Optimization of Papaya Leaf Extract Cream Using Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine via Simplex Lattice Design

Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial properties, making them promising for topical pharmaceutical preparations. However, achieving optimal physical characteristics in cream formulations requires careful selection and proportioning of emulsifiers. This study investigates the effect of varying ratios of stearic acid and triethanolamine on the physical properties of creams containing ethanol-extracted papaya leaf extract. The extract was obtained via maceration using 96% ethanol and confirmed to contain active compounds through phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography. Eight formulations were developed using a Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) with stearic acid concentrations ranging from 15–17% and triethanolamine from 2–4%. Physical evaluations included tests for pH, viscosity, adhesion, and spreadability. All formulations met standard of cream quality requirements, but the optimal formula was identified at 15.20% stearic acid and 3.79% triethanolamine, offering the most desirable physical characteristics. This formulation strategy demonstrates the potential for producing effective and stable papaya leaf creams, with implications for natural-based dermatological product development.   Submitted: 05-05-2025, Revised: 18-06-2025, Accepted: 25-06-2025, Published regularly: June 202

Pengaruh kinerja lingkungan, media exposure, agresivitas pajak, dan kepemilikan asing terhadap pengungkapan CSR

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the influence of environmental performance, media exposure, tax aggressiveness, and foreign ownership on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure in energy and raw materials sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2021 to 2024. Methods – The research was conducted by analyzing secondary data on companies in the energy and raw materials sector with a sample of 24 companies over four (4) years of observation. The data obtained were tested using multiple linear regression analysis. Findings - The results of the study indicate that environmental performance and media exposure have a significant positive effect on CSR disclosure. However, tax aggressiveness and foreign ownership do not. Implications - The findings highlight the importance for companies to improve environmental performance and utilize media exposure as key factors in gaining societal legitimacy and ensuring business sustainability. For stakeholders, the study offers a useful reference in evaluating CSR disclosure quality. Originality - This study simultaneously examines four determinants of CSR disclosure using a sample of energy and raw material companies, thereby extending prior research that focused primarily on the mining sector

Anti-Acne Activity of Robusta Green Coffee Bean Extract against Cutibacterium acnes

Acne vulgaris, a common chronic skin disorder, is primarily caused by the overgrowth of Cutibacterium acnes and often treated with synthetic agents that may cause side effects and resistance. The increasing demand for therapeutics with improved safety profiles and natural alternatives has encouraged the exploration of herbal remedies, including robusta green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). This study aimed to evaluate the anti-acne activity of robusta coffee bean ethanol extract against C. acnes. The extract was prepared through maceration and subsequently evaluated using to phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography, and in vivo testing on New Zealand rabbits. Results confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. In vivo assays demonstrated that the 75% extract concentration achieved a 96.69% reduction of acne lesions, comparable to the positive control at 99.35%, while lower concentrations showed moderate activity. These findings highlight the potential of robusta coffee bean extract as a promising natural anti-acne agent. The study implies that robusta extract can be further developed into herbal-based dermatological formulations, although future research should focus on isolating active compounds and conducting clinical trials for broader application

Internal Drive and External Support: Shaping High Schoolers' Entrepreneurial Intentions.

Indonesia's population, estimated at 282 million in 2024, presents significant entrepreneurial potential, yet the nation faces a high unemployment rate (8.5%) among high school graduates. To address this, the government launched the National Entrepreneurship Movement (GKN) and incorporated entrepreneurship education into the 2013 Curriculum. Beyond policy, parental influence, student self-belief (Locus of Control), and drive (Need for Achievement) are crucial psychological factors. This study uniquely integrates internal factors (Locus of Control, Need for Achievement) and external influences (Role of School, Role of Parents) to explain high school students’ entrepreneurial intentions in Indonesia a combination rarely examined empirically. The novelty lies in this unified model of psychological and contextual motivators. Using a quantitative survey with 103 respondents selected through purposive sampling, data were analyzed using multiple linear regression (IBM SPSS 26). The findings reveal that Locus of Control, Role of School, and Role of Parents significantly and positively influence entrepreneurial intention; Need for Achievement does not. This study contributes to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by emphasizing both contextual and psychological antecedents. Practically, the results provide strategic insights for schools and families to enhance Indonesia’s youth entrepreneurship ecosystem and long-term economic resilience

FORMULASI DAN PENETAPAN KADAR NANOPARTIKEL KUERSETIN PRE DAN PASCA PROSES FREEZE DRYING DENGAN KRIOPROTEKTAN MALTODEKSTRIN-GLISERIN

Abstrak—Pada penelitian ini dilakukan formulasi freeze drying nanopartikel kuersetin dengan Krioprotektan untuk menjaga stabilitas obat dan menggunakan HPLC untuk membandingkan kadar kuersetin blank dengan kadar kuersetin setelah freeze drying menggunakan cyroprotectan. Formula terpilih ditentukan berdasarkan sifat fisik (detailkan ukuran partikel, kandungan lembab, morfologi permukaan dengan SEM, bobot jenis, dll), dan kestabilan fisika-kimia yang paling optimal. Keberhasilan dalam meningkatkan karakteristik fisikokimia diduga menunjukkan peningkatan bioavailabilitas dan aktivitas senyawa gabungan untuk studi lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan apakah formulasi nanokristal kuersetin dapat mempengaruhi ukuran partikel pada sampel dan untuk mengetahui apakah Formulasi nanokristal kuersetin dengan maltodektrin dan gliserin dapat menjaga kestabilitasan kimia sediaan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kadar kuersetin pada sampel formulasi 1 yaitu 66,44% dengan bobot awal 103,5 mg bertambah menjadi 106,8 mg setelah freeze drying. Pada sampel formulasi 2 diperoleh kadar 95%, namun bobot kuersetin tetap berbobot 101,05 mg. Pada sampel formulasi 3 diperoleh kadar 78,83%, dengan bobot kuersetin yang bertambah dari 99,8 mg menjadi 110,5 mg. Artinya, replikasi formulasi nanopartikel kuersetin dengan gliserin mengandung kuersetin yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan maltodektrin atau gabungan keduanya. Kedua senyawa yang digunakan dapat mempertahankan stabilitas kimia kuersetin yang diformulasi. Kata kunci: formulasi, nano partikel, kuersetin, freeze drying, krioprotektan, maltodekstrin, gliseri

Perbandingan Kadar Total Antosianin Pada Ekstrak dan Sediaan Lip Tint Mengandung Ekstrak Bunga Rosela

Lip tint merupakan salah satu jenis kosmetik bibir yang memiliki tekstur ringan dan cair. Salah satu zat utama dalam lip tint adalah zat warna. Bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pewarna alami karena mengandung senyawa antosianin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kandungan total antosianin pada lip tint yang diformulasi dengan ekstrak bunga rosela sebagai pewarna alami serta membandingkan kadar total antosianin pada ekstrak bunga rosela dan lip tint. Metode analisis untuk penetapan kadar total antosianin dilakukan secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis sesuai Farmakope Herbal Indonesia II. Hasil pengujian diperoleh kadar total antosianin pada ekstrak bunga rosela dan lip tint masing-masing 5,9371 mg ⁄ L ± 0,30 dan 7,5568 mg ⁄ L ± 0,15. Perbandingan kadar total antosianin diuji statistik menggunakan uji T berpasangan dan diperoleh nilai sig. 0,038. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu kadar total antosianin dalam lip tint lebih tinggi dibandingkan ekstrak murninya.   Lip tint is a type of lip cosmetic with a light and liquid texture. One of the main components in lip tint is a coloring agent. Roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) can be utilized as a natural coloring ingredient due to its anthocyanin content. This study aims to determine the total anthocyanin content in lip tint formulated with roselle extract as a natural colorant and compare the total anthocyanin levels between roselle extract and lip tint. The analysis method for determining total anthocyanin content was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometry according to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia II. The results showed that the total anthocyanin content in roselle extract and lip tint was 5.9371 mg/L ± 0.30 and 7.5568 mg/L ± 0.15, respectively. The comparison of total anthocyanin levels was statistically analyzed using a paired t-test, resulting in a significance value of 0.038. The conclusion of this study is that the total anthocyanin content in the lip tint increased compared to its pure extract.   Submitted: 12-03-2025, Revised: 14-04-2025, Accepted: 07-05-2025, Published regularly: June 202

Antioxidant Polyphenolics Extraction Techniques from Beluntas Leaves using Choline Chloride-Urea: Comparative Study with 70%-Ethanol

Pluchea indica L. (Less), known as Indian camphorweed (common name) or Beluntas (Indonesia), is an antioxidant polyphenol-rich plant. In our previous studies, choline chloride-urea (CCU) at a molar ratio of 1:2 was one type of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in the extraction of P. indica leaves (PIL) polyphenolics. The present study aims to evaluate the comparison of total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of CCU (1:2) extract of PIL obtained from ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and magnetic stirrer-assisted extraction (MSAE). Ethanol was used as a comparison to conventional extraction solvents. Determination of TPC and TFC was carried out using colorimetric with a microplate reader, while the antioxidant activity test was carried out using the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method. The UAE is more effective in terms of PIL flavonoid extraction using CCU compared to MSAE, while PIL phenolic extraction with CCU is more effective with MSAE. CCU extract of PIL from extraction with MSAE at a concentration of 1.56% has an antioxidant capacity equivalent to 500 ppm ascorbic acid in inhibiting lipid peroxidation by about 70%. Thus, CCU combined with the MSAE can be recommended in further development of phenolic antioxidants extraction from PIL

Keabsahan Permohonan Pailit dan PKPU oleh Pekerja sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Kegagalan Pembayaran Upah

The increase in bankruptcy and The Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU) cases in Indonesia occurs due to the failure to pay by the company, such as non-payment of debts to creditors or non-payment of workers' rights due to the company's declining financial situation. In addition, the increase in bankruptcy and The Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations cases is also supported by the requirements for filing bankruptcy applications which are very easy to fulfill. In the event that the debtor is a company, the applications for bankruptcy declaration can also be filed by workers because workers can be referred to as preferred creditors because wages and rights that have not been received by workers are debts that take precedence in payment. However, in relation to the failure to make payments by employers for wages or workers' rights, the applications for bankruptcy declaration by workers should be used as an ultimum remedium(the last resort), namely as a last resort for resolving the problem because if there is an industrial relations dispute between workers and company related to non-payment of wages or workers' rights, the state has provided legal remedies through the mechanism of Industrial Relations Dispute Settlement (PPHI). Based on this, the purpose of this paper is to find out whether the failure or inability of the company to make payments of wages or workers' rights can be resolved through the bankruptcy or The Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations instrument whereas as we know that rights disputes in labor disputes should be resolved through the Industrial Relations Dispute Resolution mechanism as stipulated in Law Number 2 of 2004 concerning Industrial Relations Dispute Resolution

Investment Resilience in Times of Crisis: The Nexus of Domestic, Foreign Investment, and Interest Rates on Economic Growth amidst The Covid-19

This study examines the impact of foreign investment, domestic investment, COVID-19, and interest rates on economic growth across 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2010 to 2023, a period encompassing both pre- and post-pandemic phases. The urgency of this research lies in understanding how these factors have influenced regional economic performance, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted global and local economies. This study uses a Panel data regression model, fixed-effects, and robust standard errors. The result analysis reveals that the regression model explains that 44.33% of the variation in economic growth can be attributed to domestic and foreign investments; and interest rates. The probability test results show that foreign investment significantly affects economic growth more than domestic investment. Interest rates did not significantly impact economic growth during the COVID-19 period, as indicated by the statistical analysis. It implies that despite its potential role in stabilizing the economy, interest rate policies may have been less effective in fostering growth during the pandemic. These findings highlight the critical role of foreign investment and pandemic-related factors in shaping economic growth dynamics in Indonesia provinces

ANALISIS OPTIMASI STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR FARMASI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2019-2023

Optimal capital structure is one of the policies of a company, in which case if the company can optimize its capital structure will have a positive impact on the company's financial performance. Companies that can optimize their capital structure will have an impact on the value of the company, so that it will be an attraction for an investor in investing in the company. Therefore, capital structure is considered important for a company. This study aims to measure the optimal capital structure in Pharmaceutical Sub-Sector Companies Listed on the IDX in 2019 - 2023. The population in this study were Pharmaceutical Sub-Sector Companies Listed on the IDX, using purposive sampling method which finally obtained four companies as samples. This study uses data analysis methods in the form of Capital Structure Composition Ratio, Cost of Capital, Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Tobin's Q Ratio. The results in this study found that in 2021 PT Darya Varia Laboratoria Tbk (DVLA) and in 2019 PT Industri Jamu dan Farmasi Sido Muncul Tbk (SIDO) could maximize their capital structure. And in companies with the code KLBF and PEHA during the five years of observation have not been able to optimize their capital structure