Waldrum, Joseph D.

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 39 Article 49 1985 Pesticide Use in the 1983 Soybean Crop: Report of a Survey of Arkansas Producers Joseph D. Waldrum University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Waldrum, Joseph D. (1985) "Pesticide Use in the 1983 Soybean Crop: Report of a Survey of Arkansas Producers," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 39 , Article 49. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol39/iss1/49 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX,1985148General NotesDICOTYLEDONEAE (Dicotyledons)Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family)Cerastium semidecandrum L.Craighead Co., in sandy soil near base of Shelton's Bluff. E. L. Richards, 7196; April5, 1978. T13N, R3E, S3. Petals shallowly notchedand petal veins not branched. Closest species is Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis. This plant is cited here as new to the state.Independence Co., on cedar glade (disturbed) on east side of James Mountain. E. L. Richards, 7202A; March 15, 1978. TUN, R7W, S10.Dianthus deltoides L.Clay Co., railroad dump in Piggott. D. M.Hughes, 26; June 19, 1965. T20N, R8E, S10. Flowers pedicellate. Closest species is Dianthusarmeria L. This plant is cited here as new to the state.Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.Cross Co., edge of woods and in roadside ditch. E. L. Richards, 8202; August 26, 1984. T8N, R4E, S18. Plant parts tomentose. Closest relatedspecies is Lychnis alba Mill.This plant is cited here as new to the state.Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family)Plantago cordata Lam.Randolph Co., Janes Creek north of Ravenden Springs. D. L.Hawkins, 177; June 26, 1973. T20N, R3W, S13. Flowering stems hollow, rootsthick and fleshy. First collection for the state.Baxter Co., Vi mile SE of Norfork Dam in small creekbed. E. L. Richards, 7340A; May 27, 1978. T18N, R12W, SI1.LITERATURE CITEDFERNALD, J. L.1950. Gray's manual ofbotany. 8th edition. AmericanBook Co., New York, NY. 1632 p.SMITH, E. B. 1970. Additions to the Arkansas flora. Proc. Ark.Acad. Sci. 24:37-39.KARTESZ, J. T., and R. KARTESZ. 1980. A synonymized checklistof the vascular flora of the United States, Canada and Greenland.Vol. II.The biota of North America. The Univ. of N. CarolinaPress, Chapel Hill, NC. 1183 p.SMITH,E. B. 1978. An atlas and annotated list of the vascular plantsof Arkansas. Univ.of Ark. Bookstore, Fayetteville, AR. 592 p.STEYERMARK, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State Univ.press, Ames, IO. 1728 p.RADFORD, A. E., H. E. AHLES, and C. R. BELL.1968. Manual ofthe vacular flora of the Carolinas. Univ. of N. Carolina Press,Chapel Hill, NC. 498 p.EDWARD L. RICHARDS, Department ofBiological Science, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.PESTICIDE USE INTHE 1983 SOYBEAN CROP:REPORT OF A SURVEY OF ARKANSAS PRODUCERSThe iise of pesticides in agricultural crops has increased significantly in the past decade. Use of these chemicals is considered essential byagricultural producers to maintain a high level of crop production and quality. Farmers and non-farmers are concerned about the impact theseproducts may have on the environment.Inresponse to the need for information to address both viewpoints, the U.S. Department ofAgriculture established the National AgriculturalPesticide Impact Assessment Program (NAPIAP) in1976. One of the primary objectives ofNAPIAP is to conduct pesticide use surveys oneconomicallyimportant commodities in the state in order to promote informed decisions on pesticides that significantly benefit humans without causing unreasonableadverse effects on the environment.Soybeans were selected as the first major commodity in which to survey pesticide use in Arkansas since they are grown on more land thanany other crop (Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1984). The primary objective of the survey was to determine which pesticides were usedin soybeans and how they were applied. Data on soybean production practices that affect the use of pesticides were also collected including irriga-tion, soil types, and crop rotation. This report focuses on pesticide use in soybeans. Results of the entire survey willbe available in an Extensionpublication at a later date.This survey, with only minor changes, was conducted following the methods described by Dillman (1978) and Christenson (1975). Namesof five hundred soybean producers were randomly selected (Leedy, 1980) from County Extension mailing lists. The number of producers selectedfrom each county was in direct proportion to the county's soybean acreage in 1983 (Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1984). The numberof producers surveyed exceeded the sample size recommended by Krijcie and Morgan (1970).The 12-page questionnaires contained 37 questions and were printed in a small page (814"x 6") format (Dillman, 1978). They were mailedto producers on July 9, 1984, from the appropriate county Extension office. A postcard reminder was mailed to those producers who had notresponded within the first week. When necessary, additional reminders (each containing a questionnaire) were sent after two and seven weeks had elapsed.Questionnaires were returned to the state Extension office in business reply envelopes included with each mailout. Summaries of the datawere made by State Extension Office personnel. A copy of the questionnaire is available from the author.Producers returned 436 of the 500 questionnaires mailed out for an 87 percent return rate. Of the 436 returned, 399 completed all or partof the questionnaire. The remainder either had not planted soybeans in 1983 or chose not to answer the questionnaire. Those producers respondinggrew soybeans on 308,894 acres in 1983 which represents 8.1 percent of the soybeans planted that year (Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1984).148Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 39 [1985], Art. 49Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1985Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX,1985 149Arkansas Academy of ScienceTable 1. Pesticide use in soybeans by pestAcres of SoybeansTreated at Least Percent of TotalOnce For: Acres Treated Acres SurveyedWeeds 284,803 92.2Diseases 48,179 15.6Insects 31,405 10.2Nematodes 5,735 1.9Other (growthregulators,harvest aids) 7,443 2.4Table 2. Pesticidef use in soybeans prior to seedling emergencePesticide Treated (A)' Surveyed (7. of A) (7. of A) (% of A)DlnitroanlllnesTrifluralln 118,549 38.4 100.0 2.0 14.5(Treflan*)Pendlmethalin 35,162 11.4 95.1 3.4 19.2(Prowl*)Fluchloralln 49,233 15.9 100.0 0.0 1.0(Basalin*)AcetamidesAlachlor 25,449 8.2 33.1 14.0 18.7(Lasso*)Metolachlor 23,704 7.6 75.1 4.9 26.9(Dual*)Metribuzin 89,851 29.1 51.3 1.8 10.9(Sencor, • Lexone*)Dinoseb 3,610 1.8 0.0 1.8 41.2(Dinitro,*Premerge")Glyphosate 4,171 1.4 0.0 0.0 10.0(Roundup*)tAllpesticides In this table are herbicides.*Trade NameTable 3. Pesticidef use in soybeans between seedling emergence andharvestPercent of Aerial CommericalAcres Total Acres Application ApplicationPesticide Treated (A) Surveyed (% of A) (% of A)Bentazon 174,713 56.5 9.7 8.2(Basagran*)Acifluorfen 91,545 29.6 10.2 7.2(Blazer*)2,4-DB 41,952 13.6 5.9 3.1(Butyrac,*Butoxone*)Dinoseb +Naptalam 16,214 5.3 52.1 6.0(Dyanap,* Ancrack,"Klean-Krop*)Dinoseb 14,208 4.6 20.2 6.3(Dinitro,*Premerge*)Benomyl 14.704 4.3 75.9 ¦'. 1.9(Benlate*)Linuron 9,320 3.0—8.6(Lorox*)Sethoxydim 6,672 2.2 63.7 1.0(Poast*)Glyphosate 5,515 1.8(Roundup*)Paraquat 4,500 1.5 2.2 2.2Thiophanate-methyl 4,000 1.3 100.0 100.0(Topsin-M*)MethylParathion 3,468 1.1 100.0 96.0TBenomyl and Thiophanate-methyl are fungicides, Methyl Parathion is aninsecticide, and the remainder are herbicides.*Trade NameTable 4. Most damaging soybean pests*Weed Percent Disease Percent Insect PercentCocklebur 71i1 Nematodes 31.6 Corn Earworm 27.6Morningglory Sp. 60.9 Root Rot 9.5 Armyworm 26.3Pigweed Sp. 23.1 Pod and Stem 6.5 Worms 19.0BlightPrickly Sida 22.6 Anthracnose 5.8 Looper 7.3Johnsongrass 17.8 Brown Spot 3.8 Stinkbug 6.3*Expressed as a percent of those producers responding to the question.Herbicides represented, by far, the most used pesticides in soybeans and were applied at least once to 92.2 percent of the acreage surveyed.Use of pesticides in the remaining categories was considerably less (Table 1).Pesticides used by producers in 1983 before the soybeans emerged from the soil were predominantly herbicides (Table 2). The dinitroanilineherbicides were used on 66 percent of the acreage and the acetamide herbicides on 16 percent. Both of these herbicide types are applied primarilyfor annual grass control. Trifluralin was the most-commonly used grass herbicide and was applied to more than one-third of the acreage surveyed.Metribuzin, a triazine herbicide, had the second highest use rate prior to soybean emergence. It was either applied alone or in a tank-mixcombination with one of the dinitroaniline or acetamide herbicides.Other herbicides used on any significant acreage at the pre-emergent stage included glyphosate and dinoseb. The remainder of the pesticideswas used on less than five percent of the total soybean acreage surveyed and none were applied to more than one percent of the treated cropland.The only insecticides or nematicides used were carbofuran (Furadan) and aldicarb (Temik), respectively. Their combined usage was on 4,032 acresor 1.3 percent of the total surveyed.Almost all of the dinitroaniline herbicides used were soil incorporated (witha disc, cultivator, or other implement) while only half of theacetamides or metribuzin were used this way. The remainder was applied at planting.Aerial application ofpesticides had limited use at the pre-emergent stage. Commercial applicators (air and ground) were utilized by producersto apply less than 15 percent of all pesticides used up to this point in soybean production.149Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 39 [1985], Art. 49https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol39/iss1/49150 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX,1985General NotesFungicides were used to treat soybean seed at planting time on 65.6 percent of the acres surveyed. The treatments were either liquid or dustformulations and were applied prior to bagging the seed or in the planter hopperbox. Captan was used on 30.1% of the acres surveyed followedby carboxin (22.1%), pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) (9.8%), terrazole (9.3%), and thiram (7.9%). Several seed treatments available containmore than one fungicide as an active ingredient and, therefore, the above data are not additive.The greatest use of pesticides in 1983 crop occurred between soybean emergence and harvest. This is not surprising since weeds, diseasesand insects that reduce soybean yields have their greatest impact at this time.Once again, herbicides were used over a much larger acreage than either fungicides or insecticides (Table 3). Bentazon and acifluorfen werethe most commonly used herbicides followed distantly by 2,4-DB. These products are applied to control the major broadleaf-weed pests in soy-beans, primarily cocklebur and various morningglory species.Fungicides were used on only about 6 percent of the acreage and insecticides on even less (1.9 percent). The extremely hot and dry weatherexperienced in the 1983 crop season was certainly a factor in the use of fungicides since moisture levels for development of these pathogens inthe soil and the soybean canopy were greatly reduced inmost fields. Further, insects do not normally have a large impact on soybean yields statewideand, therefore, low insecticide use was to be expected.The majority of the herbicides was applied by the producers themselves withground equipment rather than by airplane. Consequently, useof commercial applicators was infrequent.Since we were also concerned about the major pest problems the producers had in 1983, we asked, "What do you consider to be the mostdamaging pest in your soybeans?" Table 4 presents the producers' top fiveresponses in the categories of weeds, diseases, and insects. The responsescorrespond well with the pesticides used in 1983 for control of those pests.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIwish to give special thanks to Mrs. Venetta Rice for her help in all phases of the survey, the State Extension specialistswho helped design the survey, the County Extension staffs who coordinated the survey in their respective counties, the printshop for their assistance, and the wordprocessing center staff for preparing the manuscript. Use of trade names in this reportdoes not constitute an endorsement of any product or manufacturer.LITERATURE CITEDCROP ANDLIVESTOCK REPORTING SERVICE. 1983 ArkansasAgricultural Statistics. Report Series 288. September, 1984. LittleRock, AR. 56 pp.KRIJCIE, R. V., and D. W. MORGAN. 1970. Determining samplesize for research activities. Ed. and Psych. Meas. 30:601-610.LEEDY, P. D. 1980. Practical Research: Planning and Design.Macmillan, New York. 299 pp.CHRISTENSON, J. A. 1975. A procedure for conducting mailsurveys with the general public, J. of Comm. Develop. Soc.6:135-146. WALDRUM, J. D. 1982. 1980 Arkansas tomato pesticide usagesurvey. Univ. of AR Coop. Ext. Ser. Little Rock, AR. 17 pp.DILLMAN,D. A. 1978. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The TotalDesign Method, John Wiley and Sons. New York. 325 pp.JOSEPH D. WALDRUM, University ofArkansas Cooperative Extension Service, P.O. Box 391, LittleRock, AR 72203.150Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 39 [1985], Art. 49Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1985

Pesticide Use in the 1983 Soybean Crop: Report of a Survey of Arkansas Producers

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 39 Article 491985Pesticide Use in the 1983 Soybean Crop: Report ofa Survey of Arkansas ProducersJoseph D. WaldrumUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationWaldrum, Joseph D. (1985) "Pesticide Use in the 1983 Soybean Crop: Report of a Survey of Arkansas Producers," Journal of theArkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 39 , Article 49.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol39/iss1/49Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX,1985148General NotesDICOTYLEDONEAE (Dicotyledons)Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family)Cerastium semidecandrum L.Craighead Co., in sandy soil near base of Shelton's Bluff. E. L. Richards, 7196; April5, 1978. T13N, R3E, S3. Petals shallowly notchedand petal veins not branched. Closest species is Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis. This plant is cited here as new to the state.Independence Co., on cedar glade (disturbed) on east side of James Mountain. E. L. Richards, 7202A; March 15, 1978. TUN, R7W, S10.Dianthus deltoides L.Clay Co., railroad dump in Piggott. D. M.Hughes, 26; June 19, 1965. T20N, R8E, S10. Flowers pedicellate. Closest species is Dianthusarmeria L. This plant is cited here as new to the state.Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.Cross Co., edge of woods and in roadside ditch. E. L. Richards, 8202; August 26, 1984. T8N, R4E, S18. Plant parts tomentose. Closest relatedspecies is Lychnis alba Mill.This plant is cited here as new to the state.Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family)Plantago cordata Lam.Randolph Co., Janes Creek north of Ravenden Springs. D. L.Hawkins, 177; June 26, 1973. T20N, R3W, S13. Flowering stems hollow, rootsthick and fleshy. First collection for the state.Baxter Co., Vi mile SE of Norfork Dam in small creekbed. E. L. Richards, 7340A; May 27, 1978. T18N, R12W, SI1.LITERATURE CITEDFERNALD, J. L.1950. Gray's manual ofbotany. 8th edition. AmericanBook Co., New York, NY. 1632 p.SMITH, E. B. 1970. Additions to the Arkansas flora. Proc. Ark.Acad. Sci. 24:37-39.KARTESZ, J. T., and R. KARTESZ. 1980. A synonymized checklistof the vascular flora of the United States, Canada and Greenland.Vol. II.The biota of North America. The Univ. of N. CarolinaPress, Chapel Hill, NC. 1183 p.SMITH,E. B. 1978. An atlas and annotated list of the vascular plantsof Arkansas. Univ.of Ark. Bookstore, Fayetteville, AR. 592 p.STEYERMARK, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State Univ.press, Ames, IO. 1728 p.RADFORD, A. E., H. E. AHLES, and C. R. BELL.1968. Manual ofthe vacular flora of the Carolinas. Univ. of N. Carolina Press,Chapel Hill, NC. 498 p.EDWARD L. RICHARDS, Department ofBiological Science, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.PESTICIDE USE INTHE 1983 SOYBEAN CROP:REPORT OF A SURVEY OF ARKANSAS PRODUCERSThe iise of pesticides in agricultural crops has increased significantly in the past decade. Use of these chemicals is considered essential byagricultural producers to maintain a high level of crop production and quality. Farmers and non-farmers are concerned about the impact theseproducts may have on the environment.Inresponse to the need for information to address both viewpoints, the U.S. Department ofAgriculture established the National AgriculturalPesticide Impact Assessment Program (NAPIAP) in1976. One of the primary objectives ofNAPIAP is to conduct pesticide use surveys oneconomicallyimportant commodities in the state in order to promote informed decisions on pesticides that significantly benefit humans without causing unreasonableadverse effects on the environment.Soybeans were selected as the first major commodity in which to survey pesticide use in Arkansas since they are grown on more land thanany other crop (Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1984). The primary objective of the survey was to determine which pesticides were usedin soybeans and how they were applied. Data on soybean production practices that affect the use of pesticides were also collected including irriga-tion, soil types, and crop rotation. This report focuses on pesticide use in soybeans. Results of the entire survey willbe available in an Extensionpublication at a later date.This survey, with only minor changes, was conducted following the methods described by Dillman (1978) and Christenson (1975). Namesof five hundred soybean producers were randomly selected (Leedy, 1980) from County Extension mailing lists. The number of producers selectedfrom each county was in direct proportion to the county's soybean acreage in 1983 (Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1984). The numberof producers surveyed exceeded the sample size recommended by Krijcie and Morgan (1970).The 12-page questionnaires contained 37 questions and were printed in a small page (814 " x 6") format (Dillman, 1978). They were mailedto producers on July 9, 1984, from the appropriate county Extension office. A postcard reminder was mailed to those producers who had notresponded within the first week. When necessary, additional reminders (each containing a questionnaire) were sent after two and seven weeks had elapsed.Questionnaires were returned to the state Extension office in business reply envelopes included with each mailout. Summaries of the datawere made by State Extension Office personnel. A copy of the questionnaire is available from the author.Producers returned 436 of the 500 questionnaires mailed out for an 87 percent return rate. Of the 436 returned, 399 completed all or partof the questionnaire. The remainder either had not planted soybeans in 1983 or chose not to answer the questionnaire. Those producers respondinggrew soybeans on 308,894 acres in 1983 which represents 8.1 percent of the soybeans planted that year (Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, 1984).148Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 39 [1985], Art. 49Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1985Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX,1985 149Arkansas Academy of ScienceTable 1. Pesticide use in soybeans by pestAcres of SoybeansTreated at Least Percent of TotalOnce For: Acres Treated Acres SurveyedWeeds 284,803 92.2Diseases 48,179 15.6Insects 31,405 10.2Nematodes 5,735 1.9Other (growthregulators,harvest aids) 7,443 2.4Table 2. Pesticidef use in soybeans prior to seedling emergencePesticide Treated (A)' Surveyed (7. of A) (7. of A) (% of A)DlnitroanlllnesTrifluralln 118,549 38.4 100.0 2.0 14.5(Treflan*)Pendlmethalin 35,162 11.4 95.1 3.4 19.2(Prowl*)Fluchloralln 49,233 15.9 100.0 0.0 1.0(Basalin*)AcetamidesAlachlor 25,449 8.2 33.1 14.0 18.7(Lasso*)Metolachlor 23,704 7.6 75.1 4.9 26.9(Dual*)Metribuzin 89,851 29.1 51.3 1.8 10.9(Sencor, • Lexone*)Dinoseb 3,610 1.8 0.0 1.8 41.2(Dinitro,*Premerge")Glyphosate 4,171 1.4 0.0 0.0 10.0(Roundup*)tAllpesticides In this table are herbicides.*Trade NameTable 3. Pesticidef use in soybeans between seedling emergence andharvestPercent of Aerial CommericalAcres Total Acres Application ApplicationPesticide Treated (A) Surveyed (% of A) (% of A)Bentazon 174,713 56.5 9.7 8.2(Basagran*)Acifluorfen 91,545 29.6 10.2 7.2(Blazer*)2,4-DB 41,952 13.6 5.9 3.1(Butyrac,*Butoxone*)Dinoseb +Naptalam 16,214 5.3 52.1 6.0(Dyanap,* Ancrack,"Klean-Krop*)Dinoseb 14,208 4.6 20.2 6.3(Dinitro,*Premerge*)Benomyl 14.704 4.3 75.9 ¦'. 1.9(Benlate*)Linuron 9,320 3.0—8.6(Lorox*)Sethoxydim 6,672 2.2 63.7 1.0(Poast*)Glyphosate 5,515 1.8(Roundup*)Paraquat 4,500 1.5 2.2 2.2Thiophanate-methyl 4,000 1.3 100.0 100.0(Topsin-M*)MethylParathion 3,468 1.1 100.0 96.0TBenomyl and Thiophanate-methyl are fungicides, Methyl Parathion is aninsecticide, and the remainder are herbicides.*Trade NameTable 4. Most damaging soybean pests*Weed Percent Disease Percent Insect PercentCocklebur 71i1 Nematodes 31.6 Corn Earworm 27.6Morningglory Sp. 60.9 Root Rot 9.5 Armyworm 26.3Pigweed Sp. 23.1 Pod and Stem 6.5 Worms 19.0BlightPrickly Sida 22.6 Anthracnose 5.8 Looper 7.3Johnsongrass 17.8 Brown Spot 3.8 Stinkbug 6.3*Expressed as a percent of those producers responding to the question.Herbicides represented, by far, the most used pesticides in soybeans and were applied at least once to 92.2 percent of the acreage surveyed.Use of pesticides in the remaining categories was considerably less (Table 1).Pesticides used by producers in 1983 before the soybeans emerged from the soil were predominantly herbicides (Table 2). The dinitroanilineherbicides were used on 66 percent of the acreage and the acetamide herbicides on 16 percent. Both of these herbicide types are applied primarilyfor annual grass control. Trifluralin was the most-commonly used grass herbicide and was applied to more than one-third of the acreage surveyed.Metribuzin, a triazine herbicide, had the second highest use rate prior to soybean emergence. It was either applied alone or in a tank-mixcombination with one of the dinitroaniline or acetamide herbicides.Other herbicides used on any significant acreage at the pre-emergent stage included glyphosate and dinoseb. The remainder of the pesticideswas used on less than five percent of the total soybean acreage surveyed and none were applied to more than one percent of the treated cropland.The only insecticides or nematicides used were carbofuran (Furadan) and aldicarb (Temik), respectively. Their combined usage was on 4,032 acresor 1.3 percent of the total surveyed.Almost all of the dinitroaniline herbicides used were soil incorporated (witha disc, cultivator, or other implement) while only half of theacetamides or metribuzin were used this way. The remainder was applied at planting.Aerial application ofpesticides had limited use at the pre-emergent stage. Commercial applicators (air and ground) were utilized by producersto apply less than 15 percent of all pesticides used up to this point in soybean production.149Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 39 [1985], Art. 49http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol39/iss1/49150 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX,1985General NotesFungicides were used to treat soybean seed at planting time on 65.6 percent of the acres surveyed. The treatments were either liquid or dustformulations and were applied prior to bagging the seed or in the planter hopperbox. Captan was used on 30.1% of the acres surveyed followedby carboxin (22.1%), pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) (9.8%), terrazole (9.3%), and thiram (7.9%). Several seed treatments available containmore than one fungicide as an active ingredient and, therefore, the above data are not additive.The greatest use of pesticides in 1983 crop occurred between soybean emergence and harvest. This is not surprising since weeds, diseasesand insects that reduce soybean yields have their greatest impact at this time.Once again, herbicides were used over a much larger acreage than either fungicides or insecticides (Table 3). Bentazon and acifluorfen werethe most commonly used herbicides followed distantly by 2,4-DB. These products are applied to control the major broadleaf-weed pests in soy-beans, primarily cocklebur and various morningglory species.Fungicides were used on only about 6 percent of the acreage and insecticides on even less (1.9 percent). The extremely hot and dry weatherexperienced in the 1983 crop season was certainly a factor in the use of fungicides since moisture levels for development of these pathogens inthe soil and the soybean canopy were greatly reduced inmost fields. Further, insects do not normally have a large impact on soybean yields statewideand, therefore, low insecticide use was to be expected.The majority of the herbicides was applied by the producers themselves withground equipment rather than by airplane. Consequently, useof commercial applicators was infrequent.Since we were also concerned about the major pest problems the producers had in 1983, we asked, "What do you consider to be the mostdamaging pest in your soybeans?" Table 4 presents the producers' top fiveresponses in the categories of weeds, diseases, and insects. The responsescorrespond well with the pesticides used in 1983 for control of those pests.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIwish to give special thanks to Mrs. Venetta Rice for her help in all phases of the survey, the State Extension specialistswho helped design the survey, the County Extension staffs who coordinated the survey in their respective counties, the printshop for their assistance, and the wordprocessing center staff for preparing the manuscript. Use of trade names in this reportdoes not constitute an endorsement of any product or manufacturer.LITERATURE CITEDCROP ANDLIVESTOCK REPORTING SERVICE. 1983 ArkansasAgricultural Statistics. Report Series 288. September, 1984. LittleRock, AR. 56 pp.KRIJCIE, R. V., and D. W. MORGAN. 1970. Determining samplesize for research activities. Ed. and Psych. Meas. 30:601-610.LEEDY, P. D. 1980. Practical Research: Planning and Design.Macmillan, New York. 299 pp.CHRISTENSON, J. A. 1975. A procedure for conducting mailsurveys with the general public, J. of Comm. Develop. Soc.6:135-146. WALDRUM, J. D. 1982. 1980 Arkansas tomato pesticide usagesurvey. Univ. of AR Coop. Ext. Ser. Little Rock, AR. 17 pp.DILLMAN,D. A. 1978. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The TotalDesign Method, John Wiley and Sons. New York. 325 pp.JOSEPH D. WALDRUM, University ofArkansas Cooperative Extension Service, P.O. Box 391, LittleRock, AR 72203.150Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 39 [1985], Art. 49Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1985

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Pesticide Use in the 1983 Soybean Crop: Report of a Survey of Arkansas Producers

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