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Environmental impacts of the deep-water oil and gas industry: a review to guide management strategies
Authors
Ackah-Baidoo
Ahmadun
+242 more
Anderson
Andrews
Ardron
Arellano
Atchison
Baguley
Baguley
Baine
Bakhtyar
Bakke
Ball
Beanlands
Bell
Benn
Bergquist
Bergquist
Bernabeu
Bernardino
Bett
Boesch
Bohnsack
Botsford
Breuer
Brooke
Bryan
Bullimore
Cairns
Camilli
Chandrasekar
Chanton
Claisse
Clark
Clark
Coleman
Compton
Continental Shelf Associates Inc. (CSA).
Cordes
Cordes
Cordes
Cordes
Couillard
Coutts
Crain
Currie
Daan
Davies
Davies
De Leo
de Soto
DeLeo
Demopoulos
Demopoulos
Doray
Doughty
Dunn
Eckle
Edge
Epstein
Fabi
Fakhru'l-Razi
FAO
Fidler
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fjellsa
Fraschetti
Gage
Gagnon
Gass
Gates
Gausland
Georgian
Geotek Ltd. Hartley Anderson Ltd
Glover
Glover
Godø
Goodbody-Gringley
Gordon
Grassle
Gray
Guinotte
Hall
Hall-Spencer
Hansen
Hartman
Hasle
Hawkins
Henry
Henry
Hernandez Arana
Herring
Hinck
Holdway
Howell
Howell
Hsing
Hughes
Hughes
Hyne
Hyrenbach
Iversen
Jarnegren
Jay
Jernelov
Johansen
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Joye
Jumars
Kaiser
Kaiser
Kark
Katsanevakis
Khatib
Klein
Kleindienst
Klitgaard
Kröncke
Kuhl
Lacharité
Lanzen
Larcom
Larsson
Larsson
Law
Lebrato
Lepland
Levin
Levin
Levin
LGL Ltd
Longcore
Love
MacDonald
Macreadie
Mair
Margules
Mariano
Masson
Mazor
McClain
McClain
McNutt
Minerals Management Service
Montagna
Montagna
Montagna
Moore
Moore
Mordue
Morris
Muehlenbachs
National Research Council (NRC)
Neff
Neff
Neff
Neff
Netto
Netto
Nieukirk
Niu
Noble
Noble
Norsk Olje og Gass
Ofstad
Olsen
Olsgard
OSPAR
OSPAR Commission
Pace
Page
Paine
Passow
Pawlowski
Pinder
Pivel
Ponti
Powers
Purser
Purser
Quattrini
Quattrini
Ramirez-Llodra
Reddy
Reed
Rengstorf
Roark
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Rowe
Rowe
Sammarco
Santos
Santos
Schaaning
Schein
Schlacher
Schroeder
Sheehy
Shokes
Sibuet
Silva
Smith
Solan
Southall
Steen
Sun
Tatem
Tenningen
Terlizzi
Thomson
Thresher
Tittensor
Trannum
Trannum
Turrell
Ulfsnes
Underwood
UNEP-WCMC
Valentine
Van Dover
Vanreusel
Vardaro
Vierod
Vryhof Anchors BV
Watling
Watling
Weaver
White
White
Wiens
Williams
Williams
Wilson
World Bank
Ziervogel
Publication date
1 January 2016
Publisher
'Frontiers Media SA'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
The industrialization of the deep sea is expanding worldwide. Increasing oil and gas exploration activities in the absence of sufficient baseline data in deep-sea ecosystems has made environmental management challenging. Here, we review the types of activities that are associated with global offshore oil and gas development in water depths over 200 m, the typical impacts of these activities, some of the more extreme impacts of accidental oil and gas releases, and the current state of management in the major regions of offshore industrial activity including 18 exclusive economic zones. Direct impacts of infrastructure installation, including sediment resuspension and burial by seafloor anchors and pipelines, are typically restricted to a radius of ~100 m on from the installation on the seafloor. Discharges of water-based and low-toxicity oil-based drilling muds and produced water can extend over 2 km, while the ecological impacts at the population and community levels on the seafloor are most commonly on the order of 200–300 m from their source. These impacts may persist in the deep sea for many years and likely longer for its more fragile ecosystems, such as cold-water corals. This synthesis of information provides the basis for a series of recommendations for the management of offshore oil and gas development. An effective management strategy, aimed at minimizing risk of significant environmental harm, will typically encompass regulations of the activity itself (e.g., discharge practices, materials used), combined with spatial (e.g., avoidance rules and marine protected areas), and temporal measures (e.g., restricted activities during peak reproductive periods). Spatial management measures that encompass representatives of all of the regional deep-sea community types is important in this context. Implementation of these management strategies should consider minimum buffer zones to displace industrial activity beyond the range of typical impacts: at least 2 km from any discharge points and surface infrastructure and 200 m from seafloor infrastructure with no expected discharges. Although managing natural resources is, arguably, more challenging in deep-water environments, inclusion of these proven conservation tools contributes to robust environmental management strategies for oil and gas extraction in the deep sea.Copyright © 2016 Cordes, Jones, Schlacher, Amon, Bernardino, Brooke, Carney, DeLeo, Dunlop, Escobar-Briones, Gates, Génio, Gobin, Henry, Herrera, Hoyt, Joye, Kark, Mestre, Metaxas, Pfeifer, Sink, Sweetman and Witte. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms
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