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research
Spontaneous and deliberate future thinking: A dual process account
Authors
A D’Argembeau
A D’Argembeau
+119 more
A D’Argembeau
A D’Argembeau
A D’Argembeau
A Miyake
AJ Sellen
AK MacLeod
AP Yonelinas
B Baird
B Gaesser
B Knäuper
B Plimpton
C Harris
C Pelagatti
CJ Rathbone
CM Atance
D Berntsen
D Berntsen
D Berntsen
D Berntsen
D Berntsen
D Hassabis
D Hassabis
D Hassabis
D Ingvar
D Stawarczyk
D Stawarczyk
D Stawarczyk
D Stawarczyk
DK Thomsen
DL Hintzman
DL Schacter
DL Schacter
DL Schacter
DL Schacter
DP McAdams
DR Addis
DR Addis
DR Addis
DT Stuss
E Glisky
E Klinger
E Klinger
E Klinger
E Klinger
EA Warden
EC Murru
FJM Ruby
FT Anderson
G Mazzoni
H Finnbogadóttir
H Markus
HF Crovitz
J Okuda
J Smallwood
J Smallwood
J Smallwood
JA Ellis
JC McVay
JE Driskell
JH Mace
JR Andrews-Hanna
JS Evans
K Barzykowski
K Barzykowski
K Barzykowski
K Christoff
K Fox
K Szarras
KK Szpunar
KK Szpunar
KK Szpunar
KW Rasmussen
L Kvavilashvili
Lia Kvavilashvili
LM Martinon
M Altgassen
M Jordão
M Vannucci
M Vannucci
MA Conway
MA Conway
MA Conway
MA McDaniel
MA Neroni
MA Wheeler
MK Johnson
MK Johnson
O Jeunehomme
P Boyer
P Seli
P Seli
PM Gollwitzer
PM Szpunar
RA Anderson
RF Baumeister
RF Baumesiter
RJ Anderson
RJ Anderson
RL Buckner
RN Spreng
RN Spreng
RN Spreng
RT Hurlburt
S de Vito
SB Klein
SB Klein
Scott Cole
SN Cole
SN Cole
SN Cole
SN Cole
T Goschke
T Suddendorf
T Suddendorf
T Uzer
T Uzer
TO Daniel
VC Martin
X Song
Publication date
5 December 2019
Publisher
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
© 2019 Springer Nature.This is the final published version of an article published in Psychological Research, licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-bution 4.0 International License. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01262-7.In this article, we address an apparent paradox in the literature on mental time travel and mind-wandering: How is it possible that future thinking is both constructive, yet often experienced as occurring spontaneously? We identify and describe two ‘routes’ whereby episodic future thoughts are brought to consciousness, with each of the ‘routes’ being associated with separable cognitive processes and functions. Voluntary future thinking relies on controlled, deliberate and slow cognitive processing. The other, termed involuntary or spontaneous future thinking, relies on automatic processes that allows ‘fully-fledged’ episodic future thoughts to freely come to mind, often triggered by internal or external cues. To unravel the paradox, we propose that the majority of spontaneous future thoughts are ‘pre-made’ (i.e., each spontaneous future thought is a re-iteration of a previously constructed future event), and therefore based on simple, well-understood, memory processes. We also propose that the pre-made hypothesis explains why spontaneous future thoughts occur rapidly, are similar to involuntary memories, and predominantly about upcoming tasks and goals. We also raise the possibility that spontaneous future thinking is the default mode of imagining the future. This dual process approach complements and extends standard theoretical approaches that emphasise constructive simulation, and outlines novel opportunities for researchers examining voluntary and spontaneous forms of future thinking.Peer reviewe
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oai:ray.yorksj.ac.uk:4208
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