Military targeting on battlefield using UAV with support of AI

Ovaj rad pruža pregled evolucije bespilotnih letjelica (UAV) te njihove integracije s umjetnom inteligencijom (AI), s posebnim naglaskom na primjenu u ciljanju na bojišnici. Počevši od povijesnih osnova, rad opisuje ranu upotrebu UAV-ova u vojnim operacijama kroz „Tri D“ koncept koji je oblikovao primjenu bespilotnih letjelica u okruženjima visokog rizika, nesigurnim zonama i dugotrajnim misijama. Rad dalje analizira suvremene tehnološke koncepte koji omogućuju autonomno upravljanje UAV sustavima, s posebnim naglaskom na integraciju AI. Posebna pažnja posvećena je algoritmima za detekciju i praćenje objekata što omogućava precizno i pouzdano autonomno ciljanje. U radu su opisane teorijske osnove neophodne za ciljanje, objašnjavajući kinematiku i balistiku UAV-ova te primjenu i opis matematičkih modela za procjenu stanja. U završnom dijelu, rad ukazuje na ključne izazove s kojima se suočavaju suvremeni sustavi, uključujući ograničenja u obradi podataka u stvarnom vremenu, energetske zahtjeve, sigurnosne prijetnje i nedostatak pravne regulative, te predlaže potencijalne pravce daljnjeg razvoja tehnologije.This paper provides an overview of the evolution of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their integration with artificial intelligence (AI), with a particular emphasis on battlefield targeting. Starting from historical foundations, the paper describes the early use of UAVs in military operations through the “Three D” concept that shaped the use of UAVs in high-risk environments, insecure zones, and long-duration missions. The paper then analyzes contemporary technological concepts that enable autonomous control of UAV systems, with a particular emphasis on AI integration. Special attention is paid to object detection and tracking algorithms that enable precise and reliable autonomous targeting. The paper describes the theoretical foundations necessary for targeting, explaining the kinematics and ballistics of UAVs, and the application and description of mathematical models for state assessment. In the final section, the paper points to key challenges faced by contemporary systems, including limitations in real-time data processing, energy requirements, security threats, and the lack of legal regulation, and suggests potential directions for further development of the technology

Application of artificial intelligence for target detection and tracking on unmanned aerial systems

Ovaj se rad bavi analizom suvremenih algoritama za detekciju i praćenje objekata u slikama i videozapisima, s posebnim naglaskom na njihovu primjenu u zračnim besposadnim sustavima (ZBS, eng. Unmanned Aerial Systems – UAS). Cilj je prikazati prednosti i nedostatke najvažnijih pristupa temeljenih na dubokom učenju (eng. Deep Learning), koji omogućuju učinkovitu obradu podataka u stvarnom vremenu, što je od ključnog značaja za autonomno upravljanje i navigaciju zračnih besposadnih sustava. Analizirane su metode kao što su Faster R-CNN (Faster Region Based Convolutional Neural Network) i YOLO (You Only Look Once) za detekciju objekata, te algoritmi za praćenje poput MOSSE (Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error) i SORT (Simple Online and Realtime Tracking). Rezultati pokazuju da jednofazni algoritmi poput YOLO omogućuju brzu i dovoljno preciznu detekciju pogodnu za primjenu u realnom vremenu na platformama s ograničenim računalnim resursima, kakvi su tipični za zračne besposadne sustave. Korelacijski filtri poput MOSSE algoritma pokazali su se izuzetno učinkoviti za jednostavno i brzo praćenje objekata tijekom leta, čime omogućuju stabilno praćenje ciljeva unatoč promjenama u osvjetljenju i pozadini. U sklopu rada implementirani su i testirani odabrani algoritmi za detekciju i praćenje ciljeva korištenjem programskog okruženja Visual Studio Code, uz prethodnu instalaciju svih potrebnih alata i biblioteka za strojno učenje i računalni vid (eng. Computer Vision). Također su korišteni i online alati, poput RoboFlow-a, koji su značajno olakšali proces anotiranja slika i pripremu skupova podataka za treniranje modela. Primjena ovih tehnologija u zračnim besposadnim sustavima otvara širok spektar mogućnosti, uključujući nadzor iz zraka, traženje i spašavanje, inspekciju infrastrukture te mnoge druge domene gdje je autonomna analiza slike ključna za sigurnost i učinkovitost sustava. Korištenjem umjetne inteligencije omogućuje se zračnim besposadnim sustavima da autonomno prepoznaju, klasificiraju i prate različite objekte u složenim i dinamičnim okruženjima, čime se smanjuje potreba za stalnim ljudskim nadzorom. Osim toga, napredni algoritmi omogućuju prilagodbu sustava promjenjivim uvjetima leta, što povećava pouzdanost i učinkovitost misija, posebno u zahtjevnim scenarijima kao što su nadzor velikih područja, praćenje pokretnih ciljeva ili pomoć u hitnim intervencijama.This paper analyzes modern algorithms for object detection and tracking in images and videos, with a special emphasis on their application in unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The objective is to present the advantages and disadvantages of the most important approaches based on deep learning, which enable efficient real-time data processing, a key requirement for autonomous control and navigation of unmanned aerial systems. Methods such as Faster R-CNN (Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network) and YOLO (You Only Look Once) for object detection, as well as tracking algorithms such as MOSSE (Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error) and SORT (Simple Online and Realtime Tracking), have been analyzed. The results show that single-stage algorithms such as YOLO provide fast and sufficiently accurate detection suitable for real-time applications on platforms with limited computational resources, which is typical for unmanned aerial systems. Correlation filters such as the MOSSE algorithm have proven to be highly effective for simple and rapid object tracking during flight, enabling stable target tracking despite changes in lighting and background. As part of the work, selected algorithms for object detection and tracking were implemented and tested using the Visual Studio Code development environment, following the installation of all necessary tools and libraries for machine learning and computer vision. Online tools such as RoboFlow were also used, significantly simplifying the image annotation process and dataset preparation for model training. The application of these technologies in unmanned aerial systems opens up a wide range of possibilities, including aerial surveillance, search and rescue, infrastructure inspection, and many other fields where autonomous image analysis is crucial for system safety and efficiency. By employing artificial intelligence, unmanned aerial systems can autonomously detect, classify, and track various objects in complex and dynamic environments, reducing the need for constant human supervision. Additionally, advanced algorithms enable the system to adapt to changing flight conditions, increasing the reliability and efficiency of missions, particularly in demanding scenarios such as large-area monitoring, moving target tracking, or emergency response operations

The Homeland War in the region of Ogulin

Ovaj rad analizira tijek i posljedice Domovinskog rata na ogulinskog području, prostoru od iznimne strateške važnosti u središnjoj Hrvatskoj. Smješten na jednom od „najužih“ dijelova hrvatskog teritorija na kojem je između Slovenije i Bosne i Hercegovine tek nešto više od 50 kilometara zračne udaljenosti, ogulinski kraj imao je ključnu ulogu očuvanja teritorijalne cjelovitosti Republike Hrvatske. Kroz povijesni pregled, demografsku analizu i vojna zbivanja, rad prikazuje kako višestoljetne napetosti između Hrvata i Srba, proizašle iz sukoba oko zemlje, identiteta i vlasti, eskaliraju u otvoreni sukob 1991. Posebna pažnja posvećena je lokalnim zajednicama Ogulina, Saborskog, Plaškog i Josipdola gdje su otpor civila i djelovanje hrvatskih snaga bili presudni u sprječavanju teritorijalnog presijecanja države. Rad naglašava važnost lokalnih bojišta kao temeljnih točaka obrane, bez kojih ne bi bilo moguće sačuvati cjelovitost i suverenitet moderne hrvatske države.This paper analyzes the course and consequences of the Homeland War in the Ogulin area, a region of exceptional strategic importance in central Croatia. Located at one of the narrowest points of Croatian territory where the aerial distance between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is just over 50 kilometers the Ogulin region played a key role in preserving the territorial integrity of the Republic of Croatia. Through historical overview, demographic analysis, and military developments, the paper illustrates how centuries long tensions between Croats and Serbs stemming from disputes over land, identity, and political power escalated into open conflict in 1991 Special attention is given to the local communities of Ogulin, Saborsko, Plaški, and Josipdol, where civilian resistance and the actions of Croatian forces were crucial in preventing the territorial division of the state. The paper emphasizes the importance of local battlefronts as critical points of defense. without which the preservation of a sovereign and unified Croatian state would not have been possible

The fight against terrorism in the European Union

Ovaj rad analizira pojavu terorizma unutar Europske unije i napore u borbi protiv njega, s posebnim naglaskom na povijesni kontekst, aktualno stanje, preventivne mjere te posljedice terorističkih djelovanja. U uvodnom dijelu obrađuju se prvi značajniji teroristički napadi na području EU-a i njihov utjecaj na razvoj sigurnosnih politika. Središnji dio rada posvećen je suvremenim oblicima terorizma, s naglaskom na uzroke poput radikalizacije, ideoloških i vjersko-političkih sukoba te značaju međunarodne suradnje u prevenciji. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na sigurnosne protokole i odgovore institucija u slučaju napada, kao i na psihološke i društvene posljedice za civilno stanovništvo. Zaključni dio rada sažima ključne spoznaje i ističe potrebu za ravnotežom između očuvanja nacionalne sigurnosti i zaštite temeljnih prava i sloboda građana.This paper analyzes the phenomenon of terrorism within the European Union and the efforts to combat it, with a particular focus on the historical context, current situation, preventive measures, and the consequences of terrorist activities. The introductory section examines the earliest significant terrorist attacks on EU territory and their influence on the development of security policies. The main part of the paper is dedicated to contemporary forms of terrorism, emphasizing causes such as radicalization, ideological and politico-religious conflicts, and the importance of international cooperation in prevention. Special attention is given to security protocols and institutional responses in the event of an attack, as well as to the psychological and social consequences for the civilian population. The concluding section summarizes key findings and highlights the need to balance the preservation of national security with the protection of fundamental rights and civil liberties

Project management in the defense system

Ovaj diplomski rad bavit će se projektima unutar obrambenog sustava. Projekti su složeni proces te se gotovo uvijek razlikuju. Ovisno o sektoru u kojem se rade projekti imaju različite ciljeve, ograničenja, resurse, itd.. Unutar obrambenog sektora razlikujemo tri tipa projekta (A,B,C) koji se razlikuju po složenosti i važnosti. Kako bi projekt protekao bez ikakvih problema i postigao svoje ciljeve on mora imati provedbeni plan, te nekoga tko je odgovaran za taj projekt (voditelj projekta). Dodatno otežavanje planskog procesa i provedbe projekta stvara usklađivanje sa nacionalnim strategijama te međunarodnim obavezama koje ima država koja provodi te projekte, svaka država ima drugačije nacionalne strategije stoga su i proces i provedba različiti za svaki projekt. Jedni od najpoznatijih projekata su obrambeni projekti vođeni za vrijeme hladnog rata od strana: SAD i Rusije.This thesis will focus on projects within the defense system. Projects are complex processes and always differ from one another. Depending on the sector in which they are conducted, projects have different goals, constraints, resources, and so on. Within the defense sector, three types of projects can be distinguished (A, B, C), which vary in terms of complexity and importance. For a project to run smoothly and achieve its objectives, it must have an implementation plan and the person responsible for it (a project manager). An additional challenge to the planning and execution of defense projects is the need to align with national strategies and international obligations of the state conducting the projects. Since each country has different national strategies, the process and implementation of projects also differ from case to case. Some of the most well-known projects are defense initiatives led during the Cold War by the United States and Russia

The paradigm of "truth decay" and possible influence on the facts about the Homeland War

Propadanje istine je noviji humanistički i sociološki pojam iz područja suvremene informacijske sfere u kojoj uočavamo česta neslaganja kao i neodređene granice između iznošenja stvarnih činjenica i nečijeg mišljenja. Posljedice toga mogu biti velike, kako za pojedinca tako i za društvo. Gubitak orijentacije u informacijskoj sferi čini pojedinca ranjivijim na manipulaciju i štetne utjecaje. Na primjeru suvremenih kriznih žarišta svjedoci smo učinaka planiranih i dugoročno provođenih hibridnih informacija koje se u velikoj mjeri oslanjaju na propadanje istine; gubitka povjerenja ili čak odbacivanje činjenica i autoriteta institucija koje su za njih zadužene. Rad će se usredotočiti na činjenice o Domovinskom ratu, opisati načine na koji one mogu biti ugrožene i razmotriti načine kako ih braniti. U radu će se analizirati primjer članka (novinskog ili portalnog) ili filmskog uratka kojim protivnička strana nastoji utrnuti istinu o nekom od događaja iz Domovinskog rata; što je cilj konkretnog djelovanja, protiv koje istine djeluje, na koji način, kakav je učinak proizvelo i kako se na tu provokaciju može učinkovito odgovoriti.The decay of truth is a relatively recent humanistic and sociological concept that has emerged within the modern information sphere, where we are increasingly confronted with discrepancies and blurred boundaries between the presentation of factual information and personal opinion. The consequences of this phenomenon can be significant, both for individuals and for society as a whole. Disorientation within the information space renders individuals more vulnerable to manipulation and harmful influences. Contemporary crisis zones provide striking examples where we can observe the effects of deliberate and long-term hybrid information strategies, which heavily rely on the erosion of truth—resulting in the loss of trust or even the rejection of facts and the authority of institutions tasked with safeguarding them. This paper will examine facts concerning the Croatian War of Independence (Domovinski rat), describe the ways in which these facts can be challenged or undermined, and explore methods for their protection. The analysis will include an example of a news article (from print or online media) or a film produced by the opposing side, aimed at suppressing the truth about a specific wartime event. The paper will analyze the objective of such efforts, the particular truth being distorted, the techniques employed, the impact generated, and effective ways to respond to such provocations

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the neutralization and removal of IEDs and UXO

U posljednjim desetljećima sukobi su u potpunosti evolvirali iz klasičnog načina ratovanja odnosno konvencionalnog u takozvane asimetrične sukobe. Samom pojavom asimetričnih sukoba u kojem svu borbenu moć jedne od strana čine manje skupine terorista u potpunosti je promijenila doktrine modernih i profesionalno ustrojenih vojski. Jedna od tehnika kojima se koriste terorističke organizacije su IED (eng. improvised explosive devices). Kao odgovor na ovu vrstu prijetnje ustrojeni su EOD (eng. explosive ordnance disposal) timovi. Ratove u 21. stoljeću uz terorizam obilježava i uporaba raznih besposadnih sustava, a u najvećoj mjeri zračnih besposadnih sustava to jest bespilotnih letjelica. Njihova jednostavnost uporabe, modularnost i cijena izrade dovela je do masivne uporabe diljem svijeta. Svoju primjenu također pronalaze i u uklanjanju IED. Cilj ovog rada je uz prikaz sadašnjih mogućnosti uklanjanja IED-a i UXO-a (eng. unexploded ordinance) razmotriti ulogu i mogućnosti bespilotnih letjelica u sigurnom otkrivanju, neutralizaciji i uklanjanju IED-a i UXO-a, te kasnije i mogućnost implementacije u OS RH.In recent decades, conflicts have completely evolved from the classic or conventional way of warfare to the so-called asymmetric conflicts. The very emergence of asymmetric conflicts in which all the fighting power of one of the parties is made up of small groups of terrorists has completely changed the doctrines of modern and professionally organized armies. One of the techniques used by terrorist organizations is IED (Improvised Explosive Devices). In response to this type of threat, EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) teams were established. Wars in the 21st century are characterized by the use of various unmanned systems, and to a large extent, unmanned aerial systems, i.e. drones. Their ease of use, modularity and cost of production have led to their massive use around the world. They also find their application in the removal of IEDs. The aim of this work is to present the current possibilities of removing IEDs and UXOs (unexploded ordinance) and to consider the role and possibilities of unmanned aerial vehicles in the safe detection, neutralization and removal of IEDs and UXOs, and later the possibility of implementation in the Croatian Armed Forces

Financing of Terrorism and Money Laundering

Ovaj rad analizira pojam terorizma s posebnim fokusom na kaznena djela financiranja terorizma i pranja novca, kao dva međusobno povezana fenomena koja predstavljaju ozbiljnu prijetnju kako na nacionalnoj, tako i na međunarodnoj razini. Analiziraju se pojedinosti financiranja terorizma kao njegovi načini financiranja te opći pojam pranja novca i njegova metodologija. Također, pruža se bolje razumijevanje za načine sprječavanja terorizma kroz grupe i organizacije koje to provode. Polazišnu osnovu čini analiza dostupne znanstvene i stručne literature te se primjenom deskriptivne metode, na temelju statističkih podataka, analiziraju pojavni oblici ovih kaznenih djela u Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 2019. do 2023. godine.This paper analyzes the concept of terrorism with a particular focus on the criminal offenses of terrorist financing and money laundering, as two interconnected phenomena that pose a serious threat both nationally and internationally. It explores the specifics of terrorist financing, including the methods and channels used to support terrorist activities, as well as the general concept of money laundering and its underlying methodology. Furthermore, the paper provides a better understanding of the mechanisms for preventing terrorism through the work of relevant groups and organizations engaged in combating these threats. The foundation of the research is based on the analysis of available academic and professional literature, while a descriptive method is applied to examine statistical data on the occurrence of these offenses in the Republic of Croatia during the period from 2019 to 2023

Tactical use of 60 mm mortars

Rad opisuje taktiku primjene pješačkih minobacača kalibra 60 mm u okviru taktike pješaštva. Kroz opis povijesti prikazuje se razvoj i uvođenje navedenog oružja u pješačko naoružanje. Navedeni su i opisani tipični primjeri ovog oružja u suvremenim vojskama s naglaskom na tehničke karakteristike oružja te vrsta streljiva u primjeni. Objašnjava se struktura naoružanja i opreme postrojbi opremljenih ovim oružjem te struktura nadređene pješačke postrojbe. Na taktičkim primjerima opisuje se taktička primjena minobacača u napadnim i obrambenim operacijama u ovisnosti o planu nadređenog zapovjednika.The thesis describes the tactics of using 60 mm infantry mortars within the infantry tactics. Through a description of history, the development and introduction of these weapons into infantry weapons. Typical examples of this weapon in modern armies are listed and described, with an emphasis on the technical characteristics of the weapon and the types of ammunition in use. The structure of the armament and equipment of units equipped with this weapon and the structure of the superior infantry unit are explained. The tactical application of mortars in offensive and defensive operations, depending on the plan of the superior commander, is described using tactical examples

The role of Euro-Atlantic integration in strengthening the defense sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ovaj završni rad analizira ulogu euroatlantskih integracija u jačanju obrambenog sektora Bosne i Hercegovine, s posebnim naglaskom na proces pristupanja članstvu u NATO u. Prikazuje se kako su mehanizmi suradnje, poput Partnerstva za mir, IPAP-a, MAP-a i drugih, doprinijeli profesionalizaciji i modernizaciji Oružanih snaga BiH, kao i institucionalnim reformama koje su povećale transparentnost i civilni nadzor nad vojskom. Istražuju se koristi članstva za regionalnu sigurnost, međunarodnu suradnju te unutarnju stabilnost. Unatoč napretku na vojnom planu, rad ističe političke prepreke, unutarnju fragmentaciju, sporove oko vojne imovine te negativan utjecaj vanjskih aktera, kao glavne faktore koji usporavaju napredak BiH ka punopravnom članstvu. Zaključno, euroatlantske integracije nisu samo sigurnosni i politički proces, već i test političke volje domaćih aktera za istinskom reformom i prihvaćanjem zajedničkih vrijednosti zapadnih demokracija.This thesis analyses the role of Euro-Atlantic integration in strengthening Bosnia and Herzegovina's defence sector, with special emphasis on the accession process to NATO membership. It highlights how NATO’s cooperation mechanisms, such as the Partnership for Peace, Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP), Membership Action Plan (MAP), and others, have contributed to the professionalisation and modernisation of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to institutional reforms that have enhanced transparency and civilian oversight of the military. The benefits of membership are explored in terms of regional security, international cooperation, and internal stability. Despite progress in the military domain, the paper emphasises political obstacles, internal fragmentation, disputes over military property, and the negative influence of external actors as the main factors slowing Bosnia and Herzegovina’s progress toward full membership. In conclusion, Euro-Atlantic integration is not only a security and political process but also a test of domestic political will for genuine reform and commitment to the shared values of Western democracies