Fault Angle Control on Potential Seismic Slip in the Illinois Basin Region

The possibility of reactivation of faults due to enhancement of pore pressure in rocks surrounding faults and fractures in the deep subsurface is a challenge associated with injection practices. Reactivation can result in induced seismicity, some of which may be significant enough to be felt or even damaging. Of the key factors that influence the propensity for fault slippage—pore pressure, orientation of the stress tensors, and frictional coefficient orientation of the fault plane—only the last factor can be assessed for its contribution to the possibility of reactivation. This investigation assesses a simplified version of fault orientation relative to the stress tensors and ranks the propensity of movement as a three‐level risk (high, medium, and low). Fault segments in the fault systems located within the Illinois basin and surrounding portion of the eastern Midcontinent are assigned a risk based on their relative orientation to the principal horizontal stress. Horizontal stress tensors are arrayed relative to the fault segments in two different manners: a generalized single value for the average stress orientation (N60°E for the entire domain), and a locally specific orientation of the stress tensors based on an inversion of earthquake fault‐plane solutions and stress indicators (⁠30×30  km cells across the domain). Comparison of the results of these two methods of portraying the angle of the maximum horizontal stress tensor relative to the fault segment orientation reveals several areas of divergence in assigned fault‐slip risk. These changes are especially apparent within portions of the Wabash Valley of southwestern Indiana and the Shawneetown‐Rough Creek fault system of western Kentucky and southern Illinois. The assessment of fault‐slip risk potential based on fault orientation relative to the orientation of the principal horizontal stress is improved by incorporating local stress tensor orientations over a single regional value

Agricultural decision making and climate uncertainty in developing countries

In situations of uncertainty, people often make decisions with heuristic shortcuts or decision rules, rather than using computational or logical methods such as optimizing their behavior based on specific goals. The high level of uncertainty and complexity involved in adapting to climate change suggests that heuristics would be commonly used in this context rather than more structured decision methods. Through a systematic review of 137 articles, from 2007–2017 we explore the behavioral and cognitive assumptions used to examine agricultural decision-making related to climate change among farmers in developing countries. We find a strong orientation toward modeling behavior and decision making as a rational utility-maximizing process, despite decades of research demonstrating the prevalence of simpler heuristic choice when facing uncertainty and real-world constraints. Behavioral and cognitive approaches can increase our ability to predict or explain decisions being made in this realm, particularly in terms of how we understand decision making around information processing and risk assessment. In the following review, we highlight articles that have contributed to developing a more realistic decision-making framework for studying this problem on the ground. While there is a burgeoning literature using psychological insights to examine decision making under climate uncertainty, few studies consider the prevalence of simple heuristics, the presence of cognitive biases, and the salience of climate relative to other risk factors

How knowledge contributors are legitimizing their posts on controversial scientific topics: A case of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine

Traditionally, journalists, government agencies, and medical professionals have acted as mediators, facilitating the transfer of scientific knowledge from scientists to the general public. More recently, however, ordinary citizens are circumventing top-down mediation and contributing directly to discussions about scientific topics online. For the present study, we examined how these emerging mediators of online scientific information are shaping the discussion of hotly debated (at least within the public sphere) scientific topics, specifically, the alleged link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Using content analysis, we have identified the resources that lay pro- and anti-vaccination knowledge contributors most often cite when making knowledge claims. Additionally, we examined how these contributors 1) use citations to legitimize their arguments; and, 2) take on particular roles in such arguments. Our results shed light on an emerging form of online science communication and the process by which knowledge contributed by ordinary citizens is shaping these online discussions. These findings have implications for online health information and health decision-making

La nasalisation du déterminant en contexte non nasal en créole haïtien : un fait de langues résultant de l’analogie

Résumé Cette étude s’intéresse au rôle de l’analogie dans les aspects sociolin-guistiques et cognitifs d’un changement morphophonologique en cours en créole haïtien. Précisément, il s’agit de la nasalisation hors contexte nasal du déterminant postposé. Dejean (1980) et Joseph (1984) avaient remarqué ce qu’ils considéraient comme une variation libre entre, par exemple chat la et chat lan « le chat ». Valdman (1991) a entrepris une étude pilote qui indiquait que cette variation était un changement en cours conduit par des locuteurs bilingues urbains jeunes. Dans cette même étude que nous avons reprise en 2014 à plus grande échelle et avec plus de rigueur avec toutes classes de sujets (urbains ou ruraux, mono ou bilingues), nous avons pu constater que ce changement a été provoqué à partir du modèle dûment décrit par la notion de l’analogie de Saussure (1916), c’est-à-dire par association et/ou par recherche de similitudes aux syntagmes comme jenou an « le genou » et pitimi an « le millet ». Toutefois, même si la nasalisation du déterminant s’est généralisée dans presque tous les contextes (ex. diri an « le riz », pè an « le prêtre », mizik lan « la musique »), il y existe encore une certaine résistance au niveau des voyelles basses (ex. papa a/*an « le père », anana a/*an « l’ananas »). Cette résistance s’explique en raison d’économie articulatoire

Different Levels of Physical Activity, Physical Health, Happiness, and Depression among Older Adults with Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between different levels of physical activity (light, moderate, and vigorous), physical health, happiness, and depression among older adults with diabetes. Using data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) Wave 3, the results indicate that moderate and/or vigorous physical activity is more effective than light physical activity for promoting physical health and happiness and lowering depression of older adults with diabetes. This study suggests that activity professionals and therapists working with older adults with diabetes need to encourage their participation in physical activity as well as adjust a level of physical activity intensity that is tailored to participants’ needs and expectations

Certification information on trustworthy digital repository websites: A content analysis

In 1996, an international group of representatives from national archives and libraries, universities, industry, publishing offices, and other government and private sector organizations first articulated the need for certified Trustworthy Digital Repositories (TDRs). Henceforth, multiple standards for TDRs have developed worldwide and their reviewers provide third party audit of digital repositories. Even though hundreds of repositories are currently certified, we do not know if audit and certification of TDRs actually matters. For example, we do not know if digital repositories are actually better at preserving digital information after certification than they were before. Additionally, we do not know if TDRs preserve digital information better than their counterparts, although TDR standards definitely promulgate this assumption. One way of assessing whether audit and certification of TDRs matters is to study its impact on TDRs’ stakeholders (e.g., funders, data producers, data consumers). As an initial critical step forward, this study examines what certification-related information repositories actually include on their websites since repository websites provide a means of disseminating information. Using findings from a content analysis of 91 TDR-certified repository websites, this research examines: 1) written statements about TDR status, 2) the presence of TDR seals and their location, 3) whether the seals hyperlink to additional certification information, 4) the extent to which the certification process is explained, and 5) whether audit reports are shared. Nearly three-fourths of the repository websites provide TDR status statements and put seals in one or more places; nearly 60% post audit reports and link seals to additional certification information; and over one-third explain the certification process. Directions for future research and practical application of the results are discussed

Collegiate athlete brain data for white matter mapping and network neuroscience

We describe a dataset of processed data with associated reproducible preprocessing pipeline collected from two collegiate athlete groups and one non-athlete group. The dataset shares minimally processed diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data, three models of the diffusion signal in the voxel, full-brain tractograms, segmentation of the major white matter tracts as well as structural connectivity matrices. There is currently a paucity of similar datasets openly shared. Furthermore, major challenges are associated with collecting this type of data. The data and derivatives shared here can be used as a reference to study the effects of long-term exposure to collegiate athletics, such as the effects of repetitive head impacts. We use advanced anatomical and dMRI data processing methods publicly available as reproducible web services at brainlife.io

Overcoming Disruption in Special Collections Public Services

Special collections and archives workers have unique experiences in providing service to their patron base while also working to overcome disruption and physical displacement. The disruption may take the form of a major renovation, a closure due to natural disaster, being forced out of a library space, budget cuts, or other operational issues. This article captures the experiences of twenty-eight staff members providing access services to their subset of users, in the form of interviews, in order to reflect upon how our profession connects with, provides services to, and places value on the relationships we cultivate with the public. We sought to gain insight from those who have experienced disruptions to their services in the past in order to apply this knowledge to the pandemic situation of 2020 and 2021, as well as those experiencing major disruptions in the future. The interview responses are a general representation of what staff may endure when embarking on a project that is a major disruption to service delivery. The experiences of the participants revealed a cyclical interconnectedness between the themes, indicating the complex nature of work involving human beings. The responses provide tangible recommendations to those planning for, beginning, or experiencing a disruption

Climate-related migration and population health: social science-oriented dynamic simulation model

Background: Social science models find the ecological impacts of climate change (EICC) contribute to internal migration in developing countries and, less so, international migration. Projections expect massive climate-related migration in this century. Nascent research calls to study health, migration, population, and armed conflict potential together, accounting for EICC and other factors. System science offers a way: develop a dynamic simulation model (DSM). We aim to validate the feasibility and usefulness of a pilot DSM intended to serve as a proof-of-concept and a basis for identifying model extensions to make it less simplified and more realistic. Methods: Studies have separately examined essential parts. Our DSM integrates their results and computes composites of health problems (HP), health care (HC), non-EICC environmental health problems (EP), and environmental health services (ES) by origin site and by immigrants and natives in a destination site, and conflict risk and intensity per area. The exogenous variables include composites of EICC, sociopolitical, economic, and other factors. We simulate the model for synthetic input values and conduct sensitivity analyses. Results: The simulation results refer to generic origin and destination sites anywhere on Earth. The effects’ sizes are likely inaccurate from a real-world view, as our input values are synthetic. Their signs and dynamics are plausible, internally consistent, and, like the sizes, respond logically in sensitivity analyses. Climate migration may harm public health in a host area even with perfect HC/ES qualities and full access; and no HP spillovers across groups, conflict, EICC, and EP. Deviations from these conditions may worsen everyone’s health. We consider adaptation options. Conclusions: This work shows we can start developing DSMs to understand climate migration and public health by examining each case with its own inputs. Validation of our pilot model suggests we can use it as intended. We lay a path to making it more realistic for policy analysis

Cultural Appropriation: A Review of the Literature in US Folklore Studies

In support of a companion article (Jackson 2021), this paper surveys the most prominent US English-language journals in folklore studies to identify the nature of the extant peer-reviewed literature dealing with the issue of cultural appropriation and its disciplinary conceptualization