Theoretical Study of Electrical Transport Properties of Bi_(1-X) Ga_(X) Binary Alloys using Pseudopotential Theory

     In the present work, we report the electrical transport properties of  binary alloys theoretically by employing our well-known pseudopotential model. The screening influences are studied by using various exchange and correlation functions in the aforesaid study. The present results of electrical resistivity are found to be in qualitative agreement with available experimental data in the literature

Investigation of the effects of charge carrier mobility on the performance of P3HT: PCBM based organic solar cell

Effect of charge carrier mobility on P3HT: PCBM based organic solar cell has been investigated in this study.  Numerical simulation for the structure ITO/PEDOT: PSS/P3HT: PCBM/Al has been done using simulating software GPVDM (General Purpose Photovoltaic Device Model). Hole mobility has been varied from 5x10-8 m2V-1S-1 to 100x10-8 m2V-1S-1at fixed electron mobility 2x10-8 m2V-1S-1 and vice-versa. Short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, fill factor, efficiency have been studied to understand the dependency of carrier mobility on device performance. Result shows that efficiency is greatly influenced by charge carrier mobility

“Spooky” interaction and non-classical interference interpreted by a product of classical electric field

Many experiments to verify nonlocal interaction and non-classical phenomena using entangled lights were conducted in the 1980s, and many physicists were interested in their unrecognizable correlation. These quantum mechanical effects were used in Aspect\u27s experiments and Bell tests and had a great influence on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, their essence, including their “spooky” interaction, is unknown. In this study, we show that entangled light can be expressed by the product of electric fields and that the same result as quantum mechanics can be obtained using the product form

Photon trajectories contrary to the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation

The de Broglie-Bohm interpretation was built to perform the same statistical predictions as a standard quantum theory in every conceivable physical situation, and the two theories cannot be distinguished. In this study, the trajectories of crossed photon pairs were examined, and different results were obtained under certain conditions even when there were no differences in the statistical measurements. The conditions and experimental results showed that the trajectories of photons followed the standard interpretation of quantum theory with high probability

Notes on f(R) Cosmological Models with Yang-Mills and Scalar Fields

The present study deals with the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological models of the Yang-Mills fields and  f(R) generalization of the Einstein cosmology. We investigate the corresponding relation between f(R) gravity and interacting Yang-Mills and scalar fields. A method of conformal transformation is proposed, which allows to transform a cosmological theory with nonlinearity induced by the Yang-Mills field into f(R) generalization of Einstein\u27s theory. A specific generalization of Einstein theory on the basis of exact solution for the Yang-Mills equation obtained by the author early is presented in explicit form. Moreover, for the f(R) theory we have found the explicit form of potential of induced scalar field, which can be identified with the effective potential of the f(R) cosmology

Quasi-exactly solvable PT-symmetric sextic oscillators resulting from real quotient polynomials

We present a method of constructing PT-symmetric sextic oscillators using quotient polynomials and show that the reality of the energy spectrum of the oscillators is directly related to the PT symmetry of the respective quotient polynomials. We then apply the method to derive sextic oscillators from real quotient polynomials and demonstrate that the set of resulting oscillators comprises a quasi-exactly solvable system that contains the real, quasi-exactly solvable sextic oscillator. In this framework, the classification of the PT-symmetric sextic oscillators on the basis of whether they result from real or complex quotient polynomials is a natural consequence

Assessment of heavy metals concentration in soil of waste disposal sites in Dutse metropolis

The study was conducted to assess the impact of solid waste disposal on soil quality in Dutse metropolis, with the aim of determining the trend, sources, and distribution of heavy metals such as Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn and Cr. Top soil (0-15cm) samples were collected from five different points within the dumpsites. Which were later analyzed using nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) at relatively low temperature in the laboratory. The concentrations of the heavy metals detected in the soil ranged from 1.39 ppm to 118.52 ppm which indicated the potential of the ground water being contaminated by leachates. Furthermore, this research reveals that there is heavy metals contamination in the study area, and these metals were detected in different concentrations. This could be attributed to continuous usage of products containing these metals nearby populace and disposal of carrier wastes by the sellers of different items within Dutse town. The higher concentration of Cd could be associated with content of Cd in the soil of the sampling sites and is due to discarding materials containing some content of it. High lead level on the other hand was due to the use of leaded batteries and renovation paints. Cr, Fe and showed no concentrations accounting for no usage and disposal of carrier materials. In general, the area is at potential risk of severe heavy metals pollution requiring immediate action

An Improved Method for Production of Silica (SiO2) from Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) using Acidic Wash Treatment (HCl)

Palm oil is derived from tropical palm tree that is easily cultivated in tropical countries like Malaysia, Thailand and Brazil. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a by-product from palm oil industry that is produced in large quantity (approximately 4 million tons annually in Malaysia). This paper presents an improved method for production of silica from POFA. Untreated POFA was dried in an oven at 110 ºC for 24hours, it was then grinded in a ball mill for 12 hours at 250 rev/min to reduce the particle size, the powder is dispersed in 1 molar of HCl acid and stirred constantly for 30 min using electric shaker. X-ray fluorescence analysis shows that, POFA treated with acid shows the existence of thirteen chemical elements and the chemical composition of SiO2 increases after the acidic wash from 15.90 wt% to 43.70 wt%. The percentage difference for SiO2 is shown to be 175%. Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that acid wash treatment is suitable for production of silica from POFA

On the Successful Prediction of Radioactive Decay

We describe an experimental setup involving a single radioactive atom which decays in unit time with probability ½, but such that it is possible to successfully predict whether the atom decays with probability greater than ½.  We also describe a strategy which correctly predicts with probability greater than ½ which of two radioactive atoms is more likely to decay in unit time, given that we can only observe one of the two species.  These ideas are mathematical in nature but are very likely to have applications in physics as well as other areas

First Principle Study on Lead-Free CH3NH3GeI3 and CH3NH3GeBr3 Perovskite solar cell using FHI-aims Code

An Ab-initio calculation in the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT), as implemented in the FHI-aims package within Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) with the pbe parameterization was carried out in this work. Although methyl ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) has proven to be an effective photovoltaic material, there remains a main concern about the toxicity of lead.  An investigation into the possible replacement of CH3NH3PbI3 with CH3NH3GeI3 and CH3NH3GeBr3 as the active layer in perovskite solar cell was carried out. The electronic band structure, band gap energy and dielectric constants were calculated for CH3NH3GeI3 and CH3NH3GeBr3. The effect of temperature on linear thermal expansion coefficient and temperature dependence of lattice constant were studied in the temperature range of 273 to 318 K. Band gap shift due to lattice expansion was also studied. The dielectric constants of these materials were also determined. The energy band gap calculated for CH3NH3GeI3 and CH3NH3GeBr3 at their respective equilibrium lattice constant are 1.606 and 1.925eV respectively. A numerical simulation with some of these materials as the active layer in a perovskite solar cell was performed using General-purpose Photovoltaic Device Model (GPVDM) and the conversion efficiency of the resulting solar cell was obtained. Conversion efficiency of 10% and 8.4% were obtained for CH3NH3GeI3 and CH3NH3GeBr3 respectively