<p>A: TIRAP antisense treatment dramatically enhances levels of TRAM mRNA. B–D: Unlike previous elevations of TRAF6 mRNA (B), it was greatly inhibited by the TIRAP antisense. TIRAP-TRAF6-induced IL-6 (C) and IL-8 (D) mRNA elevation was also accompanied by a marked suppression. Interestingly, TRIF-induced (E) activation of IFN-beta (F) was markedly elevated by the TIRAP antisense, suggesting that a reversal exchange took place through the action of an alternative mechanism to activate IFN-inducible genes via the TRAM-TRIF pathway. (means±S.D. n = 4) (*<i>p</i><0.05, **p<0.01 by student T-test compared with control at 1 hour and 6 hours) open squares = missense, closed squares = TIRAP antisense. The ELISA results showed an inhibition of both IL-6 (G) and IL-8 (H) releases whereas secretion of IFN-β was significantly enhanced. All data are means of experiments performed in triplicate except where noted. J: Western blotting confirms the inhibitory effects of the antisense on TIRAP levels; (n = 3). β-actin served as control for equal loading.</p
