I prezzi ingiustificatamente gravosi nel settore farmaceutico: il caso Leadiant (Italia)

Il presente contributo analizza la decisione che l’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato ha reso nel caso Leadiant nel 2022. La società farmaceutica, secondo quanto sostenuto dall’Autorità, avrebbe attuato un’articolata strategia protrattasi per diversi anni che ha avuto come esito l’aumento eccessivo del prezzo di un suo farmaco. Per la prima volta è stata sanzionata una società nel mercato farmaceutico per abuso di posizione dominante in relazione ad un farmaco orfano. Il caso si inserisce in un nuovo filone di casi di prezzi ingiustificatamente gravosi che sembrerebbe riaccendere l’attenzione per questo tipo di illecito antitrust contrario all’art. 102, lett a) del TFUE che ha sempre avuto applicazione residuale. Alla ricostruzione delle circostanze fattuali si accompagnano note sulla regolamentazione del mercato farmaceutico in Europa.The article analyses the decision that the Italian Competition Authority issued in the Leadiant case in 2022. The pharmaceutical company, according to the Authority’s claim, had implemented a complex strategy over several years that resulted in the excessive price increase of one of its drugs. For the first time, a company in the pharmaceutical market was sanctioned for abusing its dominant position in relation to an orphan drug. The case is one of many in a new wave of excessive pricing cases. The renewed scrutiny is reviving attention for this type of antitrust infringement contrary to Article 102 (a) TFEU, which until recently had limited application. The reconstruction of the factual circumstances is complemented by notes on the regulation of the pharmaceutical market in Europe

Comparison Between Strain and 2D Shear Wave Elastography of Testes in Healthy Dogs

Sonoelastography is a rapid and non-invasive ultrasound-based technique to assess tissue elasticity. Interest in this technique’s application in veterinary medicine is progressively increasing, with preliminary reports also available to assess canine testicular parenchyma abnormalities. Since elastographic techniques are different and it is of paramount importance to standardize procedures, this work aimed to compare two different elastographic techniques, SE and 2D SWE, on the same testes and compare the data with the current literature. Thirty healthy canine testes were included, and complete B-mode, color and power Doppler examinations were performed on each one. SE was performed qualitatively through an elastogram evaluation and semiquantitatively comparing the parenchyma with peripheral skin. 2D SWE was performed and m/s measurements were taken. Each measurement was collected in the cranial, middle and caudal portions, considering the sections above and below the mediastinum separately. The healthy testes appeared to be intermediate in stiffness with differences in the various portions for SE and expressed a mean value from 1.3 m/s to 1.4 m/s for 2D SWE, consistent with the previous literature. Considering the technical specifics of the software for the two elastography methods, both of them are valuable in assessing canine testis stiffness and are potentially clinically appliable

Il dentro e il fuori. Lavoratrici domestiche capoverdiane, eritree, etiopi e filippine a Roma (1970-1989)

Questa ricerca riguarda l'esperienza di lavoratrici domestiche capoverdiane, eritree, etiopi e filippine immigrate a Roma tra anni Settanta e Novanta. Queste donne sono protagoniste dei primi flussi verso l'Italia, allora pensata come paese di sola emigrazione. Le loro voci rivelano una fitta trama di pratiche coercitive che si diramano tra spazio privato, pubblico e nella reciproca interazione tra i due