The Relationship between Marginal Utility, Productivity and Profitability in Service Organizations

تبحث هذه الدراسة في العلاقات بين المنفعة الحدية والربحية وإنتاجية الخدمة في الجامعات الخاصة العراقية. وقد استطلعت الدراسة آراء 400 محاضر في الجامعات الخاصة في أربيل، كردستان العراق. وتم تطبيق نموذج المعادلات الهيكلية لتحليل البيانات واختبار الفرضيات. وتؤكد النتائج أن المنفعة الحدية تعزز إنتاجية الخدمة، ولكنها قد تقلل من الربحية، مما يسلط الضوء على مقايضة محتملة. ومع ذلك، تعمل الربحية على تحسين إنتاجية الخدمة بشكل كبير وتتوسط العلاقة بين المنفعة الحدية ونتائج الخدمة. ولهذه النتائج آثار عملية على مسؤولي الجامعات، حيث تؤكد على الحاجة إلى تحقيق التوازن بين تحسين الموارد والاستدامة المالية. كما تقدم الدراسة مساهمات نظرية من خلال تحدي الافتراضات التقليدية حول تأثير المنفعة الحدية على الربحية، مما يشير إلى أن البحوث المستقبلية يجب أن تستكشف نماذج أكثر دقة لتخصيص الموارد والإدارة المالية في مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتشمل القيود تركيز الدراسة على الجامعات الخاصة العراقية والنطاق القصير الأجل للتحليل. وينبغي للبحوث المستقبلية أن تأخذ في الاعتبار السياقات الأوسع والتأثيرات الأطول أمداً لتعميق الفهم في هذا المجالThis research investigates the relationships among marginal utility, profitability, and service productivity in the context of private universities in Iraq. Data were collected from 400 lecturers in Erbil, within the Kurdistan Region, and analyzed through structural equation modeling to evaluate the study’s hypotheses. Results reveal that while marginal utility can improve service productivity, it may come at the expense of profitability highlighting a potential trade-off. In contrast, profitability has a direct positive impact on service productivity and acts as a mediator in the link between marginal utility and service performance. These findings provide practical insights for university leaders, emphasizing the need to strike a balance between efficient resource use and financial viability. The study also advances theoretical understanding by questioning conventional assumptions about the marginal utility–profitability relationship, calling for more nuanced models in higher education resource and financial planning. Limitations include the narrow focus on Iraqi private universities and a short-term analysis; future research should broaden the scope and explore long-term implications

The Impact of AI-Enhanced Digital Marketing Strategies on Consumers’ Purchase Intention for Lifestyle Products

The impact of Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered digital marketing practices on consumer purchase intention toward lifestyle goods is the focus of this research and aims at analyzing the mediating role of consumer motivation (CM) in the relationship between consumer attitude (CA) and purchase behavior (PB) toward lifestyle products. The study uses descriptive research design to understand CA, motivation, and PB. The study is based on 577 responses collected from Uttar Pradesh state (India). Structural equation modeling was carried out with the help of SmartPLS. Evidence shows a robust relationship between consumers’ attitude, motivation and PB, and an optimistic outlook on AI-driven marketing campaigns is likely to inspire more action, given the robust positive correlation between customer attitude and motivation. The study also emphasizes the importance of CM as a mediator in the relationship between CA and PB. It emphasizes the strategic tools for improving PB in the dynamic digital marketing landscape, which include cultivating a positive CA. The study contributes to the theory by highlighting CM as a critical mediator linking CA s to PB for lifestyle products, advancing understanding of the attitude-behavior relationship in consumer behavior models. Managerially, it underscores the importance of designing marketing strategies that enhance CM, such as personalized engagement, value-driven messaging, and emotional appeal. By fostering motivation, brands can effectively translate positive attitudes into stronger PB, driving sales and long-term consumer loyalty in the lifestyle segment.&nbsp

Green Foundations: The Intersection of Childhood Education and Sustainable Human Resource Development

يستكشف هذا البحث دور الاستدامة التعليمية في التعليم المبكر للأطفال، مع التركيز على تأثيرها في التنمية وتعزيز رأس المال البشري الأخضر. يتناول الدراسة الفئة العمرية 6-9 سنوات في مدارس إقليم كردستان، حيث تسلط الضوء على دمج مبادئ الاستدامة لغرس الوعي البيئي، والمسؤولية الاجتماعية، والأخلاقية. من خلال تحليل الاستراتيجيات والمناهج والممارسات، يحدد البحث الفرص التي تُمكّن الأطفال ليصبحوا مواطنين عالميين وعمالًا في الاقتصاد الأخضر، مع معالجة التحديات المرتبطة بالتنفيذ. بدمج مراجعة الأدبيات مع أمثلة عملية، يساهم البحث في تعزيز التعليم المستدام لتحقيق مستقبل أكثر ترابطًا ووعيًا بيئيًا. تكشف نتائج تحليل الانحدار عن وجود علاقة إيجابية معنوية (Sig.) بين التعليم البيئي في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة واتجاهات وسلوكيات حماية البيئة (PEAB)، حيث بلغت قيمة t (6.481) عند مستوى دلالة (p≤0.10). يشير β=0.846 إلى ارتباط قوي، وR² = 42.7% من تباين PEAB يُفسَّر بواسطة التعليم البيئي المبكر للأطفال (ECEE). تدعم هذه النتائج الفرضية H1، مؤكدةً تأثير ECEE على PEAB في مرحلة البلوغ. ورغم أن تأثير ECEE على اتجاهات وسلوكيات الأطفال المستقبلية تجاه الاستدامة (CFABTS) ورأس المال البشري الأخضر (GWC) كان أضعف، إلا أن الفرضيتين H3 و H4 كانتا ذاتي دلالة إحصائية. كما توصل البحث إلى أن تطوير المناهج، تدريب المعلمين، وإشراك المجتمع تعد من التوصيات الأساسية لتحقيق أهداف البحث.  This research explores the role of educational sustainability in early childhood education (ECE), emphasizing its impact on development and fostering green human capital. Focusing on ages 6–9 in Kurdistan Region schools, it highlights integrating sustainability principles to instil environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and ethical awareness. By examining strategies, curricula, and practices, the research identifies opportunities to empower children as global citizens and green workers while addressing implementation challenges. Combining a literature review with practical examples, it contributes to advancing sustainable education for a more connected and environmentally conscious future. Regression analysis results reveal a significant (Sig.) positive relationship between early childhood environmental education and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours (PEAB), with a t-value of 6.481 (p≤0.10). The β=0.846 indicates a strong association, and R² = 42.7% of PEAB variance is explained by Early Childhood Environmental Education (ECEE). These findings support H1, confirming ECEE's impact on PEAB in adulthood. While ECEE's influence on Children’s Future Attitudes & Behaviours Toward Sustainability (CFABTS) and GWC is weaker, H3 and H4 are statistically significant. Curriculum development, educator training, and community involvement emerge as key recommendations for achieving the research objectives

Basic Principles of Diplomatic Discourse in the Speeches of Local and International Leaders

گوتاری دیپلۆماسی ڕۆڵێکی گرنگی هەیە لە داڕشتنی پەیوەندییە نێودەوڵەتییەکان، ئاسانکاری بۆ دانوستان، چارەسەرکردنی ناکۆکییەکان و پەرەپێدانی هاوکاری لە نێوان گەلان. ئەم توێژینەوەیە لە بنەما بنەڕەتییەکانی داڕشتنی گوتاری دیپلۆماسی دەکۆڵێتەوە. لەوانە، ڕوونی، ڕێزگرتن، ناڕوونی ستراتیژی و هەستیاری کولتووری و ...هتد و  کاریگەرییان لەسەر سەرکەوتنی پەیوەندییە دیپلۆماسییەکان پیشاندەدات. لە ڕێگەی وتارە هەڵبژێردراوەکانی سەرکردە جیهانییەکانی وەک باراک ئۆباما، مەسعود بارزانی، مەسرور بارزانی، ڤلادیمێر پوتین و نیلسۆن ماندێلا. لەلایەکی ترەوە شیکارییەکە تیشک دەخاتە سەر چۆنیەتی بەکارهێنانی زمان بۆ دروستکردنی متمانە و گەیاندنی مەبەستی سیاسی و یەکخستنی بەرژەوەندییەکان لە سەرانسەری دابەشبوونە کولتووری و ئایدۆلۆژییەکاندا. بۆ نموونە وتارەکانی باراک ئۆباما جەخت لەسەر گشتگیری و دەسەڵاتی ئەخلاقی دەکەنەوە، زۆرجار بانگەشە بۆ بەها دیموکراسییە هاوبەشەکان دەکەن. مەسعود بارزانی و مەسرور بارزانی نیشانی دەدەن کە چۆن ناسنامەی نەتەوەیی و سەقامگیری ناوچەیی لە چوارچێوەی گوتاری ڕێزدارانە و لە هەمان کاتدا جەختکەرەوە. زمانی ڤلادیمێر پوتین ڕەنگدانەوەی داینامیکی دەسەڵات و سەروەری نیشتمانییە، بە بەکارهێنانی ڕیتۆریکی حیسابکراو بۆ پڕۆژەی هێز. گوتاری نێڵسۆن ماندێلا کە دەوڵەمەندە بە ئاشتەوایی و یەکێتی، نموونەی ئەوەیە کە چۆن زمانی هاوسۆزی دەتوانێت کۆمەڵگاکانی دوای ململانێ بگۆڕێت. ئەم نموونانە ئەوەمان بۆ ئاشکرا دەکەن کە گوتاری دیپلۆماسی کاریگەر تەنیا پەیوەندی بە قسەکردنەوە نییە بەڵکو پەیوەندی بە داڕشتنی پەیامەکانەوە هەیە کە دەنگدانەوەی هەبێت لەگەڵ ئامادەبووانی جۆراوجۆر لە هەمان کاتدا خزمەت بە ئامانجە ستراتیژییە تایبەتەکان دەکات. لە جیهانێکدا کە تادێت بەیەکەوە گرێدراوە، شارەزابوون لە زمانی دیپلۆماسی زۆر گرنگە بۆ ئەو سەرکردانەی کە بەدوای چارەسەری ئاشتیانە و هاوبەشی نێودەوڵەتی بەردەوامدا دەگەڕێن.Diplomatic discourse plays a vital role in shaping international relations, facilitating negotiation, conflict resolution, and fostering cooperation among nations. This article explores the foundational principles of diplomatic discourse clarity, politeness, strategic ambiguity, and cultural sensitivity and examines how they influence the success of diplomatic engagements. Through selected speeches by global leaders such as Barack Obama, Massoud Barzani, Masrour Barzani, Vladimir Putin, and Nelson Mandela, the analysis highlights how language is used to build trust, convey political intent, and align interests across cultural and ideological divides. For instance, Barack Obama’s speeches emphasize inclusivity and moral authority, often appealing to shared democratic values. Massoud Barzani and Masrour Barzani demonstrate how national identity and regional stability are framed through respectful yet assertive discourse. Vladimir Putin's language reflects power dynamics and national sovereignty, using calculated rhetoric to project strength. Nelson Mandela’s discourse, rich in reconciliation and unity, exemplifies how empathetic language can transform post-conflict societies. These examples reveal that effective diplomatic discourse is not merely about eloquence but about crafting messages that resonate with diverse audiences while serving specific strategic goals. In an increasingly interconnected world, mastering diplomatic language is essential for leaders seeking peaceful solutions and sustainable international partnerships

Metaphors We Die By

This study which is entitled “Metaphors We Die By” is concerned with death metaphor in Central Kurdish. The expression “we” in the title refers to Kurdish people, i.e. the study is a detailed explanation of metaphors the Kurds die by. It attempts to elucidate how Central Kurdish speakers think about death. In other words, the main aim of the study is to identify the perspective of Central Kurdish (CK) speakers on the phenomenon of death. The primary questions of the study are: Ho do the Kurds contemplate death? What are the source conceptual domains that CK speakers rely upon to understand death? What factors paly a role in structuring the conceptual mappings of the linguistic metaphors? The study explicates the concept of death in CK from the standpoint of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). According to the Cognitive approach to metaphor, it explores the way Kurdish speakers think about death. The study is particularly significant for understanding Kurdish culture and their perspective on one of life’s most important phenomena. The interpretation of death according to the framework of CMT involves the identification of various source domains that play a role in the conceptualization of death. The data of the study is based on everyday speech of CK through which an attempt is made to infer Kurdish thoughts and worldviews about death. Hence, the study, in light of the theory it relies on, views language as a reflection of thought. In CMT, thought has a metaphorical nature, so language, which is a mirror of thought, basically operates metaphorically.  &nbsp

Evaluating Power Usage Patterns: A Case Study on Time Series Modeling Forecasting in Erbil City 2015–2024

Precise electricity consumption predictions are essential for efficient energy management, resource allocation, and power system stability, particularly in expanding urban areas like Erbil. Time series models are crucial tools for capturing trends, seasonal variations, and structural shifts in energy use patterns. This study aims to forecast monthly electricity consumption in Erbil for 2025 using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) approach. Historical monthly electricity consumption data from  2015 to 2024 (120 observations) were analyzed. Preprocessing involved logarithmic transformation to stabilize variance and appropriate differencing to achieve stationarity. Model selection prioritized evaluation criteria such as the Akaike information criterion and mean squared error (MSE). The SARIMA(1,1,1)×(0,1,1)12 model yielded the lowest MSE (0.0487347) and was identified as the optimal model, with statistically significant parameters. The resulting forecasts for 2025 indicate notable seasonality, with predicted monthly averages ranging from 955 MW in January to 916 MW in December. This study provides a validated time series model tailored to Erbil’s consumption dynamics, offering a robust foundation for improved energy demand forecasting and resource planning

Exploring Online and Offline Factors Influencing Employee Motivation and Performance in Iraqi SMEs

This study examines the impact of online and offline factors on employee productivity and performance within the SME enterprises in Iraq. The study aims to evaluate how digital tools, training, remote work, and communication platforms as an online factor, as well as work environment, leadership, team dynamics, and physical conditions as an offline factors, influence employee performance. Additionally, the role of employee motivation as a mediating factor between these factors. A quantitative methodology was utilized, gathering data from 180 employees of SMEs across several sectors in Baghdad and Erbil using a structured survey. This sample encompasses many divisions within the SME sector, reflecting a comprehensive overview of employee viewpoints regarding elements influencing motivation and performance. The analysis is conducted using Smart PLS to test the structural equation model (SEM), assessing both direct and indirect relationships. The finding shows online and offline factors have significant effect on on employee motivation and performance, while the two indirect hypotheses showed a mediating effect of employee motivation on the relationship between workplace factors and employee performance. The findings are expected to provide insights into how online and offline workplace factors, along with employee motivation, contribute to overall employee performance in Iraq's working in SME enterprises, offering valuable recommendations for improving productivity and efficiency in the industry and in the context of Iraqi enterprise

Joint Factors in Fitzgerald's Fictional Works: A Comparative Study

The fictional works of F. Scott Fitzgerald are very rich in many ways. Thematically, they expose the air of his age particularly the post-World War I lost generation by the illusion of their American Dream which they nourished on ever since their childhood years. The clash between the rich and the poor is another theme, not to mention tens of other themes, such as love and war, success and failure. All these and other themes are delivered by Fitzgerald in innovative and novel styles and techniques quite peculiar to him. The present paper highlights the major themes and joint elements in Fitzgerald’s major works, such as This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby, and Tender is the Night Tender. There are many joint factors in Fitzgerald’s aforesaid works. The American Dream is one outstanding joint theme that marks Fitzgerald’s works. Most of the scholars and lecturers of Fitzgerald’s works refer to this topic without further explanation of the seeds of this ideal dream. The present paper sheds a glimpse of light on this issue. The protagonists’ journeys and final destinations to fulfill their dreams and aims constitute another theme; the class distinction and ruthlessness of the upper middle class against the young generation; the origins and scientific, philosophical and medical, geographical, and historical elements; all constitute minor themes and topics need tracing and further researches of Fitzgerald’s works. This paper is a comparative study of all the major and minor themes and topics mentioned above

The Role of Social Media Platforms in the Increase of Harassment of Girls in the Kurdistan Region

توێژینەوەكان ئەوە پشتڕاستدەكەنەوە، كە هەراسانكردن دیاردەیەکە لە زۆرێك لەوڵاتانی دنیادا بەربڵاوە بەتایبەت لەسەردەمی تۆڕەکۆمەڵایەتییەکاندا، شێوازەكانی هەراسانكردن زیاتر هەستپێكراوترە، ئەم توێژینەوەیە بەدواچوونێک دەکات سەبارەت بەوەی کە چۆن پلاتفۆرمەكانی سۆشیاڵ میدیا لە هەرێمی کوردستاندا دەبنە سەکۆیەک بۆ زیادبوونی دیاردەی هەراسانكردنی كچان. ئامانجی سەرەكی توێژینەوەكەش بریتییە لەخستنەڕووی ڕۆڵ و کاریگەریی و لێێكەوتەكانی، پلاتفۆرمەكانی سۆشیاڵ میدیا لە تەشەنەکردنی دیاردەی هەراسانكردنی كچان لای بەكارهێنەری هەرێمی كوردستاندا، لەم توێژینەوە میتۆدی(وەسفی-بەرێگەی رووپێوی)بەكارهاتووە بۆ باس كردن وهەڵسەنگاندنی رادی كاریگەری پلاتفۆرمەكانی سۆشیال میدیا لە زیادبوونی هەراسانكردن ئەمەش لەڕوانگەی سامپڵێك لە كچانی نیشتەجێی سەنتەری شاری هەولێر, دەڤەری سۆران، كە ژمارەیان (255)كچە قوتابی بوون لە قوتابخانە ناوەندی و ئامادەییەكان. هەروەها توێژینەوەکە پەنجە دەخاتەسەر كاریگەریەكانی ئەو هەراسانكردنانە كە لەسەر ژیانی كۆمەڵایەتی و دەروونی كچان دروستی دەكات، لە دەرەئەنجامدا دەركەوتووە كە زۆرینەی كچان پلاتفۆرمەكانی سۆشیاڵ میدیا بەكاردەهێنن و تێیدا توشی هەراسانكردن دەبنەوە، بەتایبەت لە تۆڕی سناپچات بەهۆی ئەوەی بەربڵاوترینە لە بەكارهێناندا لەلایەن كچانەوە.  The main objective of the study is to present the role, impact and consequences of social media platforms in the spread of harassment of girls among users in the Kurdistan Region, from the perspective of a sample of girls living in Erbil, Soran region The results showed that the majority of girls using social media platforms are harassed, especially on Snapchat because it is the most widespread among girls in use. Research confirms that harassment is a widespread phenomenon in many countries, especially in the era of social networks, harassment methods are more noticeable, this study investigates how social media platforms in the Kurdistan Region become a platform for the increase of harassment of girls

The Religious and Historical Symbol in the Poetry of Buland Ai- Haidari

إذا كان الأدب نوع من أنواع التعبير الراقي عن الأحاسيس والمشاعر الإنسانية التي تجول بخاطر الأديب، والتعبير عن منطلقاته الفكرية، وخبرته الإنسانية في الحياة، فإنَّ الشعر فرع من فروع الأدب، وهو ما يتضمن رؤى ويحتوي توجهات يقدمها الشاعر بصورة فنية وشعرية رمزية متبنياً تلك الرؤى والأفكار، متخذاً مبنى وأسلوباً تقنياً ليفرغ ما في ذهنه من تلك التوجهات الفكرية بصورة أدبية، فإنَّ دراستنا هذه تتخذ منر الرمز الديني والتاريخي مجالاً للوقوف على الرمز في شعر بلند الحيدري، وطريقة توظيفه، وكيف غدا عنده الرمز الديني والتاريخي تراثاً رمزياً، تماهي مع التاريخي والديني، فحول القصيدة إلى رؤيا ونبوءة وحلم، ووصلها باللاواقع واللازمان.     تحدث الدارس عن علاقة الرمز بالشعر والتاريخ، وعن توظيف الرمز عند الشاعر بلند وشهرته في هذا المجال، وعن توظيف شخصيات تاريخية دينية سواء أكانت إيجابية أو سلبية، متخذاً تقنية الرمز إطاراً فنياً يوظفه بما يناسب تجربته الذاتية وإضفاء الموضوعية إلى نتاجه الإبداعي وكيفية تعامله مع ذلك النوع من الرموز، وتلك الشخصية الدينية والتاريخية، في الاعتماد عليهما لإيصال تجربته الشعرية وموقفه من الواقع لمتلقيه الواعي لتلك الشخصية وذلك التوظيف الرمزي، وهذا ما سنتناوله في هذا البحث لسبر أغوار تجربة بلند وبحث مصادر الصورة الفنية في أعماله الشعرية، متخذين المنهج الوصفي التحليلي خطاً ومنهجاً دراسياً نسير عليه في تفسير وتحليل المقاطع الشعرية.If literature is a kind of sophistical expression of the human feelings, emotions that run through the mind of the writer, expression thoughts, and human experience, for poetry is a branch of literature. It contains vision, ideas that poet presents in an artistic symbolic form, adopting a structur and style in his mind from those intellectual trends in a literary form. Our research uses the historical symbols as a scope to examine the history, religious in the poem of Buland, the way it is used, how the historical became a solid symbolic for him, identified with the historical, turning the poem into vision, aprophecy, dream, and connecting into unreality  immanence. The research talked about the relationship of symbol and history, about the use of the symbol by the poet Buland,  and his fame in this field, about the religious and historical characters, wheather they have positive or negative personalties, taking the symbol technique as an artistic framework, using it in a way it suits his personal experience, adds objectivity to his creative product, how he deals with that type of symbol, that religious and historical characters and that artistic and symbolic employment. This is what we will address in this study to explore the depth Bulands experience and reveal the sources of the poetic image in his poetic product, taking the descriptive and analytical approach as a line and curriculm that we follow. He has to interpret analyse poetic passages