Emergence and adult biology of Agrilus difficilis were examined in relation to its host Gleditsia triacanthos. began as early as 5 June in 1982 and completed as late as 22 July in 1983. Females lived significantly longer, 48 days, than males, 29 days. Average fecundity was one egg per day during a 36-day oviposition period

Akers, Rodney C

Herms, Daniel A

Nielsen, David G

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 19 
Number 1 - Spring 1986 Number 1 - Spring 1986 Article 4 
April 1986 
Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (Coleoptera: 
Buprestidae), a Pest of Honeylocust, Gleditsia Triacanthos 
Rodney C. Akers 
BASF Wyandotte Corporations 
Daniel A. Herms 
The Dow Gardens 
David G. Nielsen 
Ohio State University 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Akers, Rodney C.; Herms, Daniel A.; and Nielsen, David G. 1986. "Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus 
Difficilis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a Pest of Honeylocust, Gleditsia Triacanthos," The Great Lakes 
Entomologist, vol 19 (1) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol19/iss1/4 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1986 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 27 
EMERGENCE AND ADULT BIOLOGY OF AGRILUS DIFFICILIS 
(COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE), A PEST OF HONEYLOCUST, 
GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS I 
Rodney C. Akers,2 Daniel A. Herms,3 and David G. Nielsen4 
ABSTRACT 
Emergence and adult biology of Agrilus difficilis were examined in relation to its host 
Gleditsia triaeanthos. began as early as 5 June in 1982 and completed as late 
as 
22 July 
in 1983. Females lived significantly longer, 48 days, than males, 29 days. 
Average fecundity was one egg per day during a 36-day oviposition period. 
Honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., is endemic to the eastern United States and has 
been widely used as a landscape tree since the 1950's after thornless and fruitless cultivars 
were developed (Wyman 1965). Once considered pest free (Webster and St. George 
1947), honey locust now has several serious insect pests, including mimosa webworm, 
Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick (Webster and St. George 1947), a spider mite, Eote­
tranyehus multidigituli (Ewing) (English and Snetsinger 1957). the pod gall midge, 
Dasineura gleditschiae (Osten Sacken) (Neiswander 1959), and the honey locust plant 
bug, Diaphnocoris ehlorionis (Say) (Wheeler and Henry 1976). 
Three wood-boring Agrilus beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae ) are known to colonize 
honeylocust: A. fallax Say, A. egenijormis Champlain and Knull, and A. difficilis Gory 
(Hespenheide 1969, 1976). Only A. diffieilis has been recognized as a pest (Schuder 1958, 
Westcott 1973, Pirone 1978, Wilson et al. 1982). Larval feeding scars the cambium and 
restricts translocation of nutrients and water. Schuder (1958) reported that exudation of 
large quantities of gum around infested nodes is commonly the first symptom of attack. 
Drought-weakened trees have been reported to be most susceptible to borer col nization 
(Westcott 1973). 
Information about seasonal emergence and adult biology of A. diffieilis is limited. In 
Indiana, adult emergencc has been reported in June (Schuder 1958). If A. difficilis is 
similar to other buprestids, emergence varies with local temperature (Dunbar and Stephens 
1974, Akers and Nielsen 1984). This study was conducted to investigate emergence and 
adult biology of A. difficilis in northeastern Ohio. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
On 2 June 1982, four dying 'Ruby lace' honey locust trees, 1.9 cm dia. I m above 
ground, were felled in the Wooster vicinity and placed in a laboratory at the Ohio State 
1Salaries and research support provided by State and Federal funds appropriated t the Ohio 
Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. 
2BASF Wyandotte Corp., 103 BASF Road, Greenville, MS 37801. 
3The 
Dow Gardens, 1018 
W. Main Street, Midland, MI48640. 
4Depaltment of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio 
State University, Wooster, OH 44691. 
1
Akers et al.: Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (Coleopt
Published by ValpoScholar, 1986
28 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 19, No.1 
40 
¥' .-.W 
w 
~30 
~ 
Cl
a: 
w 
~ 20 
~ 
:J 
~ 10 
d 
z 
o 
27 
May 
10 17 24 
Junt 
0-01982 (Ruby lacQ) 
.-.1963CSkyIlM') 
July 
II 15 U 
DATE 
Fig. I. Weekly adult emergence of Agrilus difficilis from honeylocust near Wooster, Ohio in 1982 
and 
1983. 
University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster. 
Trees were inspected daily for A. difficilis emergence; new holes were marked with a wax 
pencil. 
In 1983, emergence and adult biology of A. difficilis were investigated. Two 'Skyline' 
honey locust (32.8 cm dbh, 11.1 m in height and 25.8 cm dbh, 11.3 m in height) exhibiting 
dieback were felled 9 May and 1 June, respectively, at the OARDC and placed in an 
insectary. Adult emergcnce was monitored as i 1982. Newly emerged, unmated A. 
difficilis beetles were collected daily and separated by sex. Influence o adult host on 
reproductive biology was determined by caging pairs of 1- to 2-day-01d virgin beetles on 
attached leaves of 'Moraine' or • Skyline , honey locust. Three beetle pairs were caged on 
each of four trees/cultivar (12 pairs/cultivar). Cages were made of 19.2 cm3 transparent 
plastic petri dishes with tops and bottoms partially replaced with nylon mesh to provide 
ventilation. All cages were positioned on the north side of the tree to minimize heat 
build-up within cages. were moved to fresh foliage at least every other day when 
they were inspected for eggs and dead beetles. When eggs were found, beetles were 
moved to a n w cage. Cages with eggs were positioned in the interior of the tree canopy 
and examined daily for egg hatch. 
In 1983, adult longevity, length of the maturation feeding period, fecundity, incubation 
period, and egg viability were compared between the two cultivars using Student's f-Test. 
Each beetle pair was considered an experimental unit. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Emergence. A. difficilis adults began emerging from 'Rubylace' 5 June; peak emer­
gence occurred 24 June, with last emergence on 28 June in 1982. In 1983, emergence 
began II June, peaked 28 June, with last emergence on 22 July (Fig. 1). The overall 
emergence period was 18 days longer in 1983 than 1982. In 1982, all beetles emerged 
from small-diameter stems of 'Rubylace' honeylocust. The small diameter of the infested 
wood may have resulted in all larvae and pupae being exposed to similar temperatures, 
thereby synchronizing development and reducing the adult emergence period. In 1983, 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 19, No. 1 [1986], Art. 4
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol19/iss1/4
1986 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 29 
emergence from relatively large 'Skyline' honeylocust was monitored. Nearly all beetles 
emcrged from branches larger than 1.5 cm in diameter. A longer emergence period would 
be 
expected from larger diameter wood, as reported for carpenter worm, 
Priolloxystus 
robilliae Peck (Solomon and Neel 1972). 
Adult Biology. In 1983, reproductive biology did not vary witj1 host (Student's I-Test, 
P"';; 0.05), so data for all beetles were pooled and expressed as X ± S.D. Females lived 
significantly longer (48 ± 35 than males (29 ± 20 days) (P 0.09). The 
maturation feeding period was 18 days; females averaged 1 ± 1 egg per day during 
a 36 ± 32 day oviposition period. Eighty-five percent of all females oviposited. 
Incubation averaged 15 ± 3 days; 30 22% of eggs hatched. 
To our knowledge. this is the first report on A. difficilis biology, although it is 
reeognized as a pest of honey locust (Schuder 1958, Westcott 1973. Pirone 1978, Wilson 
et al. 1982). Beetles lived twice as long and were twice as fecund as the closely related 
bronze birch borer, Agrilus allxius Gory (Akers 1985). However, difficilis egg hatch was 
only half that of allxius. 
Detection of A. difficilis as a casual agent in honeylocust decline may be difficult. since 
emergence holes and raised areas of bark associated with subcortical larval galleries are 
cryptic. Careful inspection is required to detect these symptoms of borer attack on 
honcylocust. 
A. difficilis colonizes large and small trees successfully. Its apparent preference for 
stressed trees would indicate that it can be expected to be more common in the landscape 
than in nurseries. However, since it colonizes even small trees, producers of honey locust 
within the range of this beetle should be vigilant for its presence in unirrigated trees during 
periods of summer drought when oviposition occurs. 
It is 
not known whether 
Agrilus beetles oviposit selectively only on trees of low vitality 
or on all host trees they encounter. The former scenario is more likely, since fecundity and 
egg hatchability are low. Further investigations of A. dif/icilis reproductive behavior and 
biology are needed before effective management programs can be prescribed for hon­
eylocust. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
We thank Dr. G. H. Nelson, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, 
CA. for identifying A. difficilis. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Akers, R. C. 1985. Reproductive biology of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, 
in Ohio (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Ph.D. dissert., Ohio State Univ., Columbus. 
Akers, R. C. and D. G. Nielsen. 1984. Predicting Agrilus anxius Gory (Coleoptera: 
Buprestidae) adult emergence by heat unit accumulation. 1. Econ. Entomol. 
77: 1459-1463. 
Dunbar. D. M. and G. R. Stephens. 1974. Twolined chestnut borer: effects of s orage 
conditions, processing, and insecticides on its survival in oak logs. Ibid. 67:427-429. 
English, L. L. and R. Snetsinger. 1957. The biology and control of Eotetranychus 
multidigituli (Ewing) a spider mite of honeylocust. Ibid. 50:784-788. 
Hespenheide, H. A. 1969. Larval feeding sites of species of Agrilus (Coleoptera) using 
a common host plant. Oikos. 20:558-561. 
1976. Patterns in the use of single plant hosts by wood-boring beetles. Ibid. 
27:161-164. 
Neiswander, R. B. 1959. Unusual pests of woody ornamentals. Ohio Agric. Res. and 
Dev. Cen., Res. Circ. No. 74. 22 pp. 
Pirone, P. P. 1978. Diseases and pests of ornamental plants. 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons. 
NY. 566 pp. 
3
Akers et al.: Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (Coleopt
Published by ValpoScholar, 1986
30 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vo!' 19, No. I 
Schuder, D. L. 1958. Insect pests of honeylocust. Amer. Nurseryman. 107:13,90,91. 
Solomon, 1. D. and W. W. Nee!. 1972. Emergence behavior and rhythms in the carpenter 
worm moth, Prionoxystus robiniae. Ann. Entomo!. Soc. Amer. 65:1296-1299. 
Webster, H. V. and R. A. St. George. 1947. Life history and control of the webworm: 
Homadaula alhizziae. I. Econ. EntomoL 40:546-553. 
Westcott, C. 1973. The gardner's bug book. 4th ed. Doubleday and Co. Garden City, NY. 
689 pp. 
Wheeler, A. G. and T. J. Henry. 1976. Biology of the honeyiocust plant bug. Diaphno­
coris chlorionis, and other mirids associated with ornamental honeylocust. Ann. 
Entomo!. Soc. Amer. 69: 1095-11 04. 
Wilson, M. c. D. L. Schuder. and A. V. Provonsha. 1982. Insects of ornamental plants. 
2nd ed. Waveland Press. Inc., Prospect Heights, IL. 157 pp. 
Wyman, D. 1965. Trees for American gardens. Macmillan Publishing Co., NY. 502 pp. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 19, No. 1 [1986], Art. 4
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol19/iss1/4

Emergence and Adult Biology of \u3ci\u3eAgrilus Difficilis\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a Pest of Honeylocust,  \u3ci\u3eGleditsia Triacanthos\u3c/i\u3e

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 19 Number 1 - Spring 1986 Number 1 - Spring 1986 Article 4 April 1986 Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a Pest of Honeylocust, Gleditsia Triacanthos Rodney C. Akers BASF Wyandotte Corporations Daniel A. Herms The Dow Gardens David G. Nielsen Ohio State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Akers, Rodney C.; Herms, Daniel A.; and Nielsen, David G. 1986. "Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a Pest of Honeylocust, Gleditsia Triacanthos," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 19 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol19/iss1/4 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1986 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 27 EMERGENCE AND ADULT BIOLOGY OF AGRILUS DIFFICILIS (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE), A PEST OF HONEYLOCUST, GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS I Rodney C. Akers,2 Daniel A. Herms,3 and David G. Nielsen4 ABSTRACT Emergence and adult biology of Agrilus difficilis were examined in relation to its host Gleditsia triaeanthos. began as early as 5 June in 1982 and completed as late as 22 July in 1983. Females lived significantly longer, 48 days, than males, 29 days. Average fecundity was one egg per day during a 36-day oviposition period. Honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., is endemic to the eastern United States and has been widely used as a landscape tree since the 1950's after thornless and fruitless cultivars were developed (Wyman 1965). Once considered pest free (Webster and St. George 1947), honey locust now has several serious insect pests, including mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick (Webster and St. George 1947), a spider mite, Eote­tranyehus multidigituli (Ewing) (English and Snetsinger 1957). the pod gall midge, Dasineura gleditschiae (Osten Sacken) (Neiswander 1959), and the honey locust plant bug, Diaphnocoris ehlorionis (Say) (Wheeler and Henry 1976). Three wood-boring Agrilus beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae ) are known to colonize honeylocust: A. fallax Say, A. egenijormis Champlain and Knull, and A. difficilis Gory (Hespenheide 1969, 1976). Only A. diffieilis has been recognized as a pest (Schuder 1958, Westcott 1973, Pirone 1978, Wilson et al. 1982). Larval feeding scars the cambium and restricts translocation of nutrients and water. Schuder (1958) reported that exudation of large quantities of gum around infested nodes is commonly the first symptom of attack. Drought-weakened trees have been reported to be most susceptible to borer col nization (Westcott 1973). Information about seasonal emergence and adult biology of A. diffieilis is limited. In Indiana, adult emergencc has been reported in June (Schuder 1958). If A. difficilis is similar to other buprestids, emergence varies with local temperature (Dunbar and Stephens 1974, Akers and Nielsen 1984). This study was conducted to investigate emergence and adult biology of A. difficilis in northeastern Ohio. MATERIALS AND METHODS On 2 June 1982, four dying 'Ruby lace' honey locust trees, 1.9 cm dia. I m above ground, were felled in the Wooster vicinity and placed in a laboratory at the Ohio State 1Salaries and research support provided by State and Federal funds appropriated t the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. 2BASF Wyandotte Corp., 103 BASF Road, Greenville, MS 37801. 3The Dow Gardens, 1018 W. Main Street, Midland, MI48640. 4Depaltment of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691. 1Akers et al.: Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (ColeoptPublished by ValpoScholar, 198628 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 19, No.1 40 ¥' .-.W w ~30 ~ Cla: w ~ 20 ~ :J ~ 10 d z o 27 May 10 17 24 Junt 0-01982 (Ruby lacQ) .-.1963CSkyIlM') July II 15 U DATE Fig. I. Weekly adult emergence of Agrilus difficilis from honeylocust near Wooster, Ohio in 1982 and 1983. University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster. Trees were inspected daily for A. difficilis emergence; new holes were marked with a wax pencil. In 1983, emergence and adult biology of A. difficilis were investigated. Two 'Skyline' honey locust (32.8 cm dbh, 11.1 m in height and 25.8 cm dbh, 11.3 m in height) exhibiting dieback were felled 9 May and 1 June, respectively, at the OARDC and placed in an insectary. Adult emergcnce was monitored as i 1982. Newly emerged, unmated A. difficilis beetles were collected daily and separated by sex. Influence o adult host on reproductive biology was determined by caging pairs of 1- to 2-day-01d virgin beetles on attached leaves of 'Moraine' or • Skyline , honey locust. Three beetle pairs were caged on each of four trees/cultivar (12 pairs/cultivar). Cages were made of 19.2 cm3 transparent plastic petri dishes with tops and bottoms partially replaced with nylon mesh to provide ventilation. All cages were positioned on the north side of the tree to minimize heat build-up within cages. were moved to fresh foliage at least every other day when they were inspected for eggs and dead beetles. When eggs were found, beetles were moved to a n w cage. Cages with eggs were positioned in the interior of the tree canopy and examined daily for egg hatch. In 1983, adult longevity, length of the maturation feeding period, fecundity, incubation period, and egg viability were compared between the two cultivars using Student's f-Test. Each beetle pair was considered an experimental unit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Emergence. A. difficilis adults began emerging from 'Rubylace' 5 June; peak emer­gence occurred 24 June, with last emergence on 28 June in 1982. In 1983, emergence began II June, peaked 28 June, with last emergence on 22 July (Fig. 1). The overall emergence period was 18 days longer in 1983 than 1982. In 1982, all beetles emerged from small-diameter stems of 'Rubylace' honeylocust. The small diameter of the infested wood may have resulted in all larvae and pupae being exposed to similar temperatures, thereby synchronizing development and reducing the adult emergence period. In 1983, 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 19, No. 1 [1986], Art. 4https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol19/iss1/41986 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 29 emergence from relatively large 'Skyline' honeylocust was monitored. Nearly all beetles emcrged from branches larger than 1.5 cm in diameter. A longer emergence period would be expected from larger diameter wood, as reported for carpenter worm, Priolloxystus robilliae Peck (Solomon and Neel 1972). Adult Biology. In 1983, reproductive biology did not vary witj1 host (Student's I-Test, P"';; 0.05), so data for all beetles were pooled and expressed as X ± S.D. Females lived significantly longer (48 ± 35 than males (29 ± 20 days) (P 0.09). The maturation feeding period was 18 days; females averaged 1 ± 1 egg per day during a 36 ± 32 day oviposition period. Eighty-five percent of all females oviposited. Incubation averaged 15 ± 3 days; 30 22% of eggs hatched. To our knowledge. this is the first report on A. difficilis biology, although it is reeognized as a pest of honey locust (Schuder 1958, Westcott 1973. Pirone 1978, Wilson et al. 1982). Beetles lived twice as long and were twice as fecund as the closely related bronze birch borer, Agrilus allxius Gory (Akers 1985). However, difficilis egg hatch was only half that of allxius. Detection of A. difficilis as a casual agent in honeylocust decline may be difficult. since emergence holes and raised areas of bark associated with subcortical larval galleries are cryptic. Careful inspection is required to detect these symptoms of borer attack on honcylocust. A. difficilis colonizes large and small trees successfully. Its apparent preference for stressed trees would indicate that it can be expected to be more common in the landscape than in nurseries. However, since it colonizes even small trees, producers of honey locust within the range of this beetle should be vigilant for its presence in unirrigated trees during periods of summer drought when oviposition occurs. It is not known whether Agrilus beetles oviposit selectively only on trees of low vitality or on all host trees they encounter. The former scenario is more likely, since fecundity and egg hatchability are low. Further investigations of A. dif/icilis reproductive behavior and biology are needed before effective management programs can be prescribed for hon­eylocust. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank Dr. G. H. Nelson, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, CA. for identifying A. difficilis. LITERATURE CITED Akers, R. C. 1985. Reproductive biology of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, in Ohio (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Ph.D. dissert., Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Akers, R. C. and D. G. Nielsen. 1984. Predicting Agrilus anxius Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) adult emergence by heat unit accumulation. 1. Econ. Entomol. 77: 1459-1463. Dunbar. D. M. and G. R. Stephens. 1974. Twolined chestnut borer: effects of s orage conditions, processing, and insecticides on its survival in oak logs. Ibid. 67:427-429. English, L. L. and R. Snetsinger. 1957. The biology and control of Eotetranychus multidigituli (Ewing) a spider mite of honeylocust. Ibid. 50:784-788. Hespenheide, H. A. 1969. Larval feeding sites of species of Agrilus (Coleoptera) using a common host plant. Oikos. 20:558-561. 1976. Patterns in the use of single plant hosts by wood-boring beetles. Ibid. 27:161-164. Neiswander, R. B. 1959. Unusual pests of woody ornamentals. Ohio Agric. Res. and Dev. Cen., Res. Circ. No. 74. 22 pp. Pirone, P. P. 1978. Diseases and pests of ornamental plants. 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons. NY. 566 pp. 3Akers et al.: Emergence and Adult Biology of Agrilus Difficilis (ColeoptPublished by ValpoScholar, 198630 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vo!' 19, No. I Schuder, D. L. 1958. Insect pests of honeylocust. Amer. Nurseryman. 107:13,90,91. Solomon, 1. D. and W. W. Nee!. 1972. Emergence behavior and rhythms in the carpenter worm moth, Prionoxystus robiniae. Ann. Entomo!. Soc. Amer. 65:1296-1299. Webster, H. V. and R. A. St. George. 1947. Life history and control of the webworm: Homadaula alhizziae. I. Econ. EntomoL 40:546-553. Westcott, C. 1973. The gardner's bug book. 4th ed. Doubleday and Co. Garden City, NY. 689 pp. Wheeler, A. G. and T. J. Henry. 1976. Biology of the honeyiocust plant bug. Diaphno­coris chlorionis, and other mirids associated with ornamental honeylocust. Ann. Entomo!. Soc. Amer. 69: 1095-11 04. Wilson, M. c. D. L. Schuder. and A. V. Provonsha. 1982. Insects of ornamental plants. 2nd ed. Waveland Press. Inc., Prospect Heights, IL. 157 pp. Wyman, D. 1965. Trees for American gardens. Macmillan Publishing Co., NY. 502 pp. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 19, No. 1 [1986], Art. 4https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol19/iss1/4

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Emergence and Adult Biology of \u3ci\u3eAgrilus Difficilis\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a Pest of Honeylocust, \u3ci\u3eGleditsia Triacanthos\u3c/i\u3e

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