Politik Hukum Penguatan Kewenangan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan

Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi dibentuk berdasarkan amanat reformasi 1998 yang menginginkan adanya penyelenggaraan negara yang bersih dari korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme. Sejak dibentuk dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 jo. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Korupsi dan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, telah banyak kasus korupsi yang terselesaikan baik dalam skala sedang maupun skala besar. Namun, dengan berjalannya waktu sejak pembentukannya perlu peninjauan ulang pengaturan KPK mengingat semakin banyaknya pengujian undang-undang di Mahkamah Konstitusi terkait dengan kedudukan dan kewenangan KPK. Terlebih, sebagai peserta penandatangan dan peratifikasi UNCAC, sudah seharusnya mengakomodir kedua intrumen tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana politik hukum penguatan kewenangan KPK dalam sistem ketatanegaraan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus dan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan adalah perlunya revisi UU tipikor dengan menyesuaikan pada putusan pengujian undang-undang di MK dan ketentuan yang ada dalam UNCAC, seperti perampasan aset, perekrutan penyidik mandiri, dan memasukkan KPK sebagai organ konstitusi.The Corruption Eradication Commission was formed based on the 1998’s reformation that implement good governance that clean from corruption, collusion, and nepotism. Since it was formed by Law Number 31 of 1999 jo. Law Number 20 of 2001 on the Corruption Eradication Commission, there are many case have been solved in a medium and large scale. However, as time goes by, the Law needs to be reviewed because there are many judicial review towards Constitutional Court about the position and authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission. Moreover, Indonesia should make the Law that accommodate both of the instrument (position and authority) as a member that signed and ratified UNCAC. This research will discuss about how the legal politics of strengthens KPK’s authority in the constitutional system. This research used normative juridical method with comparative and case approach. The result shows that there’s a need to revise Law on the Corruption Eradication Commission in accordance to Constitutional Court’s Decision and UNCAC, like seizure of assets, recruitment of independent investigators, and the Corruption Eradication Commission as a constitution organ

Political Influence on the Constitutional Court in the Republic of Macedonia: Reflections through the Dissenting Opinions in the Period of 2012-2015

The demo Christian political party VMRO-DPMNE had a long period of ruling of the Republic of Macedonia, (2006-2016). During that period many cases of political pressure on the state institutions have occurred. The Constitutional Court wasn’t an excepted of that political pressure. Starting from the process of appointment of new judges, through the shocking decisions upon official citizens’ complaints and human rights appeals, to a complete reflection of the political interference and pressure through the dissenting opinions written and published by some constitutional judges. The former government has used all the tools, legal and non-legal, to put under control the Constitutional Court. If we put aside the political interference into the appointment of new and incompetent judges, one of the most used tools as a form of resistance was the dissenting opinion. This legal tool is present in the Book of Rules of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Macedonia, but also in the legal systems in the Eastern Europe, Germany, Spain, Greece and all other states whose legal systems are created by the German legal system. It gives space and chance for one or several constitutional judges to express disagreement upon a decision brought by the majority in the court. This tool was frequently used by several judges from the Constitutional Court in the Republic Macedonia in the given period through which we can see strong political influence on their work. Therefore, the research questions are as follows: What were the “models” of political influence that were used on the Constitutional Court during the period of 2012-2015? How were they used and what are the dissenting opinions reflecting? To answer the said questions, the model of qualitative research will be used together with several dissenting opinions as case studies. The aim of this approach is to explain the different aspects of political influence on the work of the Constitutional Court within the given period. The findings of this research can be used for further development of the interest for researching of the work and role of the Constitutional Court in the Republic of Macedonia

Shifting the Character of the Constitutional Court Decision Influenced by Political Constellation in Indonesia

Recently, the decisions of the Constitutional Court have become one of the focuses in the dynamics of Indonesian state administration. This research discusses the relevance of political constellation in Indonesia and its influence on the changing character of several constitutional court decisions from self-executing to non-self executing. This research aims to find out how the legal impact of shifting the character of the Constitutional Court’s decision in its implementation. This research is a normative study supported by a law, case and conceptual approach. The data used are secondary data, obtained by means of a literature research which is then arranged systematically and analyzed with qualitative analysis. From the results of the analysis it is known that the shift in the character in several decisions of the Constitutional Court was carried out as an effort to offset the political constellation in the legislators. The character shift is done in the hope that it can guarantee the execution of the Constitutional Court’s ruling and can be followed up on by the decision of the ruling. This shows that Constitutional Court judges are trying to find a legal breakthrough in the corridor of judicial activism to make an ideal constitutional review decision

Peran Yurisprudensi dalam Sistem Hukum di Indonesia

Karakteristik sistem hukum common law adalah hukum yang berorientasi kepada kasus (case-law), sedangkan sistem civil law, hukum berorientasi kepada undang-undang (codified-law). Namun peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai basis legalitas hukum dalam tradisi Rechtstaats, memiliki keterbatasan tersendiri. Peraturan perundang-undangan tidak pernah mengatur secara lengkap dan detail bagaimana pemenuhan aturan hukum dalam setiap peristiwa hukum, oleh karenanya yurisprudensi lah yang akan melengkapinya. Selain untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum, yurisprudensi merupakan instrumen hukum dalam rangka menjaga kepastian hukum. Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji kedudukan yurisprudensi dikaitkan dengan tugas dan fungsi MK sebagai pengawal konstitusi, bukan sebagai penegak undang-undang. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan pendekatan perbandingan. Kesimpulan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa yurisprudensi merupakan salah satu sumber hukum yang penting dalam tradisi civil law. Setiap diskursus tentang yurisprudensi dalam tradisi civil law mengisyaratkan bahwa tradisi civil law mengakui hukum selain yang tertuang dalam bentuk undang-undang, juga terdapat hukum yang bersumber dari hukum hakim (judge made law) (rechtstersrecht) yang lebih dikenal dengan nama yurisprudensi (jurisprudentierecht).The characteristics of the common law legal system are case-law, whereas the civil law system, the law is codified-law. However, legislation as the basis of legal legality in the tradition of Rechtstaats, has its own limitations. Legislation never regulates in full and detail how compliance with the laws in every legal circumtances, therefore it is jurisprudence that will complement it. In addition to filling a legal vacuum, jurisprudence is a key legal instrument in order to maintain legal certainty. This paper seeks to examine the position of jurisprudence associated with the duties and functions of the Constitutional Court as a guardian of the constitution, not merely as statute enforcement. The analytical method used is a literature study with a comparative approach. The conclusion obtained in this study is that jurisprudence is an important source of law in the civil law tradition. Any discourse on jurisprudence in the civil law tradition implies that the civil law tradition recognizes law other than those contained in statutes, there is also a law that comes from judge made law (rechtstersrecht) better known as jurisprudence (jurisprudentierecht)

Progresivitas Putusan Sengketa Kewenangan Lembaga Negara dan Pembaharuan Hukum Acara

Berdasarkan Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD 1945, salah satu kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi adalah memutus sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD 1945. Untuk mengatur hal-hal lebih lanjut, dibentuklah Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi. Akan tetapi, undang-undang tersebut masih belum menjelaskan detail hukum acara kewenangan tersebut, sehingga Mahkamah Konstitusi diberikan kewenangan untuk mengatur hal-hal yang diperlukan bagi kelancaran pelaksanaan tugas dan wewenangnya. Karenanya Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 08/PMK/2006 tentang Pedoman Beracara dalam Sengketa Kewenangan Konstitusional Lembaga Negara bertanggal, 18 Juli 2006 dibuat oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi. Akan tetapi, Peraturan itu belum juga diubah sampai sekarang padahal berbagai putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi sedikit banyak telah menentukan beberapa hal yang terkait dengan hukum formal di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Bahkan setelah adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi, Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi juga belum direvisi. Tulisan ini akan memfokuskan pada analisis terhadap hukum acara perkara sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi pasca beberapa putusan yang telah dihasilkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi dan adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi. Rekomendasi yang dihasilkan terkait dengan kebutuhan revisi hukum acara Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagaimana termaktub dalam Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi seperti perlunya diatur keberadaan pihak terkait karena sengketa tersebut pada dasarnya adalah perselisihan atau perbedaan pendapat yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan kewenangan antara dua atau lebih lembaga negara, sehingga sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara masih memungkinkan adanya pihak terkait.Based on Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, one of the authorities of the Constitutional Court is to decide on the authority dispute of state institutions whose authority is granted by the 1945 Constitution. To regulate further matters, Law Number 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court was established. However, the law still does not explain the details of the procedural law of the authority, so the Constitutional Court is given the power to regulate matters needed for the smooth implementation of its duties and authorities. Therefore the Constitutional Court Regulation Number 08/PMK/2006 concerning Procedure Guidelines in the Constitutional Institutional Authority Dispute dated July 18, 2006, was made by the Constitutional Court. However, the regulation has not been changed until now even though various Constitutional Court decisions have determined the number of things related to formal law in the Constitutional Court. Even after the Law Number 8 of 2011 concerning Amendments to Law Number 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court, the Constitutional Court Regulation has also not been revised. This paper will focus on the analysis of the procedural law on state authority dispute cases by the Constitutional Court after several decisions that have been produced by the Constitutional Court and the existence of Law Number 8 of 2011 concerning Amendments to Law Number 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court. There are recommendations that are generated related to the need for revisions to the Constitutional Court procedural law as set out in the Constitutional Court Regulations such as the need to regulate the existence of related parties because the dispute is basically a dispute or difference of opinion relating to the implementation of authority between two or more state institutions

The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law

This contribution commences with a brief overview of the origin of economic, social and cultural rights and their eventual codification in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The main part then focuses, firstly, on the nature and scope of state obligations for the realization of Covenant rights and the enforcement mechanisms created under the Covenant and its Optional Protocol, and secondly, on the role of the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Security Council. In the conclusion, three contemporary developments are highlighted which could open up new areas in which economic, social and cultural rights could find further application

Defining Judicial Independence and Accountability Post Political Transition

Indonesian constitutional reform after the fall of Soeharto’s New Order brings favorable direction for the judiciary. Constitutional guarantee of judicial independence as regulated in Art 24 (1) of the 1945 Constitution, has closed dark memories in the past. This article decides that the Judiciary is held by the Supreme Court and the judicial bodies below and a Constitutional Court. Such a strict direction of regulation plus the transformation of the political system in a democratic direction should bring about the implementation of the independent and autonomous judiciary. But in reality, even though in a democratic political system and constitutional arrangement affirms the guarantee of independence, but it doesn’t represent the actual situation. There are some problems that remain, such as (i) the absence of a permanent format regarding the institutional relationship between the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, and the Judicial Commission, and (ii) still many efforts to weaken judiciary through different ways such criminalization of judge. Referring to the problem above, then there are gaps between what "is" and what "ought", among others. First, by changing political configuration that tends to be more democratic, the judiciary should be more autonomous. In this context, various problems arise such as (i) disharmony in regulating the pattern of relations between judicial power actors, (ii) various attempts to criminalize judges over their decisions, and (iii) judicial corruption. Second, by the constitutional guarantee of the independence of the judiciary, there will be no legislation that that may reduce constitutional guarantee. However, there are many legislation or regulations that still not in line with a constitutional guarantee concerning judicial independence. This paper reviews and describes in-depth about how to implement constitutional guarantees of judicial independence after the political transition and conceptualize its order to strengthen rule of law in Indonesi

Kebijakan Pengelolaan Air Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tentang Undang-Undang Sumber Daya Air

Mahkamah Konstitusi pada tanggal 18 Februari 2015 telah membacakan putusan perkara Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013 yang pada pokoknya membatalkan seluruh isi dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Mahkamah juga memutuskan bahwa Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1974 tentang pengairan berlaku kembali. Salah satu daerah yang terkena dampak langsung putusan tersebut adalah sumber air yang dikelola secara individu masyarakat kaki gunung muria di Kabupaten Kudus Jawa Tengah. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) bagaimana pengelolaan sumber daya air sebelum pembatalan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air di Kaki Gunung Muria Kabupaten Kudus?; (2) bagaimana model kebijakan ideal pengelolaan air pasca adanya pembatalan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air di Kaki Gunung Muria Kabupaten Kudus?. Untuk memecahkan kedua permasalahan tersebut, Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis sosiologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  pengelolaan sumber daya air sebelum pembatalan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air di Kaki Gunung Muria Kabupaten Kudus dilakukan oleh pemilik tanah dan tidak ada kompensasi terhadap masyarakat kecuali masyarakat meminta, dan sampai sekarang walaupun Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 telah dibatalkan Mahkamah Konstitusi, sistem pengelolaannya pun tidak berubah. Secara yuridis seharusnya ada perubahan yang mendasar terkait pengelolaan air dikarenakan setelah pembatalan UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004, hak pengelolaan air dikembalikan ke negara sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Pasal 33 UUD 1945. Model ideal pengelolaan air pasca pembatalan undang-undang sumber daya air, adalah dikembalikan ke negara dalam hal ini masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah. Dibuat semacam Badan Usaha Milik Desa dimana saham dimiliki oleh masyarakat desa dan pemerintah daerah. Bagi pemilik tanah yang kebetulan ada sumber mata airnya, tidak boleh memiliki hak ekslusif atas manfaat sumber mata air tersebut.The Constitutional Court on February 18, 2015 has read out the case verdict Number 85/PUU-XI/2013, which basically annulled all contents in Law Number 7 of 2004 on Water Resources. The Court also ruled that Law No. 11 of 1974 on irrigation will apply. One of the areas directly affected by the verdict was an individually managed water source in the community of Mount Muria in Kudus Regency, Central Java. The raised problems in this study were (1) how was the management of water resources before nullification of Law Number 7 of 2004 on Water Resources at the foothills of Mount Muria in Kudus Regency? (2) what was the ideal model of water management policy after nullification of Law Number 7 of 2004 on Water Resources at the foothills of Mount Muria in Kudus Regency? In order to solve these two problems, the researcher used a sociological juridical research method. The results represented that management of water resources prior to nullification of Law Number 7 of 2004 on Water Resources at the foothill of Mount Muria in Kudus Regency was the one that the landowners have carried out and there was no compensation to the community unless there are requests from the community. And up to now even though Law Number 7 of 2004 has been annulled by the Constitutional Court, the management system did not change. In juridical there should be a fundamental change regarding water management because after the nullification of Law Number 7 of 2004, water management rights were returned to the state as mandated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. The ideal model of water management after nullification of Law on water resources was returned to the state, in this case is the community and local government. A kind of Village Owned Enterprise was generated in which the shares were owned by village communities and local government. For landowners who have sources of spring water, they may not have exclusive rights to the benefits of the source of the spring water. 

Gagasan Pemberian Legal Standing Bagi Warga Negara Asing dalam Constitutional Review

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 2-3/PUU-V/2007, perihal pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1997 tentang Narkotika diajukan oleh ketiga orang pelaku Bali Nine yang merupakan warga negara asing. Adapun Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam amar putusannya memutuskan bahwa permohonan pengujian yang diajukan oleh ketiga warga negara asing tersebut tidak dapat diterima (niet ontvankelijk verklaard), bahwa terhadap putusan ini terdapat dissenting opinion dari 4 (empat) orang Hakim Konstitusi berkaitan dengan kedudukan hukum (legal standing) pemohon berkewarganegaraan asing, yaitu Hakim Konstitusi Laica Marzuki, Achmad Roestandi, Harjono dan Maruarar Siahaan, yang pada intinya mengakui legal standing bagi ketiga warga negara asing tersebut. Dalam perspektif perbandingan, terdapat beberapa Mahkamah Konstitusi di dunia menerima permohonan constitutional review oleh warga negara asing, seperti halnya di Republik Ceko, Mongolia serta Republik Federal Jerman. Adapun tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggagas pemberian legal standing bagi warga negara asing dalam permohonan constitutional review di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Adapun tulisan ini dibuat dengan menggunakan metode penulisan normatif dengan pendekatan studi konseptual, pendekatan perbandingan dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian legal standing bagi warga negara asing dalam permohonan constitutional review di Mahkamah Konstitusi ke dalam Undang-Undang Mahkamah Konstitusi dan Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi terkait dapat dilakukan dengan melihat perspektif hak asasi manusia dan negara hukum.After The Constitutional Court Decision Number 2-3/PUU-V/2007 regarding the constitutional review of The Law Number 22 Year 1997 about Narcotics lodged by the three Bali Nine case of which they are foreign citizens. Based on the Decision of the Constitutional Court, the application from them was unacceptable (niet van ontvankelijk verklaard), that toward this decision there are dissenting opinion of 4 (four) constitution judges related to the legal standing of foreign citizens in the applicantion, they are Laica Marzuki, Achmad Roestandi, Harjono and Maruarar Siahaan. In essence, they are admitting legal standing for them in the case. Seen from the perspective comparison, there are several of the world constitutional courts accepting the constitutional review by those foreign citizens, such as Czech Republic, Mongolia and Federal Republic of Germany. This paper aims to analyze the idea for granting the legal standing for foreign citizens applicant of constitutional review in the Constitutional Court. This paper is created by using the normative legal writing method with conceptual approach, comparative approach, and statute approach. Through this paper is expected to has the idea for granting the legal standing of foreign citizens on constitutional review in the Constitutional Court into the Law of Constitutional Court and the Regulation of Constitutional Court based on human rights perspective and the country of law

Constitutional Preview and Review of International Treaties: France And Indonesia Compared

The Indonesian Supreme Court and the Indonesian Constitutional Court are experienced in examining international treaties, although the Indonesian constitution and national laws do not stipulate this matter explicitly. The Constitutional Council of France has the authority to examine judicial previews of bills concerning international treaties. Moreover, French judges can examine international treaties. There is also the European Court of Human Rights, which has an important role concerning the control of conventionality. This article aims to promote discussion about the examination of international treaty cases in Indonesia. It begins by considering the international scholarly literature on integrating international treaties and the rank of international treaties in the national legal system. Then, this article discusses the possibility of the Indonesian Constitutional Court to examine judicial preview of international treaty bills and judicial reviews concerning ratified international treaties