The objectives of this experiment were to compare the performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed rations of normal or opaque-2 corn containing recommend and low levels of protein

Gilster, Keith E.

Wahlstrom, Richard C.

English

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South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeSouth Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings andResearch Reports, 1970 Animal Science Reports1970High-Lysine Corn in Growing-Finishing SwineRationsKeith E. GilsterSouth Dakota State UniversityRichard C. WahlstromFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swine_1970Part of the Animal Sciences CommonsThis Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Reports at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1970 byan authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For moreinformation, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationGilster, Keith E. and Wahlstrom, Richard C., "High-Lysine Corn in Growing-Finishing Swine Rations" (1970). South Dakota SwineField Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1970. Paper 14.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swine_1970/14South Dakota S tate Unive rs i ty Brookings , South Dakota Department of Animal S cience Agricultur al Experiment S t ation A . S .  Series 70-41 High-Lysine Corn in Growing-Finishing Swine Rat ions Kei th E .  Gils ter and Richard Wahls trom The pres ence of the opaque- 2  gene in corn has been found to alter th e amino aci d pat te rn of corn protein resulting in a sub s tantial inc rease in the lys ine content . In add i ti on , the tryp tophane content of 2yaq�_-2 corn is h igher than normal corn . S ince normal corn is deficient in thes e two essential amino acids for swine , opaque- 2 corn more nearly meets the amino acid requirement of the pig . The remaining amino acids exis ting in high-lysine corn may be higher or lower than in regular corn but prob ab ly do not greatly af fect pro te in q uality . The main advan tage of the use of high-lys ine corn in swine rations is that less supplemental protein is needed to formulate a ration mee ting the requirements of the pig . If opaque-2 corn can be produced at the same cos t and wi th s imi lar yields of pres ent hyb rids , a great savings in feed cos t could be reali zed . The obj e ctives of th is experiment we re to comp are the performance and carcass characte ris tics of growing- finish ing pigs fed rations of normal or £)2aque- 2 corn containing re commended and low levels of protein . For ty-ei ght pigs averaging approximately 4 2  lb . were divided into 12 lots on the b asis of sex ,  weigh t and ances try . Thes e lots were then randomly assigned to each of four treatments wh ich were as follows : 1 .  16-14%a protein normal corn ration 2 .  16-14% protein opaqu�-2 corn rat ion 3 .  12-10% protein normal corn rat ion 4 .  12-10% protein �e-2 corn rati on a Rat ions were reduced in protein when a lot averaged app roximately 110 lb . The composi tion of the rati ons fed is shown in tab le 1 .  Feed and water were provided ad lib i tum . Waterers and feeders were located in conne cting out­s ide pens . The-proteitl"and amino acid contents of the regular and high-lys ine corn are shown in tab le 2 .  Thes e analyses were conducted in cooperation wi th the S tat ion Biochemis try Department ,  South Dakota Agricultural Experiment S t at ion . The h igh-lysine corn was supplied by the Troj an Seed Company , Olivi a ,  Minnes ota . Res ults The growth performance data are summari zed in tab le 3 .  P igs re ceiving the normal corn recommended protein ration and high-lysine corn recommended protein ration expres s ed simi lar average dai ly gains of 1 . 83 lb . and 1 . 81 lb . ,  res pec tively . In add i ti on the feed required per lb . of gain was 3 . 2 1 lb . for the group fed the normal corn and 3 . 18 lb . for the group fed the h igh-lys ine corn . Apparently the normal corn suppli ed adequate lys ine and there was no bene fit from the additional lysine p res ent in the high- lysi ne corn rat ion . 46 - 2 -P igs receiving the nonnal corn low protein ration gained only 1 . 3 1 lb . per day , or a 30 % decrease in gain when compared to the pigs gaining 1 . 70 lb . p er day wh ile receiving the h igh-lys ine corn low protein ration . Als o ,  the group fed nonnal corn required 71  lb . more feed per 100 lb . of gain than the high­lysine corn group . A marked decrease in average daily feed cons ump tion was als o  obs erved for the normal corn low protein group . The poor perf onnance of the normal fed group could be at trib uted , at leas t in part , to the low lys i ne content of the rat ions fed this group . These rations supplied approximately 0 . 48 and 0 . 32 %  lysine whi le the requi rement o f  the pig is es timated to be ab out 0 . 7  and 0 . 5% during the two periods , respective ly . P igs fed the low protein high-lysine corn ration gained s lower and required more feed per lb . of gain than pigs rece iving ei ther of the recommended protein rat ions . This reduction in gain and feed effi ciency may h ave been due to the lower lys ine content in the high- lys ine corn low protein ration . The carcass data are summarized in tab le 4 .  There was a marked reduct ion in p ercent lean cuts , loin eye area and percent protein in the loin eye mus cle in carcas s es from pigs fed the normal corn low protein ration . In addition , a defini te incre ase in percent fat in the loin eye mus cle and a sligh t  increase in backfat was ob served in carcasses from the normal corn low protein group . Although the carcass merit of the remaining three treatments was quite s imilar , the pigs rece iving the high- lys ine corn recommended protein diet h ad a larger loin eye ,  les s b ackfat , higher percent lean cuts and a reduced percent fat in the loin eye mus cle . There were ess ent ially no differences in carcass length between any of the treatments .  I t  is ob served from this and othe r research that ?P_il_q_ue-2 corn wi l l  result in improved pig perfonnance when fed in rat ions con taining less protein than recommended f or pigs fed nonnal corn . This respons e of the pigs to 9.E_aqu�-2 corn is apparently due to the addi tional lys ine con tent , although i t  is pos s ib le that a h igher amount o f  s ome of the other ess ential amino acids is als o  bene­ficial . S urnrna !J'. Pigs weighinf approximate ly 41  to 43 lb . ini tially showe d a simi lar rate of gain and feed efficiency when fed 16 to 14% pro tein rat i ons cont aining ei ther nonnal or opaque- 2  corn . Howeve r ,  when low protein ( 12 t o  lO i'.) rations were fed , pigs rece iving the rat ion con taining �e- 2  corn gained 0 . 39 lb . per day fas ter and required 21% les s feed per uni t of gain than th e pigs re ceiving the normal corn ration . Perf ormance of pigs fed the high-lysine corn low protein rat ion approached that of p igs fed the highe r pro tein ( 16 to 14%) rat ions . Gains were approximately 7% less and the feed requirement was ab out 6% greater .  P igs fed the low protein normal corn ration produced carcasses wi th less lean as evi denced by a smaller loin eye are a ,  a lower percent of lean cuts , a higher amount of b ackfat and a great er percent of fat in the loin eye mus cle . 4 7  + co Ration Normal corn QP.aque- 2 corn Soybean meal (44 . 0%) Dicalcium phosphate Ground limes tone Trace mineral s alt Vi tamin-antib iotic mixa Calculated protein , % Calculated lys ine , % Tab le 1 .  Composi tion of Rations (Percent) A 7 7 . 08 19 . 88 1 . 90 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 14 16 . 0  0 .  79 To 110 pounds B C 7 7  . 5 8  19 . 3 8 1 . 89 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 14 16 . 0  0 . 9 3  88 . 5 5  8 . 3 1 2 . 00 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 14 12 . 0  0 . 48 D 89 . 13 7 . 7 3 2 . 00 a . so 0 . 50 0 . 14 12 . 0  0 . 6 3  110 pounds to final we igh t E F G H 83 . 2 1 1 3 . 9 8  1 .  70 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 1 1 14 . 0  0 . 6 3  8 3 . 76 1 3 . 4 3  1 .  70 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 1 1 14 . 0  0 . 7 8 94  . 6 1  2 . 48 1 . 80 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 11 10 . 0  0 . 32 9 5 . 24 1 . 85 1 . 80 0 . 50 0 . 50 0 . 11 10 . 0  0 . 49 -·--------- ---- -· ---- ·--- --· --·------· ----a Provided per lb . of ration : 1 , 500 I . U .  of vi tamin A ,  180 I . U .  of vi tamin D ,  11 I .U .  of vi tamin E ,  2 . 9 3  mg . o f  rib oflavin , 5 . 51 mg . of pantothenic acid , 1 3 . 48 mg . of ni acin , 14 . 9 8  mg . o f  choline , 5 . 3  mcg . of vi tamin B 12 and 20 mg . of tylan in rations A ,  B ,  C and D and 7 . 5  mg . in rations E ,  F ,  G and H .  w - 4 -Tab le 2 .  Amino Acid Con tent of Normal and Qp_�que-2 Corn , Percent (Mois ture-Free Bas is ) Normal �ue-2 --------Lysine 0 .  30 0 . 5 2  His tidine 0 . 3 1 0 .  34 Arginine 0 . 5 1 0 .  7 3  Asp artic acid 0 . 7 2 1 . 06 Threonine 0 . 4 2  0 . 44 Serine 0 . 5 4  0 . 49 Glutamic acid 2 . 19 2 . 39 Pro line 1 . 0 5  1 . 00 Glycine 0 . 39 0 . 5 3  Alanine 0 . 88 o .  7 2  Hal f cys tine 0 . 20 0 . 2 3  Valine 0 . 54 0 . 56 Methionine 0 . 0 8  0 . 11 Isoleucine 0 . 40 0 . 39 Leucine 1 . 4 7  0 . 9 2  Tyros ine 0 . 46 0 .  39 Phenylalanine 0 . 5 5  0 . 4 8 Protein 9 . 4 3  9 . 6 6  ------·- --- - ------·---- --- - - - - -- -·- - - - -4 9  .... .......................................... 11111 - 5 -Tab le 3 .  Res ults of Fe eding 9J>..a_gue- 2 Corn to Gr�ving-Finishing Swine High-lys ine High-lys ine Normal corn Normal corn _!'rotein , %a 16-14 16- 14 12-10 12-10 - · ---- �- --- -�----·-o ___ - -- --No . of p igs b 12  12 c nd 12  Avg . ini t .  wt . ,  lb . 41 . 9  41 . 4  43 . 4  4 1 . 3  Avg . final wt . , lb . 209 . 8  209 . 4  2 0 7 . 4  2 10 . 7 Avg .  dai ly gain , lb . lni t .  wt . , 110 lb . 1 .  7 3  1 .  7 3  1 . 25 1 . 6 8  llO lb . to final wt . 1 . 9 1  1 . 87 1 . 37 1 .  7 2  lni t .  w t .  to final wt . 1 . 83 1 . 81 1 . 31 1 .  70 Avg .  feed per lb . gain , lb . Ini t .  wt . to llO lb . 2 . 6 4  2 . 59 3 . 88 2 . 6 7  110 lb . to final wt . 3 . 6 1  3 . 6 5  4 . 44 3 . 90  Ini t .  wt . to final w t .  3 . 21 3 . 1 8 4 . 10 3 .  39 Avg . daily feed , lb . Ini t .  wt . to 110 lb . 4 . 54 4 . 46 4 . 7 4 4 . 4 8  110 lb . to final wt . 6 . 86 6 . 79 5 .  71 6 . 6 3  Ini t .  wt . to final wt . 5 . 86 5 . 7 1  5 . 19 5 . 7 3  -- -�-· ·---a Rat i ons were reduced in protein when a lot averaged approximately 110 lb . b Three lots of 4 pigs each per treatment . c One pig removed from treatment during the period of 110 lb . to  final we igh t b ecause of a lame condi tion . Data are not inc luded for that period . d One pig removed from treatment due to a chronic illnes s . Data are not inc luded .  5 0  - 6 -Tab le 4 .  E ffect of  Feeding Opaque-2 Corn on the Carcass Characteris tics of Growing-Finish ing Swine - -------- - ------- -- - -- · - -·--· ------ -- ---High-lysine Protein , % No . of pigsa Avg . loin eye area , Avg . b ackfat , in . Avg . length , in . Avg . lean cuts , % Loin eye mus cle c Avg . mois ture , % Avg . protein , % Avg . fat , % s q .  in . Normal 16-14 nb 4 . 9 8  1 . 15 30 . 0 6  4 8 . 20 7 2 . 82 2 3 . 0 2  11 . 70 a Three lo ts of 4 pigs each per treatment . High-lysine corn 16-14 11 5 . 35 1 . 12  30  . 16 4 8 . 9 5  7 3 . 56 2 2 . 48 7 . 4 1  Normal corn 12-10 12- 10 ,_ _ _ ______ -- ---- ---11 12 3 . 9 4 5 . 1 7  1 . 2 1 1 . 16 30 . 2 7  29 . 81 45 . 56 4 8 . 4 3 72 . 46 7 3 . 12 20 . 7 2 2 2 . 7 3 21 . 0 5  12 . 6 1  b One pig died due to a s t ress condition prior to slaughter . c The loin eye s ample evaluated was removed from the longiss irnus do�s� mus cle at the 10 th rib . 5 1  

High-Lysine Corn in Growing-Finishing Swine Rations

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High-Lysine Corn in Growing-Finishing Swine Rations

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