics, and a combination of the two have evolved as good alternatives to antibiotics in case of gut health. Many potential prebiotics has been assessed, but only a few, including inulin, GOS, and FOS, have been validated utilizing human studies, while some are under trials for their beneficial effects on human health. So, the review aims to briefly explore the concept of prebiotics, their interaction with probiotics, and their effects on human health

Microbial Study of Water Samples Collected from Different Districts of Himachal Pradesh

Water Microbiology deals with the study of the living organisms of microscopic size present in water that causes infectious diseases of man. The primary test performed on water taken from 10 different sites act as an indicator of different types of water pollution, especially fecal pollution of water due to the presence of coliforms bacteria because they are invariably present in feces of human beings. The safety of drinking water is an ongoing concern within the global village. Traditionally, the safety of potable water supplies has been controlled by disinfection, usually by chlorination and coliform population estimates. However, it has been reported that coliform-free potable water may not necessarily be free of pathogens. Some diseases causing microorganisms enter the water from different sources and causes different types of diseases such as Polio, Typhoid, Hepatitis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis can spread through this contaminated water which is a matter of concern

Pomegranate (Punicagranatum. Linn. var. Ganesh) Leaf Extracts Ameliorates Neurotoxicity In Transgenic Drosophila Expressing Human Amyloid Pathology

To prescreen the in vivo neuroprotective activity of the chloroform, ethanol extracts of the leaves of Punicagranatum L.var. Ganesh family Punicaceae, commonly called pomegranate, using the model organism Aβ42 -amyloid neurotoxicity included Drosophila melanogaster. Chloroform(CEPGL), ethanol, (EEPGL) extracts were prepared, and its analysis by HPLC were carried out. Acute toxicity assessments were also performed. The neuroprotective effect of CEPGL, EEPGL in vivo was evaluated on the transgenic Aβ42 model of Drosophila melanogaster, a novel model system for screening drugs for Alzheimer’s disease by longevity assay, Climbing assay, Pseudopupil assay and nail polish imprint technique, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). HPLC profile of the CEPGL, EEPGL showed the presence of Ursolic acid. Toxicity assessment using brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLA) of the CEPGL, EEPGL showed nontoxic up to 2500, 2000 ppm, respectively. The extracts possess potential in vivo neuroprotective activity on Drosophila melanogaster against beta-amyloid included neuronal toxicity. Conclusion: In the present study, we have presented the first evidence of the extracts of the leaves could significantly ameliorate the adverse morphological changes from Aβ42 protein in Drosophila, as indicated by prolonging the lifespan, by improving locomotor abilities and rescuing neuro-degeneration in ommatidia of Aβ42 expressing Drosophila which is comparable with donepezil. So it demonstrated the novel use of Ursolic acid of the extracts CEPGL, EEPGL effectively protect, rescue and most importantly, restore the impaired movement activity (i.e., climbing capability) in Drosophila melanogaster

Artificial Intelligence in Caries Detection: Accuracy and Clinical Integration

Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, with early detection being critical for effectiveprevention and treatment. Conventional diagnostic methods, including visual-tactile examination and radiography, areoften limited by subjectivity and variability in interpretation. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularlydeep learning and convolutional neural networks, have shown promising performance in enhancing diagnostic accuracyfor caries detection. Studies published between 2020 and 2021 demonstrate that AI systems can achieve accuracy levelscomparable to, and in some cases exceeding, those of experienced clinicians, particularly in the detection of earlylesions. Beyond accuracy, the integration of AI into clinical workflows offers opportunities for chairside decision support,improved patient education, and expanded access through teledentistry. However, challenges remain, including the needfor large annotated datasets, clinician acceptance, regulatory approval, and interoperability with existing dental practicemanagement systems. This review highlights the current evidence on AI accuracy in caries detection, discusses barriersand facilitators to clinical integration, and outlines future directions for AI-enhanced preventive and restorative dentistry

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Review: Spathodeacampanulata

Spathodeacampanulata (S.campanulata) belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, commonly known as the Fountain tree, African tulip tree, Flame-of-the forest. S.campanulata parts of the plant such as flowers, leaves, stem, bark, and roots are used for anti-malaria, healing of wound, diureticanalgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in folk medicine. The S.campanulata is known to possess various therapeutic properties have been reported for possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, and anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical study shows the presence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and sterols. This review aims to provide detailed information regarding geographical distribution, phytochemicals, and pharmacological properties of the S.campanulata

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological review: Nigella sativa

Habba-tul-barka or Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It is an important seeds due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. N. sativa is widely distributed worldwide and, therefore, has a broad genetic diversity, resulting in differences in their phytochemical composition. The scientific community has focused on the positive health effects of N. sativa as a whole, but the different varieties have rarely been compared according to their bioactive compounds and bioactivity. This review aims to provide a holistic overview of the current knowledge on the bioactivity of N. sativa. This review intends to provide a general and organized overview of the accumulated knowledge on N. sativa, identify the most bioactive varieties, their potential consumption pathways, and provide knowledge on the present gaps to guide future research

Phytochemical and Elemental Screening on Different Extracts of Leaf, Flower, Stem& Seed of Cassia Sophera Linn: An Important Medicinal Plant of Bangladesh

Qualitative analysis of Cassia Sophera Linn plant confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates, anthaquinone glycosides etc in different extracts of its leaves flowers, stems and seeds. Some minerals have also been identified in the leaves, flowers, stems and seed part of the plant by Atomic absorption spectroscopic techniques

A Brief Study of Nephrotoxicity and Nephroprotective Agents

A kidney is particularly prone to the action of nephrotoxins because it receives 25% of the cardiac output. The presence of the metabolic processes in the renal tubular cells, nephrotoxins can release toxic components and induce damage. Nephrotoxicity can be diagnosed through a simple blood test. Evaluation of nephrotoxicity through blood tests includes the measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), the concentration of serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance. The majority of cases of renal disease remain unnoticed unless they progress to advance stages when conventional therapeutic interventions are usually not sufficient to cure them completely. In this review, the study attempted to identify biomarkers that are more sensitive than the established markers and that are more indicative of pre-renal damage. Research is also focused on identifying biomarkers that can indicate the nature of the mechanisms involved. Nephrotoxicity assays such as measurement of the concentration of serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) do not have the sensitivity and selectivity required to determine nephrotoxicity in an early stage. Recently identified biomarkers described in this review may provide useful information to diagnose nephrotoxicity earlier and more selectively

Incidence of Infectious Diseases in Patients Suffering from Renal Diseases

Background: Infection is an invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. Patients with renal compromised states are more susceptible to infection than normal individuals. In the pre-dialysis era, about 45% of patients with the renal compromised state suffering from infection required hospitalization, while a total of about 78% of the enrolled subjects needed hospitalization. It was assumed that the debility caused by the uremic state increased the risk of infection, and the reversal of uremia would reduce the risk of infection.Aim: The main aim of the study is to report the incidence of infectious diseases in patients with renal compromised state and appropriate measures to be considered to control infectious conditions.Materials and Methods: The study was carried out as prospective and cross-sectional studies. During the study period, a total of 195 subjects were examined with the renal compromised state, of which 108 subjects were suffering from infectious co-morbidity, and were enrolled based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, which includes in-patients, out-patients, and patients on regular dialysis.Results: This shows the percentage prevalence of infections in patients with the renal compromised state is 55.38. Patients were found to show various infectious states.Conclusion: The conclusion shows the probability of encountering a subject with renal compromised state along with co-morbid infection is 0.55. Evidence-based international guidelines are of great value and are instrumental in helping reduce health-care-associated infections.Keywords: Incidence of infectious diseases, Renal compromised state, Renal disease

Evaluation of the in-vitro Antifungal Activity of Selected Fungal Species Tested Against Opportunistic Human Pathogen Candida albicans

Candida albicans is currently the fourth-leading cause of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, reaching a mortality rate of up to 35–40% for systemic or disseminated infections. Systemic mycoses can occur in patients with severely impaired immune systems (AIDS), with organ or bone marrow transplants, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and patients in ICU (neonates and elderly). It is, therefore, obvious that there is a substantial need for fast, effective antifungal antibiotics to combat fungal infections. The present investigation has been proposed to screen effective fungal metabolites for the control of Candida albicans by evaluating the potential of fungal bioactive compounds, its purification and characterizatio