Review: Perspective of Biotic and Abiotic Factors for Tropical Orchid Acclimatization and Ex-situ Conservation

Acclimatization represents a critical transition phase in ex-situ conservation of tropical orchids, marking the shift from sterile in vitro conditions to more variable external environments. This literature review aims to synthesize recent experimental findings on the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on seedling viability and to propose an effective acclimatization protocol. A systematic analysis was conducted on over 30 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024, covering media formulation, substrate selection, environmental controls, and microbial inoculation. The results highlight that optimized substrates such as moss, coconut fiber, and carbonized rice husk significantly improve root aeration and water retention. Supplementation with organic additives (e.g., peptone, coconut water, banana pulp) enhances early seedling vigor when applied to modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. Environmental parameters especially light intensity, diurnal temperature fluctuation (DIF), humidity, and photoperiod directly affect physiological responses. Moreover, inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and mycorrhizal fungi contributes to phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, siderophore production, and stress tolerance. In conclusion, the integration of species-specific abiotic and biotic strategies enhances survival and growth, offering scalable potential for orchid conservation and commercial propagation. It is recommended that future research focus on long-term physiological assessments and standardized inoculant formulations to improve protocol consistency across diverse orchid taxa

The Potential of Herbal Agents for Hair Growth: A Mechanism-Based Review of Hair Follicle Stimulation

Hair loss is a common condition that can negatively impact an individual’s psychological well-being and overall quality of life. Recent studies have shown that secondary metabolites derived from herbal plants possess potential as natural agents to stimulate hair growth. This review aims to provide a scientific basis for the development of herbal-based hair growth formulations in the future. The literature reviewed was sourced from major scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with a focus on publications from the last ten years. This review discusses various groups of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, polyphenols, phenylpropanoids, and saponins that play a role in follicle regeneration and alopecia prevention. The pharmacological effects of these compounds occur through several mechanisms, such as prolonging the anagen phase of the hair cycle, inhibiting the enzyme 5-α-reductase, enhancing blood circulation via vasodilation, and exhibiting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Findings from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that these natural compounds show promise in promoting hair growth, although further clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy

Garlic as an Antibacterial Against Isolates Resistant to Antibiotics Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of crushed garlic at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% against isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria that have been tested for antibiotic sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin 5 µg, Gentamicin 10 µg, and Tetracycline 30 µg. The bacterial isolates were obtained from nasal mucosa samples from dogs and wound swabs from birds, chicken liver samples, chicken meat, chicken intestines, and beef. Isolates that were isolated and Identification of bacteria have confirmed phenotypically were then tested for sensitivity to antibiotics, ciprofloxacin 5 µg, gentamicin 10 µg, tetracycline 30 µg. Furthermore, the effectiveness of garlic as an antibacterial was tested using the disk diffusion method. Garlic was crushed and made at 2%, 4%, and 6% concentrations. The results obtained were presented in table form and presented descriptively. E. coli bacteria from chicken intestines are resistant to antibiotics ciprofloxacin 5 µg, gentamicin 10 µg, tetracycline 30 µg, while E. coli isolates from beef are still sensitive to antibiotics, ciprofloxacin 5 µg, gentamicin 10 µg, tetracycline 30 µg. S. aureus from bird wounds is resistant to gentamicin 10 µg, and isolates from dog nasal mucosa swabs are resistant to tetracycline 30 µg. Pureed garlic has good antibacterial activity at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates, both those that are resistant to antibiotics and isolates that are sensitive to antibiotics, ciprofloxacin 5 µg, gentamicin 10 µg, tetracycline 30 µg

Supporting Habitat Contribution to Reef Fish Diversity in Sekotong Bay, West Lombok, Indonesia

Habitat complexity plays a crucial role in shaping the diversity and structure of coral reef fish communities by offering a range of ecological niches for feeding, reproduction, and shelter. This study investigates how different levels of habitat complexity, particularly the presence of supporting habitats such as seagrass beds and mangroves, influence the richness and diversity of coral reef fish communities in Sekotong Bay, Lombok, Indonesia. Data were collected at four stations using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method, with observations focusing on habitat parameters, substrate complexity, and anthropogenic activity. Results showed that stations with buffer habitats —mangroves at Station III and seagrass beds at Station IV— exhibited significantly higher species richness and diversity indices compared to other stations. Seagrass beds, in particular, were associated with the highest diversity (H' = 2.95; 42 species), suggesting their key role in maintaining fish community structure. Although Station IV experienced human activity, it still supported a complete community structure, including target fish species, highlighting the ecological buffering capacity of adjacent seagrass habitats. These habitats not only function as nursery grounds and sediment filters but also sustain the ecological balance and resilience of coral reef ecosystems. The study also found that river mouths may negatively affect benthic substrate diversity due to sedimentation unless mitigated by buffer vegetation. Overall, findings underscore the importance of preserving habitat complexity and integrating seagrass and mangrove protection into coastal management strategies to enhance biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and local socio-economic resilience

Diversity of Soil Insects in The Aiknyet Natural Tourism Area, West Lombok

Soil insects play a vital role in maintaining forest ecosystem functions, yet their diversity in Indonesian protected areas remains underexplored. This study aims to analyze the diversity, dominance, and evenness of soil insect communities in three habitat zones riparian, forest edge, and forest interior within Aiknyet Natural Tourism Forest, Lombok Barat. A descriptive quantitative approach was used, with data collected via pitfall traps and analyzed using Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (C), and Pielou (E) indices. A total of 4,524 individuals representing 68 species, 31 families, and 9 orders were recorded. The riparian zone showed the highest diversity (H' = 3.41) and evenness (E = 0.83), while the forest interior had the highest dominance (C = 0.17) due to the prevalence of Hypoponera opaciceps. These findings indicate that high individual abundance does not necessarily equate to high biodiversity. The study concludes that habitat heterogeneity strongly influences soil insect community structure. Scientifically, the results highlight the need for habitat-based conservation strategies and support the use of soil insects as ecological indicators in tropical forest management

Optimasi Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) Terhadap Rute Pengangkutan Sampah Di Kota Medan Dengan Algoritma Ant Colony Optimization

The growing population in Medan City has resulted in a significant increase in waste volume, creating the need for an efficient transportation system from Temporary Disposal Sites (TPS) to the Final Disposal Site (TPA). This study aims to apply the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to improve the efficiency of waste collection routes in the Medan Marelan District. ACO is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the foraging behavior of ants, where pheromone trails guide route selection. In this research, TPS and TPA locations were divided into six zones. Each zone was analyzed to determine the most efficient route based on the shortest travel distance. The research methodology consists of two main phases: route construction and pheromone updating. Data analysis was conducted manually for the first zone and through computational simulations using Python for the remaining five zones. The results show that ACO effectively produced optimal waste transportation routes in all areas. The shortest routes obtained were: Zone 1 at 17.05 km, Zone 2 at 25.25 km, Zone 3 at 16.995 km, Zone 4 at 8 km, Zone 5 at 14.83 km, and Zone 6 at 11.5 km. These findings confirm that the ACO algorithm is effective in addressing the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) in the context of waste transportation and offers a promising approach for enhancing urban waste management systems.Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk di Kota Medan menyebabkan lonjakan volume sampah yang cukup besar, sehingga dibutuhkan sistem transportasi sampah yang efisien dari Tempat Pembuangan Sementara (TPS) menuju Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). Studi ini bertujuan mengaplikasikan algoritma Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) untuk meningkatkan efisiensi rute pengangkutan sampah di wilayah Kecamatan Medan Marelan. Algoritma metaheuristik ACO bekerja dengan mencontoh perilaku semut dalam mencari jalur optimal, menggunakan jejak feromon sebagai acuan pemilihan jalur. Dalam penelitian ini, data lokasi TPS dan TPA di Kecamatan Medan Marelan dibagi menjadi enam wilayah. Setiap wilayah dianalisis untuk menemukan rute optimal berdasarkan jarak tempuh terpendek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ACO mampu menghasilkan rute pengangkutan yang efisien di seluruh wilayah. Rute optimal dihasilkan dengan jarak tempuh masing-masing: Wilayah 1 sejauh 17,05 km, Wilayah 2 sejauh 25,25 km, Wilayah 3 sepanjang 16,995 km, Wilayah 4 sejauh 8 km, Wilayah 5 sejauh 14,83 km, dan Wilayah 6 sejauh 11,5 km. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa algoritma ACO efektif dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) pada konteks pengangkutan sampah. Metode ini mampu memberikan solusi rute yang lebih efisien dan dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan sampah di wilayah perkotaan

Optimisasi Rute Distribusi Gas LPG 3 Kg Pada PT Arafizza Sikumbang Menggunakan Model VRP dan Algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings

This study aims to optimize the distribution of 3 kg LPG cylinders at PT Arafizza Sikumbang, Medan Selayang District, Medan City. Efficient distribution is important to prevent shortages and reduce operational costs. The company serves 12 bases using Colt Diesel vehicles. The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) model with the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm was applied to improve delivery route efficiency. The data used was secondary data from December 2024, including distribution center locations, demand, vehicle capacity, and transportation costs, processed using Google Maps API and Microsoft Excel to create distance matrices and savings matrices. The initial route of 110.1 km with a cost of Rp 74,868 was successfully optimized to 90.9 km and Rp 61,812, achieving savings of 17.44% in distance and 17.4% in cost. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in improving LPG distribution efficiency and are relevant for application in similar logistics cases.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan rute distribusi tabung gas LPG 3 kg guna menurunkan biaya transportasi pada PT Arafizza Sikumbang di Kecamatan Medan Selayang, Kota Medan. Perusahaan menghadapi permasalahan efisiensi dalam pengiriman ke 12 pangkalan LPG. Model yang digunakan adalah Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) dengan pendekatan Algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings, yaitu metode heuristik yang menghitung potensi penghematan jarak berdasarkan penggabungan rute. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder mencakup lokasi pangkalan, permintaan, dan kapasitas kendaraan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rute awal dengan total jarak 110,1 km dan biaya Rp 74.868 dapat dioptimalkan menjadi 90,9 km dengan biaya Rp 61.812. Penghematan jarak mencapai 17,44% dan penurunan biaya transportasi sebesar 17,4%. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings efektif dalam meningkatkan efisiensi distribusi LPG

Eksplorasi Etnomatematika Aksara Lontara dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Jenjang Sekolah Menengah Pertama

Lontara script in ethnomathematics study can provide a deep understanding of the relationship between mathematics and local culture of the community and with the ethnomathematics approach provides opportunities for students in the culture and principles of mathematics contained in Lontara script. The purpose of this study is to explore the mathematical concepts contained in Lontara script. This type of research is qualitative with an ethnomathematics approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. Testing the validity of the data used is technical triangulation. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that Lontara script has mathematical elements such as the concept of sets, geometry concepts and number concepts found in the elements of Lontara script at the Balla Lompoa Museum, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. In addition to mathematical aspects, Lontara script supports efforts to preserve culture in Bugis-Makassar and as a reflection of the richness of culture in Indonesia that can be linked to the concept of learning mathematics. The implications of this study are not only to enrich insight in the form of literature but also to contribute as an alternative approach to learning mathematics through the context of local cultureAksara Lontara dalam kajian etnomatematika dapat memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang hubungan antara matematika dan budaya lokal masyarakat serta dengan pendekatan etnomatematika memberikan kesempatan bagi peserta didik dalam budaya dan prinsip-prinsip matematika yang terkandung dalam Aksara Lontara. Penelitian mempunyai tujuan yaitu mengeksplorasi konsep matematika yang terkandung dalam Aksara Lontara. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnomatematika. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Pengujian keabsahan data yang digunakan adalah triangulasi teknik. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Aksara Lontara memiliki unsur matematika seperti konsep himpunan, konsep geometri dan konsep bilangan yang ditemukan dalam elemen Aksara Lontara di Museum Balla Lompoa, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan. Selain aspek matematis, Aksara Lontara mendukung mendukung upaya pelestarian budaya di Bugis-Makassar dan sebagai cerminan kekayaan kebudayaan di Indonesia yang dapat dikaitkan dalam konsep pembelajaran matematika. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah tidak hanya memperkaya wawasan berupa literatur tetapi juga dapat berkontribusi sebagai alternatif pendekatan pembelajaran matematika dengan melalui konteks kebudayaan loka

Penerapan Penerapan Model Discovery Learning pada Materi Garis dan Sudut untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa

This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) aimed at improving students’ mathematics learning outcomes on the topic of Lines and Angles through the implementation of the Discovery Learning model. The problem in this study is the low initial understanding of geometry concepts among students, particularly in the topic of lines and angles, which negatively affects their mathematics learning outcomes. This is evident from the pretest results, which showed that only 4 students (9.3%) achieved the Minimum Mastery Criteria (MMC). The research was conducted in two cycles using the Kemmis and McTaggart model, which includes the stages of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research subjects consisted of 43 seventh-grade students from class VII E at SMPN 1 Mataram, who received treatment in the form of the Discovery Learning model implementation by the researcher. Data were collected through student activity observation sheets and learning outcome tests, which were then analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods. In Cycle I, the learning focused on the types of angles (2 meetings), while in Cycle II, the focus was on the relationships between angles (3 meetings). The success criteria were determined based on students achieving MMC ≥ 75 and classical completeness ≥ 85%. The results showed an increase in classical completeness from 46.5% in Cycle I to 86% in Cycle II. Thus, the implementation of the Discovery Learning model proved effective in improving students' mathematics learning outcomes.Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika pada materi Garis dan Sudut melalui penerapan model Discovery Learning. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah rendahnya pemahaman konsep siswa yang berdampak pada rendahnya hasil belajar, sebagaimana terlihat dari hasil pretest yang menunjukkan bahwa hanya 4 siswa (9,3%) yang mencapai Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus menggunakan model Kemmis dan McTaggart, yang mencakup tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 43 siswa kelas VII E di SMPN 1 Mataram yang diberikan perlakuan berupa penerapan model Discovery Learning oleh peneliti. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui lembar observasi aktivitas siswa dan tes hasil belajar, yang kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pada Siklus I, pembelajaran difokuskan pada materi jenis-jenis sudut (2 pertemuan), sedangkan pada Siklus II difokuskan pada hubungan antar sudut (3 pertemuan). Kriteria keberhasilan ditetapkan apabila siswa mencapai KKM ≥ 75 dan ketuntasan klasikal ≥ 85%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ketuntasan klasikal dari 46,5% pada Siklus I menjadi 86% pada Siklus II. Dengan demikian, penerapan model Discovery Learning menunjukan efektivitas dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa

The Effect of Adding Sucrose on Product Characteristics in Probiotic Fermented Drinks from “Loka Pere” Banana

The monosaccharide and fiber content in “loka pere” bananas can be a good growth substrate for probiotic bacteria during the fermentation process in making “loka pere” banana probiotic fermented drinks. The probiotics used can increase the functionality of the product in providing health effects, especially on digestive tract health. The resulting probiotic fermented drink has a distinctive sour taste; usually, sweeteners are added as a flavour balancer in the product so that it can be well accepted by consumers. This study examined the effect of adding variations in sweeteners, namely sucrose, on product characteristics after the fermentation process. Results of the study, it was found that the addition of variations in sucrose of 0%, 3%, 6% did not have a significant effect on the characteristics of pH values (3.97, 3.88, 3.89), total acid (0.70%, 0.77%, 0.70%) and the number of probiotic bacteria (7.53 Log CFU/mL, 7.47 Log CFU/mL, 7.52 Log CFU/mL) in the product. Therefore, sucrose can be used as a sweetener in making the probiotic fermented banana drink “loka pere” because it does not change other characteristics other than the resulting sweet taste