Asian Growth Research Institute Repository (AGI) / ãªããžããª
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Economic Effects of Temperatures on Household Electricity Consumption: A review of the empirical literature
This study examines how farmer's ability and farm technology influence the adaptation capacity of farm production to extreme weather. Specifically, we investigate how farmer's age and irrigation use reduce the negative effects of extreme temperatures on crop yields. We conducted the empirical analysis by introducing farmer's age and irrigation use in estimating the temperature effects on corn yields in US. We find that both of them are significant factors that mitigate the negative effects of extreme temperatures. The employment of irrigation practices leads to a reduction in yield loss resulting from extreme temperatures. Age nonlinearly influences farmer's adaptation capacity to reduce the negative temperature effect: Capacity generally increases and then decreases with age. Interestingly, age effects are less pronounced in irrigated areas, where the likelihood of exposure to climate risk is comparably low. This suggests that human capital plays a critical role in introducing adaptation measures in areas at high risk of exposure to extreme temperatures.research repor
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Political Outcomes and Institutional Trust in the Aftermath of an Emergency
The world has been in the grip of a democratic recession and authoritarian regimes and autocratic rules are on the rise. The recent responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have further exacerbated the situation undermining democratic rule in many countries. For example, to curb the spread of the coronavirus, governments, including democratic nations, implemented policies limiting individual human rights, such as lockdowns, travel restrictions, and mandatory closures of establishments.
In the short term, the effects are quite clear. However, the long-term effects of these emergency/authoritarian measures are unclear because we do not have sufficient data.
In this project, I examine the long-term effect of such a state of authoritarian emergency rule. I consider India, the world's largest democracy, as a case study. The short-term emergency rule implemented in India between 1975 and 1977 serves as a historical example to analyze the lasting effects of such measures.
My main finding is that the emergency rule has had a first-order impact on the decline of the political dominance of the then-incumbent party. The emergency rule can explain as much as a 28-percentage point drop in the incumbent candidates' probability of winning elections in subsequent years. Finally, I examine the enduring consequences, revealing that the present-day trust in politicians remains low in places where the emergency measures were high.
Overall, this project sheds light on the long-term effects of the implementation of authoritarian rule undermining democracy and human rights, contributing to our understanding of the ways in which such measures can shape political attitudes and affect trust. The findings of this study will be of significant interest to academics, policymakers, and individuals engaged in the ongoing debate regarding the balance between emergency measures and democratic governance.research repor
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Exploring the State of Pharmaceutical Access in China
Access to drugs is crucial for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 of the United Nations, which aims to promote good health and well-being for all. Improving access to drugs requires addressing availability, affordability, and adoption. Availability refers to the physical presence of medicines in healthcare facilities or in the market, which is influenced by production capacity, quality control, regulatory approval processes, procurement and tendering processes. Affordability, on the other hand, refers to the ability of individuals and health systems to acquire and pay for drugs. High drug prices, intellectual property protection, market competition, government policies, and drug development expenses can create significant barriers to affordability. Finally, adoption is the utilization of drugs by healthcare providers and patients, which is influenced by clinical decision-making, prescribing practices, and patient preferences. Even if drugs are available and affordable, they may not be adopted if healthcare providers and patients do not perceive them as safe and effective.
While addressing all three elements is important for improving access to drugs, it can be challenging and may require trade-offs between different interests, especially when resources and budgets are limited. For example, reducing drug prices to enhance affordability may lead to lower revenues for drug manufacturers, which could deter them from investing in research and development. This, in turn, could affect the availability of innovative medicines in the long run, particularly for neglected diseases or conditions that disproportionately affect marginalized populations.
To help policymakers anticipate the long-term implications of drug pricing and availability, rigorous economic evaluation of existing policies is crucial. However, the lack of data remains a significant obstacle to this evaluation, highlighting the need for further research in this area. This report provides a historical overview of the Chinese pharmaceutical market and the evolution of drug policies that have affected accessibility. It also provides a summary of recent initiatives to improve drug availability and their results based on existing evidence. The overview and additional preliminary descriptive analyses are part of the overall drug access research program, and they are expected to provide the basis for a quantitative evaluation of policy effects in future studies.research repor
Attracting International Graduates to Work in Japan ââA Study on the International Student Graduatesâ Choice of Workplace
In recent years, both the Japanese central and local governments have made significant efforts to attract international students and retain them to work in Japan. However, the policies have not been as effective as anticipated, primarily due to the lack of understanding of international graduatesâ decision-making process in choosing where to work. This research report for 2022 provides a literature review and an overview of the present situation of international graduates working in Japan. Our findings indicate that the majority of international graduates retained in Japan come from Asia, particularly from China, Vietnam, Nepal, and Korea. These graduates tend to concentrate in Tokyo and Osaka Metropolitan Areas, but the numbers have been decreasing following the outbreak of COVID-19. On the other hand, regions outside the four main metropolitan areas have seen an increase in both the number and share of international graduates after the pandemic. In the research report for 2023, I will conduct empirical studies on the factors that influence their choice of workplace.research repor