Harp, George L.

Huggins, Julie A.

English

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 37 Article 341983Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Hiatt PrairieRegion, Franklin County, ArkansasJulie A. HugginsArkansas State UniversityGeorge L. HarpArkansas State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, and the Zoology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationHuggins, Julie A. and Harp, George L. (1983) "Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Hiatt Prairie Region, Franklin County, Arkansas,"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 37 , Article 34.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/34:i.Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198392Arkansas Academy of Scienceineliminating tedious least-square manipulations), and ease of making judgments about reliabilityofdata. Student reaction has been enthusiasticbut some effortmust be expended by instructional personnel to prevent rote manipulation of"black boxes" and permit understanding of the logicinvolved.The spectrophotometer used is the B &LSpectronic 70, although the ubiquitous Spectronic 20 is interchangeable. Any of a number ofsimilardigitalor non-digital instruments could be adapted with the proper interfacing arrangement. The interface used is one of several built during anannual workshop onmicrocomputer interfacing (Wisman, Chemistry Department, University ofArkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. Circuit usedwith permission.) The program requires 6K on the 4032-N PET microcomputer. The program runs on both new (4.0) and older (2.0) RAM inPET BASIC. The 301 lines (58 comments) in the program are capable ofbeing greatly reduced, but are presented so as to permit modificationand ease of understanding. Transfer to other brands of microcomputer would require modification of the graphics portion of the program, aswell as some changes in the interface adapter. The program is written for the small-screen PET, but minimal changes would accommodate thenew 12" (80 column) screen. The modified Day/Underwood experiment, a schematic of the interface, a program listing,and a sample executionare available from the author.A. M. HOYT,JR., Chemistry Department, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72032.AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES OF THE HIATTPRAIRIE REGION, FRANKLINCOUNTY, ARKANSASAt one time significant disjunct expanses of natural grassland or prairie occurred in all quarters of Arkansas. These were predominantlytall grass prairies with scattered areas of wetlands or marsh. Most have been destroyed by agricultural practices (Ark.Dept. Planning, 1974). Onlytwo prairie tracts remain in Arkansas that are associated with permanent water. One of these is Hiatt Prairie. Little work has been done on theaquatic macroinvertebrates of prairie-associated streams in Arkansas. It was the primary intent of this study to establish a species list ofaquaticmacroinvertebrates for the Hiatt Prairie region.Hiatt Prairie is located 2 km NofCharleston inthe SW'/i S25, R29W, T8N,Franklin County, Arkansas. Hiatt Creek, formerly called PrairieCreek, is a first order stream that meanders to the west across the Prairie, approximately 1km. Recently beaver have invaded the area and causeda drastic change instream flow. Six large beaver dams cross the stream channel at approximately 140 m intervals, and smaller dams are occasion-ally interspersed between them. As a result, the typically narrow, shallow stream has become deeper and more sluggish at the beaver poolsestablished behind each dam.The main channel width varies from 0.9 to 2.4 m and the depth varies from 20 to 91 cm, dependent on the beaver dams. The substrate ofthe channel is typified by silt several cm deep inareas of littlecurrent, whereas broken slate and rock predominate where the current is more rapid.Compacted clay is typically found at each bend in the stream. Substrate in the beaver pools is characterized by a thick silt, augmented by detritalmaterial from the surrounding watershed.An oval-shaped stock pond is located approximately 0.1 km NE of the St Hwy 217 bridge over Hiatt Creek. The pond was constructed inthe early 1900's and has maintained a supply of water since that time (Hiatt, pers. comiti.). During periods ofexcessive rainfall, the pond overflowsits east bank creating excellent habitat for aquatic macroinvertebrates in the surrounding grasses and low shrubs. Several kinds ofaquatic vascularplants abound in this low flooded area where the effect ofsiltation is minimal. The substrate within the normal boundaries of the pond consistsof a very deep layer of silt, with the complete absence of vegetation.Thirty-four collections were made during 15 trips from 24 May 1980 to 21 February 1982. Seventeen collections were made from the streamchannel, 10 from the beaver pools and seven from the stock pond. Collections were made monthly from spring through fall and bi-monthlyduringthe winter. Temperature, pH and turbidity were measured on each sampling date. Dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and alkalinity were measuredonlyon the final trip. Chemical determinations were made by standard limnological methods. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected with anaquatic dipnet. The stream channel was sampled at approximately 20 pace intervals. Each microhabitat was sampled proportionately in the beaverpools. The circumference and overflow area of the stock pond were sampled randomly, although dense silt accumulations were avoided. Oneachtripan ultraviolet light was used forone hour after dusk to collect emerging adults. Dip net and ultraviolet light specimens were preserved in70%ethanol. Adult Odonata were collected by aerial net, placed inpaper triangles, and immersed inacetone for 18-24 hours. All specimens are housedin the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology (ASUMZ) Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection.Physicochemical parameters of both the stream and stock pond were within the known limits of tolerance for freshwater organisms andcaused no visible detrimental effects. The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of the Hiatt Prairie region was quite diverse, with 138 taxa representing18 orders, 55 families and 115 genera (Table). Of these, 126 taxa were collected in Hiatt Creek; 104 and 95 taxa in the beaver pools and channel,respectively. Seventy-one taxa were collected from the stock pond. The three major zones had 42 taxa in common, while 31 taxa were shared bythe channel and beaver pools only, 15 taxa by the beaver pools and stock pond only,and five taxa by the channel and stock pond only.Seventeentaxa were found in the channel only, 16 in the beaver pools only,and nine in the stock pond only.Coleoptera was the most diverse order withrepresentatives from eight families and 51 species. The most frequently collected orders were Isopoda, Coleoptera, Decapoda, Hemiptera,Amphipoda, and Ephemeroptera, respectively. Most of the taxa are adapted toa variety ofhabitats and environmental conditions (Pennak, 1978).The beaver activity has increased the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in Hiatt Creek by increasing the diversity ofmicrohabitats,introducing instability, or a combination of the two. The beaver pools provide a greater range of water depth, current speed (absent to moderate),and substrate types (paniculate organic matter to decomposing leaf litter).The beaver pools also have gradually sloping bottoms which areconducive to the establishment of a greater variety and density of aquatic vegetation and associated fauna. During the study period the beaverpools were inthe process ofbeing established, and thus were areas of transition. Such transitions are marked by temporary instability. Increasedspecies diversity can result, as some new species willbe developing, others willbe at population peaks, and yet others willbe declining (Reed, 1978).The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of the channel was qualitatively similar to that of the beaver pools, with 95 and 104 taxa, respectively.Of these, 73 taxa were collected from both zones. Fewer taxa were collected from the channel than the beaver pools despite more intensive collectionin this zone (17 samples vs 10 from the beaver pools). Inmany areas of the channel the substrate was compacted clay, and the stream banks wereof vertical, eroded clay, providing littlesuitable habitat. Most ofthe taxa found in the channel only(e.g. Hagenius, Pycnopsyche, Stenelmis crenata)are characteristically stream inhabitants (Needham and Westfall, 1955; Brown, 1976; Wiggins, 1977).Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity was least in the stock pond. This primarily resulted from the homogeneity of its silt substrate (Harrell,1969). The fewest samples were taken from this zone, and this also reduced the number of taxa collected. Most taxa were obtained in the overflow92Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 34Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1983Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,1983 93General NotesTable. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from the channel (Ch),beaver pools (BP), and stock pond (SP), Hiatt Prairie region, 24 May,980 - 21 February 1982.COBDIOIDEAParagordiutOLICOCliAEIAHIRUDINEAErpobdellaPlacobdelUGASTROPODAternaaia rivularis (Say)lyimaea aolumella Sayiymnaea obrusBQ SayMenetue dilatatus (Could)Fhysa gyrina SaypaECVPODAMuBCulium aecuria (Prime)CRUSTACEADaphnialirceua garmani Hubrlcht and MackinCrangonyx graoilie SmithOrconectea palmeri longirnanue (Faxon)ProaambaruB aautua aautua (Girard)Procombarua liberorxm FltzpatrickINSECTACollembolaiBotomurua paluatria (Muller)Sminthuridea aquaticua (Bour.)DemlpteraBeloetoma fusciventre (Dufour)•LethoceruB griaeue (Say)Hesperoaorixa nitida (Fieber)Palmaaorixa buenoi AbbottTrichocorixa kama SailerGelaatoaorue oaulatua oculatue (Fabricius)LimtoporuB aanaliculatuB (Say)Rhewnatobates paloei BlatchleyHotoneata indiaa LlnraNeoplea rwtana Drake and ChapmanHiarovelia hinei DrakePlecopteraTaenionemaEphenropt.r.Rlibaetie fluatuane (Walsh)lieHexagenia limbata (Serville)Calopteryx maeulata (Beauvols)Ananalagrion haatatum (Say)Argia fimipennia violctcea (Hagen)Argia tibialia (Rambur)Enallagma baaidene CalvertEnallagma civile HagenEnallagma divagana SelysEnallagma aignatum Hagenlaahnura poaita (Hagen)Hageniua breviatylue SelysAnax juniua DruryBoyeria vinoaa Saylitheca prinaepa (Hagen)elithemia eliaa Hagen"rythemia aimplioioollia Say•odorKi depldnatQ Ramburibellula ayanea Fabriciusibellula inaeata Hagenibellula pulchella Druryuohydeplax longipennia Burmeistererithemis tenera SayXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXX XXXXX XX XXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXMegalopteraChauliodea pectinicornia (Linnaeus)SialiBTrlchopteraChewnatopsychePyanopaycheColeopteraHypevodeaLiatronotuePhytobiueAailiua fraternue HarrisAgabus diaintegratus (Crotch)BideaaonotuaCelino. anguatata AubeCopelatua ohevrolati renovatua GuignotCoptotomua venuatua (Say)Cybiater fimbriolatua (Say)Hydl'opoTniaHydroporua rufilabria SharpHydrovatue puatulatua puatulatuB MelshelmerIlybiueLaocophilua faaaiatua rufue MelshelmerLaacophilua piotua ineignie SharpLaccophilus pvoxintue proximue SayNeobideeBUBThermoneatua baaillaria (Harris)Stenelmia arenata (Say)Dineutua aeaimilia (Kirby)Dineutue emavginatus (SayJHalipluePeltodytea dunavani YoungPeltodytee muticue (LeConte)Peltodytea aexmaculatue RobertsCyphonBerosuBCymbiodytaUibolocelue ouatua (Gemmlnger and Harold)Enochrua oohraceua (Melshelmer)HelophoruaHydroohara obtueata SayHydroohuaHydrophiluB*Neohydrophilua aaetua (Say)PoracyrtiUB Bubaupreus (Say)Phaenonotum exatriatwn (Say)Tropiaternue blatchleyi blatahleyi D'OrchTropiaternua elliptioue (LeConte)Tropiatet*nuB lateraliB nimbatus SayTropiaternua natator D'OrchHydroaanthua ivicolor SaySuphieelluBDlpteraAlluaudomyiaPalpomyiaProbezziaAedea vexane (Meigen)Anopheles quadrvnaculatuB SayCulex territana WalkerCulieeta inornate. WllllstPsorophora columbiae Dyer and KnabStratiomyaChrysopaTabanuaTipulaBittaaomorpha clavipea (Fabricius)Ch BP SPX XX XX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX XX XX XXX XxXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XX XXX XxXXXX XXX XXxX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXX XX XX XXxXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX XX XxCh BP SPPlathemia lydia DruryXXXX X •Collected by black light onlyX Xarea, where the substrate was a fine paniculate organic material, with a dense accumulation ofaquatic vegetation and interspersed algae. The faunalcomposition was more similar to that of the beaver pools than that of the channel, having 57 and 47 taxa in common, respectively.Jewell (1927) observed that the streams of Iowa, northern Missouri, and eastern Kansas and Nebraska, are not prairie streams, because theirvalleys are wooded. Such streams are shaded in the summer and receive much organic allochthonous material from the watershed. Incontrast,prairie streams receive little organic allochthonous material and have a substrate composition of gravel, sand and clay. The streams of easternKansas are transitional inthat their banks are wooded, but swift currents and periodic flooding remove organic deposits (Jewell, 1927). Basically,Hiatt Creek is such a transitional stream, particularly in the channel zone.93Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 34http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/34•Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198394Arkansas Academy of ScienceThis research was supported in part bya grant from the Arkansas Water Resources Research Center. We thank ThomasBowman, Mark Gordon and Horton Hobbs, Jr., for identification of Isopoda, Mollusca and Decapoda, respectively. BillHiatt kindlygranted permission to collect onhis property, and John Huggins was ofgreat assistance in collecting field data.LITERATURE CITEDARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING. 1974. ArkansasNatural Area Plan. Little Rock. 248 pp.NEEDHAM, J. G., and M.J. WESTFALL, JR. 1955. A manual ofthe dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). Univ. CaliforniaPress, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 615 pp.BROWN, H. P. 1976. Aquatic dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera)of the United States. Water Poll. Cont. Res. Ser. 18050 ELD04/72,U.S. Env. Prot. Agency. 82 pp.PENNAK,R. W. 1978. Fresh-water invertebrates ofthe United States.John Wiley & Sons. New York. 803 pp.HARREL, R. C. 1969. Benthic macroinvertebrates of the OtterCreek drainage basin, North Central Oklahoma. Southw. Nat.,14(2):231-248.REED, C. 1978. Species diversity in aquatic microecosystemsEcology, 59:481-488.WIGGINS, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisflygenera (Trichoptera). Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 401 pp.JEWELL, M. E. 1927. Aquatic biology of the prairie. Ecology,8(3):289-298.JULIEA. HUGGINS and GEORGE L.HARP, Department ofBiological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.Neviusia alabamensis: A PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSISNeviusia alabamensis is an extremely rare plant endemic to onlya few southeastern states. Arkansas has representative populations in threecounties: Conway, Pope, and Newton (Fig.). Other identified populations are located in Alabama, where the species was first recognized, andinMissouri, Tennessee, and Mississippi. Inthree states, Alabama, Arkansas, and Missouri, the genus is listed as an endangered species (Ayensuand Defilips, 1978) and in the two remaining states it has just recently been discovered. The purpose of this paper are to describe the distributionofNeviusia alabamensis in Arkansas and to examine the physical environments in which the Arkansas species are found.To develop a plant description ofNeviusia alabamensis, 16 herbarium specimens were measured and published information was examined(Chapman, 1897; Dean et al., 1973; Dean, 1961; Greene and Blomquist, 1953; Small, 1903; Lounsberry, 1901; Moldenke, 1949; Small, 1933; Steyermark,1975). The physical environment was described in terms of soil, slope direction, slope percentage, solar exposure, and dominant vegetation. Soilsamples were taken from each of the ecosystems in Arkansas inwhich Neviusia alabamensis is found and soil nutrient, soil texture, and pH testswere conducted. The soil was gathered from depths of 4 to 10cm at three different areas within each population and mixed before testing.Neviusia alabamensis is a perennial shrub withnumerous slender primary stems and short lateral branches. The brightgreen leaves (approx-imately 3cm X 4cm) are simple and alternating. The flowers are odorless and lack petals, however, the stamens are numerous (usually over 100)and showy. Flowering may occur between March and May.Neviusia alabamensis seems to be able to exist on relatively dry sites. Two of the populations, Conway and Newton Counties, are locatedon southeast facing slopes, whereas the population in Pope County is located on a northwest facing slope (Table). The percentage of the slopevaried a great deal among the populations. The slope in Conway County was the greatest, 80%, and the slope inNewton County was the least,35%. It would seem that the Conway County population would be much drier as a result of the steeper slope. However, the soil at Newton Countywas very sandy. These two populations may be approximately equal in what seems to be the most critical factor, soil moisture.Table. Comparison of the physical environments in which Neviusiaalabamensis exists. The soilnutrients are given in kilograms per hectare.Slope Direction 155° SE 325° NW 120-135° SESlope Percentage 805! 65Z 35*Size of Population 80m X 10m 15m X 40m 270m X 15mNitrogen 0 0 0Phosphorus 34-« 34-45 5Potassium 135 135 90-100pH 6.0 6.2 6.8Texture Loamy sand Loamy sand Sandy gritSandy loamFigure. The three Arkansas counties in which Neviusia alabamensis isfound.94Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 34Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1983

Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Hiatt Prairie Region, Franklin County, Arkansas

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 37 Article 34 1983 Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Hiatt Prairie Region, Franklin County, Arkansas Julie A. Huggins Arkansas State University George L. Harp Arkansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Huggins, Julie A. and Harp, George L. (1983) "Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Hiatt Prairie Region, Franklin County, Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 37 , Article 34. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/34 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. :i.Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198392Arkansas Academy of Scienceineliminating tedious least-square manipulations), and ease of making judgments about reliabilityofdata. Student reaction has been enthusiasticbut some effortmust be expended by instructional personnel to prevent rote manipulation of"black boxes" and permit understanding of the logicinvolved.The spectrophotometer used is the B &LSpectronic 70, although the ubiquitous Spectronic 20 is interchangeable. Any of a number ofsimilardigitalor non-digital instruments could be adapted with the proper interfacing arrangement. The interface used is one of several built during anannual workshop onmicrocomputer interfacing (Wisman, Chemistry Department, University ofArkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. Circuit usedwith permission.) The program requires 6K on the 4032-N PET microcomputer. The program runs on both new (4.0) and older (2.0) RAM inPET BASIC. The 301 lines (58 comments) in the program are capable ofbeing greatly reduced, but are presented so as to permit modificationand ease of understanding. Transfer to other brands of microcomputer would require modification of the graphics portion of the program, aswell as some changes in the interface adapter. The program is written for the small-screen PET, but minimal changes would accommodate thenew 12" (80 column) screen. The modified Day/Underwood experiment, a schematic of the interface, a program listing,and a sample executionare available from the author.A. M. HOYT,JR., Chemistry Department, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72032.AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES OF THE HIATTPRAIRIE REGION, FRANKLINCOUNTY, ARKANSASAt one time significant disjunct expanses of natural grassland or prairie occurred in all quarters of Arkansas. These were predominantlytall grass prairies with scattered areas of wetlands or marsh. Most have been destroyed by agricultural practices (Ark.Dept. Planning, 1974). Onlytwo prairie tracts remain in Arkansas that are associated with permanent water. One of these is Hiatt Prairie. Little work has been done on theaquatic macroinvertebrates of prairie-associated streams in Arkansas. It was the primary intent of this study to establish a species list ofaquaticmacroinvertebrates for the Hiatt Prairie region.Hiatt Prairie is located 2 km NofCharleston inthe SW'/i S25, R29W, T8N,Franklin County, Arkansas. Hiatt Creek, formerly called PrairieCreek, is a first order stream that meanders to the west across the Prairie, approximately 1km. Recently beaver have invaded the area and causeda drastic change instream flow. Six large beaver dams cross the stream channel at approximately 140 m intervals, and smaller dams are occasion-ally interspersed between them. As a result, the typically narrow, shallow stream has become deeper and more sluggish at the beaver poolsestablished behind each dam.The main channel width varies from 0.9 to 2.4 m and the depth varies from 20 to 91 cm, dependent on the beaver dams. The substrate ofthe channel is typified by silt several cm deep inareas of littlecurrent, whereas broken slate and rock predominate where the current is more rapid.Compacted clay is typically found at each bend in the stream. Substrate in the beaver pools is characterized by a thick silt, augmented by detritalmaterial from the surrounding watershed.An oval-shaped stock pond is located approximately 0.1 km NE of the St Hwy 217 bridge over Hiatt Creek. The pond was constructed inthe early 1900's and has maintained a supply of water since that time (Hiatt, pers. comiti.). During periods ofexcessive rainfall, the pond overflowsits east bank creating excellent habitat for aquatic macroinvertebrates in the surrounding grasses and low shrubs. Several kinds ofaquatic vascularplants abound in this low flooded area where the effect ofsiltation is minimal. The substrate within the normal boundaries of the pond consistsof a very deep layer of silt, with the complete absence of vegetation.Thirty-four collections were made during 15 trips from 24 May 1980 to 21 February 1982. Seventeen collections were made from the streamchannel, 10 from the beaver pools and seven from the stock pond. Collections were made monthly from spring through fall and bi-monthlyduringthe winter. Temperature, pH and turbidity were measured on each sampling date. Dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and alkalinity were measuredonlyon the final trip. Chemical determinations were made by standard limnological methods. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected with anaquatic dipnet. The stream channel was sampled at approximately 20 pace intervals. Each microhabitat was sampled proportionately in the beaverpools. The circumference and overflow area of the stock pond were sampled randomly, although dense silt accumulations were avoided. Oneachtripan ultraviolet light was used forone hour after dusk to collect emerging adults. Dip net and ultraviolet light specimens were preserved in70%ethanol. Adult Odonata were collected by aerial net, placed inpaper triangles, and immersed inacetone for 18-24 hours. All specimens are housedin the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology (ASUMZ) Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection.Physicochemical parameters of both the stream and stock pond were within the known limits of tolerance for freshwater organisms andcaused no visible detrimental effects. The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of the Hiatt Prairie region was quite diverse, with 138 taxa representing18 orders, 55 families and 115 genera (Table). Of these, 126 taxa were collected in Hiatt Creek; 104 and 95 taxa in the beaver pools and channel,respectively. Seventy-one taxa were collected from the stock pond. The three major zones had 42 taxa in common, while 31 taxa were shared bythe channel and beaver pools only, 15 taxa by the beaver pools and stock pond only,and five taxa by the channel and stock pond only.Seventeentaxa were found in the channel only, 16 in the beaver pools only,and nine in the stock pond only.Coleoptera was the most diverse order withrepresentatives from eight families and 51 species. The most frequently collected orders were Isopoda, Coleoptera, Decapoda, Hemiptera,Amphipoda, and Ephemeroptera, respectively. Most of the taxa are adapted toa variety ofhabitats and environmental conditions (Pennak, 1978).The beaver activity has increased the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in Hiatt Creek by increasing the diversity ofmicrohabitats,introducing instability, or a combination of the two. The beaver pools provide a greater range of water depth, current speed (absent to moderate),and substrate types (paniculate organic matter to decomposing leaf litter).The beaver pools also have gradually sloping bottoms which areconducive to the establishment of a greater variety and density of aquatic vegetation and associated fauna. During the study period the beaverpools were inthe process ofbeing established, and thus were areas of transition. Such transitions are marked by temporary instability. Increasedspecies diversity can result, as some new species willbe developing, others willbe at population peaks, and yet others willbe declining (Reed, 1978).The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of the channel was qualitatively similar to that of the beaver pools, with 95 and 104 taxa, respectively.Of these, 73 taxa were collected from both zones. Fewer taxa were collected from the channel than the beaver pools despite more intensive collectionin this zone (17 samples vs 10 from the beaver pools). Inmany areas of the channel the substrate was compacted clay, and the stream banks wereof vertical, eroded clay, providing littlesuitable habitat. Most ofthe taxa found in the channel only(e.g. Hagenius, Pycnopsyche, Stenelmis crenata)are characteristically stream inhabitants (Needham and Westfall, 1955; Brown, 1976; Wiggins, 1977).Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity was least in the stock pond. This primarily resulted from the homogeneity of its silt substrate (Harrell,1969). The fewest samples were taken from this zone, and this also reduced the number of taxa collected. Most taxa were obtained in the overflow92Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 34Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1983Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,1983 93General NotesTable. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from the channel (Ch),beaver pools (BP), and stock pond (SP), Hiatt Prairie region, 24 May,980-21 February 1982.COBDIOIDEAParagordiutOLICOCliAEIAHIRUDINEAErpobdellaPlacobdelUGASTROPODAternaaia rivularis (Say)lyimaea aolumella Sayiymnaea obrusBQ SayMenetue dilatatus (Could)Fhysa gyrina SaypaECVPODAMuBCulium aecuria (Prime)CRUSTACEADaphnialirceua garmani Hubrlcht and MackinCrangonyx graoilie SmithOrconectea palmeri longirnanue (Faxon)ProaambaruB aautua aautua (Girard)Procombarua liberorxm FltzpatrickINSECTACollembolaiBotomurua paluatria (Muller)Sminthuridea aquaticua (Bour.)DemlpteraBeloetoma fusciventre (Dufour)•LethoceruB griaeue (Say)Hesperoaorixa nitida (Fieber)Palmaaorixa buenoi AbbottTrichocorixa kama SailerGelaatoaorue oaulatua oculatue (Fabricius)LimtoporuB aanaliculatuB (Say)Rhewnatobates paloei BlatchleyHotoneata indiaa LlnraNeoplea rwtana Drake and ChapmanHiarovelia hinei DrakePlecopteraTaenionemaEphenropt.r.Rlibaetie fluatuane (Walsh)lieHexagenia limbata (Serville)Calopteryx maeulata (Beauvols)Ananalagrion haatatum (Say)Argia fimipennia violctcea (Hagen)Argia tibialia (Rambur)Enallagma baaidene CalvertEnallagma civile HagenEnallagma divagana SelysEnallagma aignatum Hagenlaahnura poaita (Hagen)Hageniua breviatylue SelysAnax juniua DruryBoyeria vinoaa Saylitheca prinaepa (Hagen)elithemia eliaa Hagen"rythemia aimplioioollia Say•odorKi depldnatQ Ramburibellula ayanea Fabriciusibellula inaeata Hagenibellula pulchella Druryuohydeplax longipennia Burmeistererithemis tenera SayXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXX XXXXX XX XXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXMegalopteraChauliodea pectinicornia (Linnaeus)SialiBTrlchopteraChewnatopsychePyanopaycheColeopteraHypevodeaLiatronotuePhytobiueAailiua fraternue HarrisAgabus diaintegratus (Crotch)BideaaonotuaCelino. anguatata AubeCopelatua ohevrolati renovatua GuignotCoptotomua venuatua (Say)Cybiater fimbriolatua (Say)Hydl'opoTniaHydroporua rufilabria SharpHydrovatue puatulatua puatulatuB MelshelmerIlybiueLaocophilua faaaiatua rufue MelshelmerLaacophilua piotua ineignie SharpLaccophilus pvoxintue proximue SayNeobideeBUBThermoneatua baaillaria (Harris)Stenelmia arenata (Say)Dineutua aeaimilia (Kirby)Dineutue emavginatus (SayJHalipluePeltodytea dunavani YoungPeltodytee muticue (LeConte)Peltodytea aexmaculatue RobertsCyphonBerosuBCymbiodytaUibolocelue ouatua (Gemmlnger and Harold)Enochrua oohraceua (Melshelmer)HelophoruaHydroohara obtueata SayHydroohuaHydrophiluB*Neohydrophilua aaetua (Say)PoracyrtiUB Bubaupreus (Say)Phaenonotum exatriatwn (Say)Tropiaternue blatchleyi blatahleyi D'OrchTropiaternua elliptioue (LeConte)Tropiatet*nuB lateraliB nimbatus SayTropiaternua natator D'OrchHydroaanthua ivicolor SaySuphieelluBDlpteraAlluaudomyiaPalpomyiaProbezziaAedea vexane (Meigen)Anopheles quadrvnaculatuB SayCulex territana WalkerCulieeta inornate. WllllstPsorophora columbiae Dyer and KnabStratiomyaChrysopaTabanuaTipulaBittaaomorpha clavipea (Fabricius)Ch BP SPX XX XX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX XX XX XXX XxXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XX XXX XxXXXX XXX XXxX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXXXX XX XX XXxXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX XX XxCh BP SPPlathemia lydia DruryXXXX X •Collected by black light onlyX Xarea, where the substrate was a fine paniculate organic material, with a dense accumulation ofaquatic vegetation and interspersed algae. The faunalcomposition was more similar to that of the beaver pools than that of the channel, having 57 and 47 taxa in common, respectively.Jewell (1927) observed that the streams of Iowa, northern Missouri, and eastern Kansas and Nebraska, are not prairie streams, because theirvalleys are wooded. Such streams are shaded in the summer and receive much organic allochthonous material from the watershed. Incontrast,prairie streams receive little organic allochthonous material and have a substrate composition of gravel, sand and clay. The streams of easternKansas are transitional inthat their banks are wooded, but swift currents and periodic flooding remove organic deposits (Jewell, 1927). Basically,Hiatt Creek is such a transitional stream, particularly in the channel zone.93Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 34https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/34•Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198394Arkansas Academy of ScienceThis research was supported in part bya grant from the Arkansas Water Resources Research Center. We thank ThomasBowman, Mark Gordon and Horton Hobbs, Jr., for identification of Isopoda, Mollusca and Decapoda, respectively. BillHiatt kindlygranted permission to collect onhis property, and John Huggins was ofgreat assistance in collecting field data.LITERATURE CITEDARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING. 1974. ArkansasNatural Area Plan. Little Rock. 248 pp.NEEDHAM, J. G., and M.J. WESTFALL, JR. 1955. A manual ofthe dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). Univ. CaliforniaPress, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 615 pp.BROWN, H. P. 1976. Aquatic dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera)of the United States. Water Poll. Cont. Res. Ser. 18050 ELD04/72,U.S. Env. Prot. Agency. 82 pp.PENNAK,R. W. 1978. Fresh-water invertebrates ofthe United States.John Wiley & Sons. New York. 803 pp.HARREL, R. C. 1969. Benthic macroinvertebrates of the OtterCreek drainage basin, North Central Oklahoma. Southw. Nat.,14(2):231-248.REED, C. 1978. Species diversity in aquatic microecosystemsEcology, 59:481-488.WIGGINS, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisflygenera (Trichoptera). Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 401 pp.JEWELL, M. E. 1927. Aquatic biology of the prairie. Ecology,8(3):289-298.JULIEA. HUGGINS and GEORGE L.HARP, Department ofBiological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.Neviusia alabamensis: A PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSISNeviusia alabamensis is an extremely rare plant endemic to onlya few southeastern states. Arkansas has representative populations in threecounties: Conway, Pope, and Newton (Fig.). Other identified populations are located in Alabama, where the species was first recognized, andinMissouri, Tennessee, and Mississippi. Inthree states, Alabama, Arkansas, and Missouri, the genus is listed as an endangered species (Ayensuand Defilips, 1978) and in the two remaining states it has just recently been discovered. The purpose of this paper are to describe the distributionofNeviusia alabamensis in Arkansas and to examine the physical environments in which the Arkansas species are found.To develop a plant description ofNeviusia alabamensis, 16 herbarium specimens were measured and published information was examined(Chapman, 1897; Dean et al., 1973; Dean, 1961; Greene and Blomquist, 1953; Small, 1903; Lounsberry, 1901; Moldenke, 1949; Small, 1933; Steyermark,1975). The physical environment was described in terms of soil, slope direction, slope percentage, solar exposure, and dominant vegetation. Soilsamples were taken from each of the ecosystems in Arkansas inwhich Neviusia alabamensis is found and soil nutrient, soil texture, and pH testswere conducted. The soil was gathered from depths of 4 to 10cm at three different areas within each population and mixed before testing.Neviusia alabamensis is a perennial shrub withnumerous slender primary stems and short lateral branches. The brightgreen leaves (approx-imately 3cm X 4cm) are simple and alternating. The flowers are odorless and lack petals, however, the stamens are numerous (usually over 100)and showy. Flowering may occur between March and May.Neviusia alabamensis seems to be able to exist on relatively dry sites. Two of the populations, Conway and Newton Counties, are locatedon southeast facing slopes, whereas the population in Pope County is located on a northwest facing slope (Table). The percentage of the slopevaried a great deal among the populations. The slope in Conway County was the greatest, 80%, and the slope inNewton County was the least,35%. It would seem that the Conway County population would be much drier as a result of the steeper slope. However, the soil at Newton Countywas very sandy. These two populations may be approximately equal in what seems to be the most critical factor, soil moisture.Table. Comparison of the physical environments in which Neviusiaalabamensis exists. The soilnutrients are given in kilograms per hectare.Slope Direction 155° SE 325° NW 120-135° SESlope Percentage 805! 65Z 35*Size of Population 80m X 10m 15m X 40m 270m X 15mNitrogen 0 0 0Phosphorus 34-« 34-45 5Potassium 135 135 90-100pH 6.0 6.2 6.8Texture Loamy sand Loamy sand Sandy gritSandy loamFigure. The three Arkansas counties in which Neviusia alabamensis isfound.94Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 34Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1983

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Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Hiatt Prairie Region, Franklin County, Arkansas

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