The paper describes the influence of the imposition of static magnetic field on brushite crystallization.
Two different configurations of the magnetic field were used. The flasks with the precipitates were placed
near the different poles. It was shown that changing the magnetic field configuration and positioning the
samples in proximity to north or south poles can greatly affect their crystallinity and texture with most of
them having the preferred orientation along the b-axis according to the X-Ray diffraction data. The imposition
of the magnetic field also influences the microstrain ratio decreasing it significantly. It was also verified
[1] that the Mg substrate availability decreases the crystallinity of DCPD. The micrographs of the nanoparticles
with the different magnifications were obtained by the transmission electron microscopy
(TEM). The comparative analysis of the electron microscopy data correlates with the XRD data.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3546

Danilchenko, S.N.

Kuznetsov, V.N.

Stanislavov, A.S.

Sukhodub, Leonid Fedorovych

Yanovska, A.A.

Суходуб, Леонид Федорович

Суходуб, Леонід Федорович

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 2 No 4, 04NABM17(3pp) (2013)   2304-1862/2013/2(4)04NABM17(3) 04NABM17-1  2013 Sumy State University The Study of the Influence of Static Magnetic Field on Brushite Crystallization in the Pres-ence of Magnesium  V.N. Kuznetsov1,*, A.A. Yanovska1,†, A.S. Stanislavov1, S.N. Danilchenko1, L.F. Sukhodub2  1 Institute of Applied Physics, 58, Petropavlovskaya Str., 40000 Sumy, Ukraine 2 Sumy State University, 2, Rymsky Korsakov Str., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine  (Received 10 June 2013; revised manuscript received 1 July 2013; published online 31 August 2013)  The paper describes the influence of the imposition of static magnetic field on brushite crystallization. Two different configurations of the magnetic field were used. The flasks with the precipitates were placed near the different poles. It was shown that changing the magnetic field configuration and positioning the  samples in proximity to north or south poles can greatly affect their crystallinity and texture with most of them having the preferred orientation along the b-axis according to the X-Ray diffraction data. The imposi-tion of the magnetic field also influences the microstrain ratio decreasing it significantly. It was also veri-fied [1] that the Mg substrate availability decreases the crystallinity of DCPD. The micrographs of the na-noparticles with the different magnifications were obtained by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The comparative analysis of the electron microscopy data correlates with the XRD data.  Keywords: Magnetic Field, Brushite, XRD, TEM, Preferred Orientation, Magnesium.   PACS numbers: 87.85.J –, 87.64.Bx, 87.64.Ee                                                                * vkuznetsov.ua@gmail.com † biophy@yandex.ru 1. INTRODUCTION  Calcium phosphate cements based on brushite (dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, DCPD, Ca-HPO4∙2H2O) are widely used due to their high resorba-bility in vivo [2]. DCPD is relatively soluble in fluids affined to the physiological ones which lead to the in-crease in concentration of Ca2 and P ions in the bone-implant interface. Brushite can transform into hydrox-yapatite (HA) [3] in aqueous solutions at 36 – 37С. DCPD has the monoclinic crystal lattice (Fig. 1) [4] (space group Ia) with unit cell parameters a  5,812  0,002 Å, b  15,18  0,003 Å, c  6,239  0,002 Å and   116,25  2° [5].    Fig. 1 – Brushite crystal lattice  Solubility and ability of brushite transformation in vivo grants certain preferences in its use as a coating for metallic implants. In addition such coatings are cheap especially when obtained on conductive porous materials with electrolysis. Calcium-phosphate crystallization is affected con-siderably by different physical conditions, e.g. tempera-ture, pH, ionic strength, presence of different additions and imposition of magnetic field. Magnesium substrate influences DCPD and HA crystallization in the following way: Mg2 ions which are formed after hydrolysis of the main corrosion prod-uct Mg(OH)2 [6] decrease crystallinity of calcium-phosphates. The DCPD, metastable at room tempera-ture, can be stabilized by the presence of the Mg sub-strate. According to recent studies [7] magnesium ions stabilize the brushite lattice even at рН  7–7,5.  2. MATERIALS AND METHODS  2.1 Materials  The initial solution for calcium-phosphate precipita-tion contained 10 mmoldm3 CaCl2 and 6 mmoldm3 Na2HPO4. pH of the initial solution was increased to 6,65 by adding NaOH. At рН  6,65 the phase composi-tion was presented by DCPD. The experiments were carried out at 25C with and without the imposition of 0,3 T static magnetic field. Calcium-phosphate materials were crystallized in the presence of 10  10  2 mm magnesium substrates. The magnesium ion release into the solution was calcu-lated from the mass loss of magnesium substrates and approximately equals 0.01 g/l after 2 days of precipita-tion. Static magnetic field was imposed by a set of rectan-gular shaped 50  20  15 mm Sm/Co magnets placed on a nonmagnetic base. Glasses with precursor solutions containing CaCl2 and Na2HPO4 with Са/Р  1,67 were placed on both sides of magnets in proximity to south and north poles (Fig. 2) with each glass containing a single Mg substrate. The magnetic intensity of 0,3 T was measured in proximity to south and north poles using a Gauss-/Teslameter F 54 (Magnet-physik Dr. Steingroever GMBH).   V.N. KUZNETSOV, A.A. YANOVSKA, A.S. STANISLAVOV, ET AL. PROC. NAP 2, 04NABM17 (2013)   04NABM17-2   Fig. 2 – Experimental setup showing the two magnetic field configurations and samples names  2.2 Methods  The crystallinity and structure of the synthesized samples were examined using an X-ray diffractometer DRON-4-07 (Bourevestnik, Inc., Saint-Petersburg, Rus-sian Federation) connected to a computer-aided system for the experiment control and data processing. The Ni-filtered CuKα radiation (wavelength 0,154 nm) with a conventional Bragg-Brentano -2 geometry was used. The current and the voltage of the X-ray tube were 20 mA and 40 kV respectively. The samples were meas-ured in the continuous mode at a rate of 1 /min with 2-angles ranging from 15 to 55. All experimental data was processed by means of the program package DIFWIN-1 (Etalon PTC, Ltd., Moscow, Russian Federa-tion). Identification of crystal phases was done using a JCPDS card catalog (Joint Committee on Powder Dif-fraction Standards). The crystallite sizes L were calculated using the Scherrer equation and by the Williamson-Hall method considering the influence of small sizes of coherent scattering regions and deviations of interplanar spaces between a sample and a standard in which mi-crostrains  are absent using the Cauchy approxima-tion function for each contribution characterization on the peak broadening. The texture estimated values Φ were calculated us-ing the Harris method [8]:   11 nistiistiiIIIIn , (2.1)  where n – number of peaks used in estimation, Ii – the sample intensity of peak i, stiI  – the standard intensity of peak i. The data from JCPDS 72-713 card was used as a standard for the sample precipitated without the imposition of static magnetic field. This sample was used as a standard for the samples precipitated with the imposition of static magnetic field. Electron microscopic studies were conducted after the ultrasonic dispersion of the samples using the transmission electronic microscope PEM-125K (SELMI, PTC, Sumy, Ukraine) with the 90 kV accelerating volt-age and the 100 A beam current. The samples were treated with the ultrasound using UZDN-A (Selmi, PTC, Sumy, Ukraine). The ultrasonic radiator was put into the flask with distilled water and powder samples for 5 minutes. The power density was about 15-20 W/cm2 with the radiator operating frequency of 22 kHz. Next, the few drops of derived suspension were applied to the pointed upward ultrasonic radiator and were pulverized for 2-3 seconds varying the unit power. The pulverized spray was collected by the 10 – 20 nm carbon film put on the copper net.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  The analysis of the precipitate obtained from the so-lution with Са/Р  1,67 with and without the imposition of magnetic field in the presence of a Mg substrate after two days of precipitation shows the occurrence of a sin-gle phase – brushite (JCPDS 72-713). The crystallinity of b- and c- samples of the first magnetic field configuration (1C) remains comparable to the sample, precipitated without the imposition of mag-netic field (a-sample), with the crystallinity of the b-sample slightly better than the c- one (Fig. 3). In case of the second magnetic field configuration (2C) the crystallinity perceptibly increases compared to the a-sample. The d-sample has much higher intensities of (0 4 0) and (0 8 0) peaks which means that it is ori-ented along the b-axis.  15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55fcIntensity (counts)2 (o)edba(0 8 0)(0 6 0)(1 4 -3)(1 7 0)(2 4 0)(1 5 -2)(1 5 0)(2 0 0)(1 2 1)(1 4 -1)(0 4 0)(1 2 -1)(3 4 -1)  Fig. 3 – XRD spectra of samples with and without the imposi-tion of magnetic field in the presence of Mg and without it (f)  The mean crystallite sizes (Table 1) of the 2C in most cases are higher than the 1C ones. The crystallite sizes of the a-sample and 2C samples differ insignifi-cantly with the visible distinction in their crystallinity which can be explained by the presence of lattice strains in the a-sample. Due to the availability of the peaks corresponding to the planes laying in the same crystallographic direction the Williamson-Hall method was used to separate con-tributions of different factors in the peak broadening. The derived results show that the a-sample has a much higher value of microstrains than the other samples thus proving the hypothesis noted above. The preferred orientation varies depending on the magnetic field configuration and the proximity to the different poles. Most of the samples (c, d and e) have the highest texture values in [0 k 0] direction with only the b-sample having them in (1 2 1) and (2 0 0) planes. It should be mentioned that the initial a-sample has the highest texture in [0 k 0] direction however the other samples texture values are 1,6-4,3 times higher. The effect of the magnesium substrate presence in the initial solution for calcium-phosphate precipitation on brushite crystallization was also studied. It was veri- THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD… PROC. NAP 2, 04NABM17 (2013)   04NABM17-3 fied [1] that the Mg substrate availability decreases the crystallinity of DCPD (Fig. 3a).  Table 1 – The mean crystallite sizes, texture and microstrain values of the precipitated samples in the presence of magnesium  Samples a b c d e (121) L, nm 70 52 51 64,2 63,4 Φ 0,209 0,97 0,871 0,408 0,793 (040) L, nm 55,6 65,4 81,5 96,6 78 Φ 1,892 0,26 1,709 4,285 1,697 (121) L, nm 58,8 53,5 53,7 55 73,7 Φ 0,266 1,642 1,05 0,354 0,989 (150) L, nm 66 54,8 50 61,5 67,7 Φ 0,342 1,13 1,003 0,42 0,847 (200) L, nm 71,3 60,6 112,6 84,2 77,2 Φ 0,342 2,179 0,955 0,467 1,146 (080) L, nm 112 83 84,6 113,5 97,6 Φ 3,335 0,345 1,752 3,218 1,64 W-H L, nm 37 54 78,6 84 64,8 ·10 – 3 1,47 0,37 0,17 0,043 0,24  The micrographs of the nanoparticles with the dif-ferent magnifications were obtained by the TEM (Fig. 4). The particle sizes are: a-sample – 50 – 60 nm, b-sample – 40 – 80 nm, c-sample – 30 – 60 nm. The comparative analysis of the electron microscopy data correlates with the XRD data. The higher sizes of the particles in case of the b-sample can be explained due to the differences between the crystallite and particle sizes thus considering that in this case the particles consist of two or more crystallites.    Fig. 4 – Micrographs of the nanoparticles with the different magnifications of a-, b- and c- samples  4. CONCLUSIONS  The imposition of magnetic field influences greatly the crystal structure of DPCD. The different configura-tions of magnetic fields and proximity to different poles lead to the changes in crystallite and particle sizes, pre-ferred orientations and microstrain values which pro-vide the ability to control the properties and, thus, the biomedical applications of this material. It should be mentioned that the precipitation under the imposition of magnetic field significantly decreases the crystal structure microstrains. It was also verified that the presence of the Mg sub-strate in a calcium-phosphate precipitation solution decreases the crystallinity of DCPD.   REFERENCES  1. A. Yanovska, V. Kuznetsov, A. Stanislavov, S. Danilchenko, L. Sukhodub, Mater. Sci. Eng. 32, 1883 (2012). 2. M. Bohner, U. Gbureck, J.E. Barralet, Biomaterials. 26, 6423 (2005). 3. M. Kumar, H. Dasarathy, C. Riley, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 45, 302 (1999). 4. http://webmineral.com/data/Brushite.shtml. 5. J.C. Elliott, Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates (London: Elsevier: 1994). 6. J. Skytte Sorensen, H.E. Lundager Madsen, J. Cryst. Growth, 216, 399 (2000). 7. D. Lee, P. N. Kumta, Mater. Sci. Eng., C30, 934 (2010). 8. G.B. Harris, Phil. Mag., 43, 113 (1952).   

The Study of the Influence of Static Magnetic Field on Brushite Crystallization in the Presence of Magnesium

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  
NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 2 No 4, 04NABM17(3pp) (2013) 
 
 
2304-1862/2013/2(4)04NABM17(3) 04NABM17-1  2013 Sumy State University 
The Study of the Influence of Static Magnetic Field on Brushite Crystallization in the Pres-
ence of Magnesium 
 
V.N. Kuznetsov1,*, A.A. Yanovska1,†, A.S. Stanislavov1, S.N. Danilchenko1, L.F. Sukhodub2 
 
1 Institute of Applied Physics, 58, Petropavlovskaya Str., 40000 Sumy, Ukraine 
2 Sumy State University, 2, Rymsky Korsakov Str., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine 
 
(Received 10 June 2013; revised manuscript received 1 July 2013; published online 31 August 2013) 
 
The paper describes the influence of the imposition of static magnetic field on brushite crystallization. 
Two different configurations of the magnetic field were used. The flasks with the precipitates were placed 
near the different poles. It was shown that changing the magnetic field configuration and positioning the  
samples in proximity to north or south poles can greatly affect their crystallinity and texture with most of 
them having the preferred orientation along the b-axis according to the X-Ray diffraction data. The imposi-
tion of the magnetic field also influences the microstrain ratio decreasing it significantly. It was also veri-
fied [1] that the Mg substrate availability decreases the crystallinity of DCPD. The micrographs of the na-
noparticles with the different magnifications were obtained by the transmission electron microscopy 
(TEM). The comparative analysis of the electron microscopy data correlates with the XRD data. 
 
Keywords: Magnetic Field, Brushite, XRD, TEM, Preferred Orientation, Magnesium. 
 
 PACS numbers: 87.85.J –, 87.64.Bx, 87.64.Ee 
 
 
                                                             
* vkuznetsov.ua@gmail.com 
† biophy@yandex.ru 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Calcium phosphate cements based on brushite 
(dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, DCPD, Ca-
HPO4∙2H2O) are widely used due to their high resorba-
bility in vivo [2]. DCPD is relatively soluble in fluids 
affined to the physiological ones which lead to the in-
crease in concentration of Ca2 and P ions in the bone-
implant interface. Brushite can transform into hydrox-
yapatite (HA) [3] in aqueous solutions at 36 – 37С. 
DCPD has the monoclinic crystal lattice (Fig. 1) [4] 
(space group Ia) with unit cell parameters 
a  5,812  0,002 Å, b  15,18  0,003 Å, 
c  6,239  0,002 Å and   116,25  2° [5]. 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – Brushite crystal lattice 
 
Solubility and ability of brushite transformation in 
vivo grants certain preferences in its use as a coating 
for metallic implants. In addition such coatings are 
cheap especially when obtained on conductive porous 
materials with electrolysis. 
Calcium-phosphate crystallization is affected con-
siderably by different physical conditions, e.g. tempera-
ture, pH, ionic strength, presence of different additions 
and imposition of magnetic field. 
Magnesium substrate influences DCPD and HA 
crystallization in the following way: Mg2 ions which 
are formed after hydrolysis of the main corrosion prod-
uct Mg(OH)2 [6] decrease crystallinity of calcium-
phosphates. The DCPD, metastable at room tempera-
ture, can be stabilized by the presence of the Mg sub-
strate. According to recent studies [7] magnesium ions 
stabilize the brushite lattice even at рН  7–7,5. 
 
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 
 
2.1 Materials 
 
The initial solution for calcium-phosphate precipita-
tion contained 10 mmoldm3 CaCl2 and 6 mmoldm
3 
Na2HPO4. pH of the initial solution was increased to 
6,65 by adding NaOH. At рН  6,65 the phase composi-
tion was presented by DCPD. The experiments were 
carried out at 25C with and without the imposition of 
0,3 T static magnetic field. 
Calcium-phosphate materials were crystallized in 
the presence of 10  10  2 mm magnesium substrates. 
The magnesium ion release into the solution was calcu-
lated from the mass loss of magnesium substrates and 
approximately equals 0.01 g/l after 2 days of precipita-
tion. 
Static magnetic field was imposed by a set of rectan-
gular shaped 50  20  15 mm Sm/Co magnets placed on 
a nonmagnetic base. Glasses with precursor solutions 
containing CaCl2 and Na2HPO4 with Са/Р  1,67 were 
placed on both sides of magnets in proximity to south 
and north poles (Fig. 2) with each glass containing a 
single Mg substrate. 
The magnetic intensity of 0,3 T was measured in 
proximity to south and north poles using a Gauss-
/Teslameter F 54 (Magnet-physik Dr. Steingroever 
GMBH). 
 
 V.N. KUZNETSOV, A.A. YANOVSKA, A.S. STANISLAVOV, ET AL. PROC. NAP 2, 04NABM17 (2013) 
 
 
04NABM17-2 
 
 
Fig. 2 – Experimental setup showing the two magnetic field 
configurations and samples names 
 
2.2 Methods 
 
The crystallinity and structure of the synthesized 
samples were examined using an X-ray diffractometer 
DRON-4-07 (Bourevestnik, Inc., Saint-Petersburg, Rus-
sian Federation) connected to a computer-aided system 
for the experiment control and data processing. The Ni-
filtered CuKα radiation (wavelength 0,154 nm) with a 
conventional Bragg-Brentano -2 geometry was used. 
The current and the voltage of the X-ray tube were 
20 mA and 40 kV respectively. The samples were meas-
ured in the continuous mode at a rate of 1 /min with 
2-angles ranging from 15 to 55. All experimental 
data was processed by means of the program package 
DIFWIN-1 (Etalon PTC, Ltd., Moscow, Russian Federa-
tion). Identification of crystal phases was done using a 
JCPDS card catalog (Joint Committee on Powder Dif-
fraction Standards). 
The crystallite sizes L were calculated using the 
Scherrer equation and by the Williamson-Hall method 
considering the influence of small sizes of coherent 
scattering regions and deviations of interplanar spaces 
between a sample and a standard in which mi-
crostrains  are absent using the Cauchy approxima-
tion function for each contribution characterization on 
the peak broadening. 
The texture estimated values Φ were calculated us-
ing the Harris method [8]: 
 
 
1
1










 
n
i
st
i
i
st
i
i
I
I
I
I
n , (2.1) 
 
where n – number of peaks used in estimation, Ii – the 
sample intensity of peak i, stiI  – the standard intensity 
of peak i. The data from JCPDS 72-713 card was used 
as a standard for the sample precipitated without the 
imposition of static magnetic field. This sample was 
used as a standard for the samples precipitated with 
the imposition of static magnetic field. 
Electron microscopic studies were conducted after 
the ultrasonic dispersion of the samples using the 
transmission electronic microscope PEM-125K (SELMI, 
PTC, Sumy, Ukraine) with the 90 kV accelerating volt-
age and the 100 A beam current. The samples were 
treated with the ultrasound using UZDN-A (Selmi, 
PTC, Sumy, Ukraine). The ultrasonic radiator was put 
into the flask with distilled water and powder samples 
for 5 minutes. The power density was about 15-
20 W/cm2 with the radiator operating frequency of 
22 kHz. Next, the few drops of derived suspension were 
applied to the pointed upward ultrasonic radiator and 
were pulverized for 2-3 seconds varying the unit power. 
The pulverized spray was collected by the 10 – 20 nm 
carbon film put on the copper net. 
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
The analysis of the precipitate obtained from the so-
lution with Са/Р  1,67 with and without the imposition 
of magnetic field in the presence of a Mg substrate after 
two days of precipitation shows the occurrence of a sin-
gle phase – brushite (JCPDS 72-713). 
The crystallinity of b- and c- samples of the first 
magnetic field configuration (1C) remains comparable to 
the sample, precipitated without the imposition of mag-
netic field (a-sample), with the crystallinity of the b-
sample slightly better than the c- one (Fig. 3). 
In case of the second magnetic field configuration 
(2C) the crystallinity perceptibly increases compared to 
the a-sample. The d-sample has much higher intensities 
of (0 4 0) and (0 8 0) peaks which means that it is ori-
ented along the b-axis. 
 
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
f
cI
n
te
n
si
ty
 (
co
u
n
ts
)
2 (
o
)
e
d
b
a
(0 8 0)
(0 6 0)
(1 4 -3)
(1 7 0)
(2 4 0)(1 5 -2)(1 5 0)
(2 0 0)
(1 2 1)
(1 4 -1)
(0 4 0)
(1 2 -1)
(3 4 -1)
 
 
Fig. 3 – XRD spectra of samples with and without the imposi-
tion of magnetic field in the presence of Mg and without it (f) 
 
The mean crystallite sizes (Table 1) of the 2C in 
most cases are higher than the 1C ones. The crystallite 
sizes of the a-sample and 2C samples differ insignifi-
cantly with the visible distinction in their crystallinity 
which can be explained by the presence of lattice strains 
in the a-sample. 
Due to the availability of the peaks corresponding to 
the planes laying in the same crystallographic direction 
the Williamson-Hall method was used to separate con-
tributions of different factors in the peak broadening. 
The derived results show that the a-sample has a much 
higher value of microstrains than the other samples 
thus proving the hypothesis noted above. 
The preferred orientation varies depending on the 
magnetic field configuration and the proximity to the 
different poles. Most of the samples (c, d and e) have the 
highest texture values in [0 k 0] direction with only the 
b-sample having them in (1 2 1) and (2 0 0) planes. It 
should be mentioned that the initial a-sample has the 
highest texture in [0 k 0] direction however the other 
samples texture values are 1,6-4,3 times higher. 
The effect of the magnesium substrate presence in 
the initial solution for calcium-phosphate precipitation 
on brushite crystallization was also studied. It was veri-
 THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD… PROC. NAP 2, 04NABM17 (2013) 
 
 
04NABM17-3 
fied [1] that the Mg substrate availability decreases the 
crystallinity of DCPD (Fig. 3a). 
 
Table 1 – The mean crystallite sizes, texture and microstrain 
values of the precipitated samples in the presence of 
magnesium 
 
Samples a b c d e 
(121) 
L, nm 70 52 51 64,2 63,4 
Φ 0,209 0,97 0,871 0,408 0,793 
(040) 
L, nm 55,6 65,4 81,5 96,6 78 
Φ 1,892 0,26 1,709 4,285 1,697 
(121) 
L, nm 58,8 53,5 53,7 55 73,7 
Φ 0,266 1,642 1,05 0,354 0,989 
(150) 
L, nm 66 54,8 50 61,5 67,7 
Φ 0,342 1,13 1,003 0,42 0,847 
(200) 
L, nm 71,3 60,6 112,6 84,2 77,2 
Φ 0,342 2,179 0,955 0,467 1,146 
(080) 
L, nm 112 83 84,6 113,5 97,6 
Φ 3,335 0,345 1,752 3,218 1,64 
W-H 
L, nm 37 54 78,6 84 64,8 
·10 – 3 1,47 0,37 0,17 0,043 0,24 
 
The micrographs of the nanoparticles with the dif-
ferent magnifications were obtained by the TEM 
(Fig. 4). The particle sizes are: a-sample – 50 – 60 nm, 
b-sample – 40 – 80 nm, c-sample – 30 – 60 nm. The 
comparative analysis of the electron microscopy data 
correlates with the XRD data. The higher sizes of the 
particles in case of the b-sample can be explained due to 
the differences between the crystallite and particle sizes 
thus considering that in this case the particles consist of 
two or more crystallites. 
 
 
 
Fig. 4 – Micrographs of the nanoparticles with the different 
magnifications of a-, b- and c- samples 
 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
 
The imposition of magnetic field influences greatly 
the crystal structure of DPCD. The different configura-
tions of magnetic fields and proximity to different poles 
lead to the changes in crystallite and particle sizes, pre-
ferred orientations and microstrain values which pro-
vide the ability to control the properties and, thus, the 
biomedical applications of this material. It should be 
mentioned that the precipitation under the imposition 
of magnetic field significantly decreases the crystal 
structure microstrains. 
It was also verified that the presence of the Mg sub-
strate in a calcium-phosphate precipitation solution 
decreases the crystallinity of DCPD. 
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. A. Yanovska, V. Kuznetsov, A. Stanislavov, 
S. Danilchenko, L. Sukhodub, Mater. Sci. Eng. 32, 1883 
(2012). 
2. M. Bohner, U. Gbureck, J.E. Barralet, Biomaterials. 26, 
6423 (2005). 
3. M. Kumar, H. Dasarathy, C. Riley, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 
45, 302 (1999). 
4. http://webmineral.com/data/Brushite.shtml. 
5. J.C. Elliott, Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and 
Other Calcium Orthophosphates (London: Elsevier: 1994). 
6. J. Skytte Sorensen, H.E. Lundager Madsen, J. Cryst. 
Growth, 216, 399 (2000). 
7. D. Lee, P. N. Kumta, Mater. Sci. Eng., C30, 934 (2010). 
8. G.B. Harris, Phil. Mag., 43, 113 (1952). 
 
 


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The Study of the Influence of Static Magnetic Field on Brushite Crystallization in the Presence of Magnesium

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