Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of psychological stress and association between the levels of stress and study variables among Gorgan medical students. Materials and methods: All three year medical students (129 basic sciences students) in Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of medical Sciences, were asked to complete the Kessler 10 questionnaire. Results: The findings showed mild, moderate and severe stress among 26.22%, 20.50% and 14.75% study subjects. 39.35% of medical students had no stress. There was statistically significant association between year of study and stress levels (p= 0.040). Conclusion: The results indicate that there is a decrease in the psychological health of first year medical students. Provided that stress management courses are organised by medical schools, when the students arrive, they will cope up with the stress in coming years. These courses may reduce the negative effects of stress on medical students. By providing such courses and reducing stress level, medical students may improve their medical education

Alizadeh, F.

Gharavi, A.M.

Jahanshahi, M.

Marjani, A.

Vahidirad, A.

English

Golestan University of Medical Sciences Repository

     Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 3, Issue 23, 421-425 Medical Education Stress among medical students of Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea), Iran Marjani A1, Gharavi AM2, Jahanshahi M2, Vahidirad A3, Alizadeh F3 1Associated Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorder Research Center; 2Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy; 3medical student, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. Abstract Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of psychological stress and association between the levels of stress and study variables among Gorgan medical students. Materials and methods: All three year medical students (129 basic sciences students) in Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of medical Sciences, were asked to complete the Kessler 10 questionnaire. Results: The fndings showed mild, moderate and severe stress among 26.22%, 20.50% and 14.75% study subjects. 39.35% of medical students had no stress. There was statistically signifcant association between year of study and stress levels (p= 0.040). Conclusion: The results indicate that there is a decrease in the psychological health of frst year medical students. Provided that stress management courses are organised by medical schools, when the students arrive, they will cope up with the stress in coming years. These courses may reduce the negative effects of stress on medical students. By providing such courses and reducing stress level, medical students may improve their medical education. Key words: Medical students, stress, Gorgan shown high rates of psychological morbidity in medical Medical students are subjected to many psychological changes. Many studies have students at various stages of their training1, 2, 3. There is growing appreciation of the stresses involved in medical training. Studies which have examined sources of stress among medical students generally points to three main areas: academic pressures, social issues and f nancial problems4. It is suggested that the greatest stress occurs during the later years of medical education5, 6, 7, while Guthrie et al found that the percentages of students who had psychological morbidity were very similar in years 1 and 48.However Stewart et al indicated that in year 2, medical students had higher scores of anxiety and depression than in year 19. Studies have observed that medical students experience a high incidence of personal distress during their undergraduate course. High levels of stress may have a negative effect on mastery of the academic curriculum. Stress, health and emotional problems increase during the period of undergraduate medical education. This can lead to mental distress and has a negative impact on cognitive functioning and learning 10. Study of Firth in three British universities showed that the prevalence of stress was 31.2%1. Study of Sherina et al11 and Saipanish12  showed that the prevalence of stress was 41.9% and 61.4% in a Malaysian and Thai medical school respectively. Medical school stress is likely to predict later mental health problems, but students seldom seek help for their problems13. Dahlin et al showed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Swedish students was 12.9% and a total of 2.7% of students had made suicidal attempts10. It is important for medical educators to pay attention and know the prevalence and causes of students’ distress, which not only affects his health, but also their academic achievement at different time points of their study period, the present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of psychological stress and association between the levels of stress and study variables (academic year, regular to course and physical problems) among Gorgan medical students. Materials and methods All the three year medical students (129 basic sciences students) in the Gorgan Faculty of Medicine were Correspondence Abdoljalal Marjani, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorder Research Center, Gorgan, IRAN. E-mail: abdoljalal@yahoo.com 421                  asked to complete the Kessler 10 self –administrated Persian version questionnaire during the academic year 2008. At this time of study, Golestan province has only one medical school, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, which has a six-year study programme. The frst two and half years are largely pre-clinical years (basic sciences) and are grounding in basic human sciences such as anatomy, physiology and biochemistry; and in the later clinical years students have clinical rotations through the healthcare facilities (hospitals and polyclinics). Questionnaires were given to medical students to fll, a month before beginning of the examination period to minimise the extra stress symptoms. The students were allowed to respond in their own time and privacy. The Kessler10 Psychological Distress (K10) has been developed by Kessler and colleagues, to measure current (1-month) distress. It has been designed to measure the level of distress and severity associated with psychological symptoms in population surveys. The K10 comprises 10 questions of the form, “how often in the past month did you feel ...” and offers specifc symptoms such as “tired out for no good reason,” “nervous”, and “sad or depressed”. The fve possible responses range from “none of the time” to “all of the time” and are scored from 1 to 5; the items are assumed to obtain a total score. A score of less than 20 was considered not to represent a ‘case’ possibility of mental disorder. A score of 20-24 was considered to present a mild stress, 25-29 was considered to present moderate stress and 230 was considered to represent as severe stress. These coding were used according to the instructions of the authors14. Data were entered using SPSS version 11.5 statistical software. Prevalence of an outcome variable along with 95% conf dence interval was calculated. Pearson’s chi-square test and odds ratio were used to observe and quantify an association between the categorical outcome and different study variables. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used to compare the mean values of study variables in relation to stress. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically signifcant. The outcome variable stress was categorized into dichotomous as stress (no/yes) by considering the three levels (mild, moderate and severe) of stress as presence of stress. Results A total of 122 out of 129 student population completed and returned the questionnaires. The overall response rate was 94.57%, 91.83% (n=45) in frst year, 97.91 %(n=47) in second year and 93.75% (n=30) in third year. The mean age of study sample was 20.27±1.15 years. The prevalence of stress of all types was found to be about 61.47%.The prevalence of stress among medical students is shown in Table 1. The distribution of academic year, regular to academic course and physical problems are shown in Table 2.The prevalence of stress was higher (73.33%) in frst year of study followed by second year (55.31%) and third year (53.33%). There is statistically signifcant association between the year of study and the stress levels. As the year of study increased, the prevalence of stress decreased, which is statistically signifcant (X² = 6.452, p= 0,040). The odds ratios (OR) 2.615 (frst year) and 0.969 (second year), when third year is considered as reference category also indicates statistically signifcant association. The odds of student having stress is higher in frst year, where as the odds are decreasing in second year as shown in table3. There is no statistically signifcant association between the regularity (Yes/No) to the academic course and the stress levels of study subjects. The distribution of stress levels is not signifcantly different, being a student either regular or irregular to the academic course (X²= 0.271, p =0.603). The corresponding odds ratios also show non signifcant association (OR= 0.785, 95% Conf dence Interval (C.I.): 0.315-1.957). The prevalence of physical problems is not statistically signif cantly associated with the stress levels (X²= 0.690, p= 0.406). The OR 0.717 shows the odds of getting into stress is lower with mild to moderate and severe physical problems when compared with no physical problems as shown in table 4.The mean number of days unable to work (4.47 days) was higher in subjects who had stress, when compared with the subjects with no stress (2.31 days) which is statistically signifcant (t = 2.79, p= 0.0060). The mean number of days cut down (3.41 days) was higher in subjects, who had stress, when compared with subjects with no stress (1.77 days) which is statistically signifcant (t = 3.08, p= 0.0030). 422 Table 1: Distribution of stress levels among medical students Number Percent (%) Not stressed 47 39.35 Mild 32 26.22 Moderate 25 20.50 Severe 18 14.75 Total n = 122 100%  Table 2: Distribution of academic year, Regular to academic course and physical problems among medical students Number Percent (%) Academic level (n=122) First year 45 36.88 Second year 47 38.52 Third year 30 24.60 Regular to academic course(n=122) Yes 23 18.85 No 99 81.15 Physical problems (n=122) No 87 71.31 Mild to moderate 35 28.69 Severe 0 0  Table 3: Association of stress and year of study Academic year Stress No (%) No Stress No (%) Yes Odds Ratio (OR) 95% CI P-value First year 12 (26.67) 33(73.33) 2.615 1.010-6.774 0.048 Second year 21(44.69) 26 (55.31) 0.969 0.384-2.443 0.946 Third year 14 (46.67) 16 (53.33) 1* - -X² = 6.452, p= 0,040 1* = baseline Table 4: Association between stress and regular to academic course and physical problems Stress No (%) Stress No (%) Odds Ratio 95% CI P-value No Yes (OR) Regular to academic course (n=122)¹ Yes 10 (8.20) 13 (10.65) 0.785 0.315-1.957 0.603 No 49 (40.16) 50 (40.99) 1 -Physical problems (n=122)² No 40 (32.80) 47 (38.52) 1 -Mild to moderate 19 (15.57) 16 (13.11) 0.717 0.326-1.575 0.407 Severe 0 0 0 0 0 ¹: X²= 0.271, p =0.603, ²: X²= 0.690, p= 0.406 423         Discussion The response rate of 94.57% renders an adequate sample of the population studied. This study confrmed that there is considerable amount of stress in medical students at Gorgan medical school. Stress was found to be more in frst year medical students rather than second and third years. Overall prevalence of stress in this study is 61.47% which is similar to the Thai 12 and Saudi Arabia 15 study: 61.4% and 57%, respectively but higher than Malaysian (41.9%) 11 and British study (31.2%) 1. This study showed that the level of stress decreases as the year of study increases. The results of this study are in agreement to the results of a study where students found medical course stressful during the frst year but not in subsequent years 8, 12, 15. Our results could be explained by many factors. Medical students in Gorgan may need to be provided more time and facilities recreation and sports. Inadequate social activity was linked to impaired psychological health among medical students16, and that leisure activities can reduce stress in medical schools17. Although these facilities were available in our medical school adequate by the students. Medical students also may be able to cope stress with the help of our student support center. The other reason for stress could be due to excessive load of basic science subjects. Medical students must pass the basic science exams to be able to continue the pre-clinical study. In Iran education is free and small amount of monthly stipend is given to each student during their study (it is funded by the Ministry of Health Education), while in other foreign medical schools, students are plagued by f nancial worries, which is an important cause of their stress18.The length of medical courses provide the adverse effect on the psychological status of medical students which have been reported in many studies. Study in United Kingdom showed that one third of psychologically ill students did not graduate from the college19. This change probably is signif cant during frst year of medical education. Medical student can refer to student consultancy center to prevent possible future illness. Our results suggest that frst year students who have higher level of stress should be supported by student consultancy center as they may be able to cope up with stress in later years. Medical schools in the United States and Canada have started health promotion programmes and have reported positive results in reducing the negative effects of stress upon medical student’s health and academic performance20, 21, 22. Conclusion The results indicate that there is a decrease in the psychological health of frst year medical students, provided that stress management courses are organized by medical schools. When students arrive, they will cope up with the stress in coming years. These courses may reduce the negative effects of stress on medical students. By providing such courses and reducing stress level, medical students may improve their medical education. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the frst, second and third year students of Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences for providing the data for this article study. References 1. 	 Firth J. Levels and sources of stress in medical students. BMJ. 1986; 292:1177-80. 2. 	 Miller PMcC, Surtees PG. Psychological symptoms and their course in f rst-year medical students as assessed by the Interval General Health Questionnaire (I-GHQ). Br J Psychiatr.1991; 159:199-207. 3. 	 Guthrie EA, Black D, Shaw CM, Hamilton J, Creed FH, Tomenson B. Embarking upon a medical career: psychological morbidity in frst year medical students. Med Educ. 1995; 29:337-41. 4. 	 Vitaliano PP, Russo J, Carr JE, Heerwagen JH. Medical school pressures and their relationship to anxiety. J Nerv Ment Dis .1984; 172:730–6. 5. 	 Alexander DA, Haldane JD. Medical education: a student perspective. J Med Educ. 1979; 13:36­41. 6. 	 Huebner LA, Royer JA, Morrel J. The assessment and remediation of dysfunctional stress in medical students. J Med Educ. 1981; 56:547-8. 7. 	 Helmers KF, Danoff D, Steinert Y, Leyton M, Young SN. Stress and depressed mood in medical students, law students, and graduate students at McGill University. Acad Med. 1997; 72:708-14. 8. 	 Guthrie E, Black D, Bagalkote H, Shaw C, Campbell M, Creed F. Psychological stress and burnout in medicalstudents: a f ve-year prospective longitudinal study. J R Soc Med. 1998; 91:237-43. 9. 	 Stewart SM, Betson C, Marshall I, Wong CM, Lee PWH, Lam TH. Stress and vulnerability in medical students. Med Educ. 1995; 29:119-27. 10. 	Dahlin M, Joneborg N, Runeson B. Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study. Med Educ. 2005; 39:594-604. 11. 	Sherina MS, Rampal L, Kaneson N. Psychological stress among undergraduate medical students. Med J Malaysia. 2004; 59:207-11. 424 12. 	Saipanish R. Stress among medical students in a Thai medical school. Med Teach. 2003; 25 (5):502-6. 13. 	Tyseen R, Vaglum P, Gronvold, NT, Bkeberg O. Factors in medical school that predict postgraduate mental health problems in need of treatment. A nationwide and longitudinal study. Med Edu. 2001; 35:110-20. 14. 	Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specif c psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002; 32(6):959-76. 15. 	Hamza Mohammad Abdulghani. Stress and depression among medical students: A cross sectional study at a medical college in Saudi Arabia.Pak J Med Sci.2008;24 (1): 12-7. 16. 	Aktekin M, Karaman T, Senol YY, Erdem S, Erengin H, Akaydin M. Anxiety, depression and stressful life events among medical students: a prospective study in Antalya, Turkey. Med Educ. 2001; 35:12–7. 17. 	Shaikh B, Kahloon A, Kazmi M, Khalid H, Nawaz K, Khan N, Khan S. Students, stress and coping strategies: a case of Pakistani medical school. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2004; 17:346– 53. 18. 	Gushae J. Financial worries part of education for Memorial’s medical students. Can Med Assoc J. 1997; 157(5):559-62. 19. 	Salmons PH. Psychiatric illness in medical students. Br J Psychiatry. 1983; 143:505-8. 20. 	Abramovitch H, Schreier A, Koren N. American medical students in Israel: Stress and coping-a follow-up study. Med Edu 2000; 34:890-6. 21. 	Lee J, Graham A. Students’ perception of medical school stress and their evaluation of a wellness elective. Med Ed. 2001; 35:658-9. 22. 	Wolf TM, Randall HM, Faucett JM. A survey of health promotion programs in U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools. Am J Health Promot. 1988; 3:33-6. 425 View publication stats 

Stress among medical students of Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea), Iran

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Stress among medical students of Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea), Iran

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