Les piliers juridiques du développement de l'économie numérique au Cameroun

Il ne fait plus guère de doute, aujourd'hui, que nos économies et nos sociétés ne peuvent plus se passer des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). Celles-ci sont devenues si présentes dans la vie humaine qu’on a l’impression qu’elles ont toujours existé. Leurs différentes applications tendent, jour après jour, à repousser les limites de l’imaginable. Désormais, l’intelligence artificielle n’est plus une fiction. D’ailleurs, les robots qui en sont dotés assistent l’humain dans diverses activités, qu’elles soient domestiques ou professionnelles. C’est grâce à elles que le commerce se fait en ligne, que les paiements se font à distance et sans contact, que la monnaie se dématérialise, etc.La dénomination de ces technologies, en ce qu’elle faisait croire qu’il s’agissait juste d’outils servant à l’information et à la communication, ne laissait pas présager l’importance qu’elles auraient dans la société. Elles sont, aujourd’hui, le moteur du développement de tous les pans de la société. Leur sphère d’impact s’est démesurément étendue grâce à leur capacité à intégrer les différents aspects de la vie humaine et à les transformer de manière radicale. Dans le domaine de l’économie notamment, l’OCDE observe que « tous les secteurs de l’économie ont adopté les TIC pour accroître leur productivité, créer de nouveaux débouchés sur les marchés et réduire leurs coûts d’exploitation ». Même si, malgré cette mouvance, certains auteurs continuent d’affirmer que l’introduction des TIC comme support des activités économiques n’a pas débouché sur une « nouvelle économie, au sens propre du mot, la théorie économique n'ayant pas véritablement changé », il faut néanmoins reconnaitre qu’elle a contribué à une évolution de la manière dont plusieurs activités sont exercées. Ce n’est pas seulement le canal qui change, mais l’ouverture de nouvelles possibilités d’affaires, mieux, de nouvelles sources de richesses. C’est en cela que les TIC sont considérées comme des outils pouvant non seulement permettre d’accroître la productivité et la capacité d’innovation, de stimuler la croissance, de favoriser l’employabilité et la création des emplois, mais aussi d’améliorer la qualité de vie des populations.Pour que cela soit effectif, il est nécessaire qu’un cadre juridique approprié soit mis en place pour réguler le nouveau monde qui en résulte : l’économie numérique. Il conviendra d’emblée de donner à cette notion une définition ouverte, c’est-à-dire, ne renvoyant pas uniquement au commerce électronique. Il est important en effet de relever que ce n’est pas seulement « l’économie qui devient numérique », mais, la société toute entière. Partant, la notion d’économie numérique ne doit pas se limiter à désigner les seules activités portant sur la production, la circulation ou la consommation de biens ayant une valeur pécuniaire, mais, elle doit englober toutes les activités, économiques et sociales, qui se réalisent au moyen des technologies du numérique

Prometea : Artificial intelligence to transform justice and public organizations

PROMETEA is an Artificial Intelligence system created in Argentina, within the spheres of the Innovation and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the School of Law of the University of Buenos Aires and the Public Prosecutor's Office of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The system, at first, was devised and implemented in order to optimize the Justice service and exponentially expedite judicial processes for the benefit of the citizen. Afterwards, it was recognized that greater advantage of its benefits could be taken by any public organization.Through the different layers of innovation, its development constitutes a highly disruptive technological advance, whose implementation is based on the need for the State itself to be the one that provides the effective and innovative means which can generate an impact on society as a whol

Digital public administration as expansion and redemption of citizen participation - The Brazilian system Fala.br

With the emergence of what is called 4.0 Revolution, with the technology advance, in the actual social, economic and ideological contexts all marked by relations and communications mediated by technology, there is no way for the Public Administration’s future then using the same technology.The Administration must get adapted to the technological reality in order to rescue the democratic participation of the collectivity especially from new generations.Technology can contribute to the dialogue between Government and the collectivity, in order to enhance democratic participation, from distinct people, moving away from merely formal democracy centered on the famous binary “yes” or “no”.In view of a dialogical and democratic Public Administration, more opened to the citizens and to their participation, the use of technology, as a form of open and dialogical government it is one way to achieve good public governance with expansion and redemption of citizen participation.The brazilian system named “fala.br” is an example of an initial project of interactive digital system of open government that allows change of data with all federal organs and with these and other federated organs and, the most important, with the citizens.With the emergence of what is called 4.0 Revolution, with the technology advance, in the actual social, economic and ideological contexts all marked by relations and communications mediated by technology, there is no way for the Public Administration’s future then using the same technology.The Administration must get adapted to the technological reality in order to rescue the democratic participation of the collectivity especially from new generations.Technology can contribute to the dialogue between Government and the collectivity, in order to enhance democratic participation, from distinct people, moving away from merely formal democracy centered on the famous binary “yes” or “no”.In view of a dialogical and democratic Public Administration, more opened to the citizens and to their participation, the use of technology, as a form of open and dialogical government it is one way to achieve good public governance with expansion and redemption of citizen participation.The brazilian system named “fala.br” is an example of an initial project of interactive digital system of open government that allows change of data with all federal organs and with these and other federated organs and, the most important, with the citizens

Academic freedom under threat by the "Escola sem partido" Bill in Brazil

A free and democratic society must be built on the right to freedom of expression. If the citizen are free to decide who they will vote for, and which ideas or propositions to support and promote, they must be free to communicate their ideas with each other, and to attempt to persuade others to their positions. Also, people must have access to information regarding the functioning of government. It is difficult to have meaningful democratic participation, or democratic accountability, when the government conceals information from the public, and starves the public of information regarding its functioning. On the other hand, no one should underestimate the vital role in a democracy that is played by those who guide and train our youth. To impose any strait jacket upon the intellectual leaders in our colleges and universities would imperil the future of the Nation. Scholarship cannot flourish in an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust. Teachers and students must always remain free to inquire, to study and to evaluate, to gain new maturity and understanding; otherwise, our civilization will stagnate and die. This article, therefore, aims to understand the “academic freedom” as the fundamental right that democratically legitimizes teachers and students to construct scientific critical reflections regarding themes that permeate contemporary society. It is closely related to freedom of expression and speech, which is a key principle to the development of an open and democratic government. In Brazil, the Escola sem Partido Bill proposes ideological neutrality in schools and universities, rendering unfeasible debates on issues of political, economic and social relevance. Furthermore, it seeks to understand the fundamental right to education from the individual perspective, rather than comprehending its public and collective character in the political formation of citizenship of the people

Réseaux sociaux : le miroir aux alouettes de la démocratie participative

L’information est nécessaire à la démocratie participative. Le citoyen doit être informé pour pouvoir se faire une opinion et décider en toute liberté. L’accès à l’information peut être réalisé par l’Open Data qui met à disposition des données publiques sous forme brute, ou par les moyens d’information classiques, journaux papier ou diffusés par tout moyen de télécommunication. Les réseaux sociaux participent à la liberté d’expression et à la diffusion d’information en permettant à tout internaute abonné à l’un de ces réseaux de formuler son avis et d’échanger des opinions avec d’autres interlocuteurs face à tout sujet d’actualité ou autre. Ces réseaux sociaux permettent également de mettre en ligne des pétitions, des enquêtes ou des consultations et de s’abonner à des groupes de discussion, prémices d’une véritable démocratie participative. Le gouvernement français a utilisé Internet pour « le Grand Débat » en plus des cahiers de doléances en mairie et des réunions publiques. Autres exemples récents : le RIP concernant la vente d’ADP ou la consultation citoyenne concernant l’épandage de pesticides à proximité des habitations

Nature-based solutions for smarter cities. Bringing cities to life, bringing life into cities

Ten years ago, after the global economic and financial crisis the European Commission defined a new strategy for overcoming that stagnant situation and achieving a sustainable future: The Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The strategy consists of five headline targets to be achieved by all E.U. member states, targets that were quantified through a number of indicators and that were translated into national targets. In comparison to 1990 levels, today’s figures show that significant progresses have been made. On the other hand, especially for what concerns the objectives related to climate change and not merely to statistical level of greenhouse gas emissions, the path ahead seems significantly long. We assume that these unsatisfactory results depend on a not sufficient effort in the implementations of the following priorities: 1. Smart growth for developing an economy model based on knowledge and innovation; 2. Sustainable growth for promoting a more resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy; 3. Inclusive growth for fostering a high-employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion

Minha casa minha vida program, prioritization of well being aspect and the agency aspect: expansion of capabilities via access to adequate housing

The right to adequate housing is part of the fundamental social rights listed on the Federative Republic of Brazil Constitution. Even before, the State showed some worry about the problem with housing deficit. Different public policies have come with the time. Nowadays, Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV) works as the main tool to the public housing policy. Despite the difference between the property right and adequate housing right, the focus given by PMCMV is the housing unities production which is linked to real estate market, what determine the prioritization of well being aspect of their beneficiaries, understood as the access to the real estate good produced at the program. Beyond the well being aspect, it is searched to give that the data of the evaluation to the program are structured taking in consideration the development of agency aspect of their beneficiaries with an expansion process of their capabilities via access to adequate housing

Artificial Intelligence and Work – Building a New Employment Paradigm

This book is the result of the work done within the scope of the Innovation and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the School of Law of the University of Buenos Aires and the Public Prosecutor ́s Office of the City of Buenos Aires. Apart from promoting the development of the artificial intelligence Prometea, we will investigate and analyze the impact of artificial intelligence within the general interests of society, a project that takes place within the framework of a more extensive work linked to the impact of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). We would like to thank and highlight the collaboration of Melisa Raban, Gustavo Sa Zeichen, Inés Iribarne, Julián Palumbo, Denise Ciraudo, Fiorella Vigo, Carina Papini, Antonella Stringhini, Victoria Vázquez and Estefanía Mullally. Also, we are very grateful to Matías Puig, for his work in the development and expansion of Prometea. To William Gilles and Irene Bouhadara, world references, for their work and dedication to encourage the relationship between ICT and human rights

Procedural Legal Transactions in Judicial Reorganization

[extract] On March, 2016, Law 13.105 / 2015, the so-called “New Code of Civil Procedure” came into force in Brazil, with the purpose of promoting a speedier, fairer, and more effective procedure, aiming to attend to social needs with the reduction of the “complexity” of procedural rules.The simplification of the procedure itself, therefore, allows the judge to pay more attention to the merits of the cause, changing the mentality of the Brazilian jurist, so that he gives attention mainly to the merits and effectiveness of the lawsuits

Smart Cities: Information And Communication Technology And Citizen Participation

[extract] In 2015, the United Nations adopted the « The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development», a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity, with the ambition to meet seventeen sustainable development goals and one hundred and sixty-nine targets in the next fifteen years.The goal No. 11 is about making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. The targets to fulfill this goal refer to three dimensions: social, economic and environmental.To fulfill the goals of sustainable development, information and communication technologies play a fundamental role. The United Nations recognized that it is practically impossible for the world community to achieve these ambitious goals before 2030 if there is no paradigm change that incorporates the effective, widespread and inclusive application of technology and innovative ideas, understanding that one of the technological solutions for sustainable development are smart cities.The purpose of this paper is to approach smart cities based on information and communication technologies and citizen participation. In particular, I will try to demonstrate the need to create a culture of citizen participation from the benefits that new technologies offer