Fourteen strains of Sitophilus zaemais and fifteen strains of Rhizopertha dominica, collected

from rice warehouses andfarmers' storage facilities throughout Indonesia were tested for resistance to

malathion and pirimzphos methyl. Two strains of S. zeamais showed a slightly resistant response to

malathion, while all strains of this species were susceptible to pirimzphos methyl. Resistance of R.

dorninica to malathion was detected in three out of the fifteen strains tested. The predominant species

of Sitophilus was S. zeamais

Osman, Noorma

Rejesus, B. Morallo

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

Pertanika 8(1), 1 -7 (1985)Insecticide Resistance inSitophilus zeamais Mots. and Rhizopertha dominica(F.) in IndonesiaNOORMA OSMAN and B. MORALLO-REJESUS 1Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture,Universiti Pertanian Malaysia,Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.Key words: Sitophilus zeamais; Rhizopertha dominica; insecticide resistance; malathion; piri-miphos methyl.ABSTRAKEmpat belas sampel Sitophilus zeamais dan l£ma belas sampel Rhizopertha dominica yang di-ambil dari gudang BULGe dan gudang maga padi unit-unit koperatif desa di kebanyakan tempatdi Indonesia telah diuji untuk kekebalan terhadap racun serangga malathion dan pirimifos met£l.Dua sampel S. zeamais menunjukkan taraf kekebalan yang rendah terhadap malathz"on, sementarasemua sampel peka terhadap pirimifos metil. Kekebalan R. dominica terhadap malathion hanya ter-dapat pada tiga sampel darijumlah lima belas sampel yang diuji. Spesies yang utama dalam kum-pulan Sitophilus ialah S. zeamais.ABSTRACTFourteen strains of Sitophilus zaemais and fifteen strains of Rhizopertha dominica, collectedfrom rice warehouses and farmers' storage facilities throughout Indonesia were tested for resistance tomalathion and pirimzphos methyl. Two strains of S. zeamais showed a slightly resistant response tomalathion, wh£le all strains of this species were susceptible to pirimzphos methyl. Resistance of R.dorninica to malathion was detected in three out of the fifteen strains tested. The predominant speciesofSitophilus was S. zeamais.INTRODUCTIONSt"tophilus zeamais and Rhizoperthadominica are important pests of stored grains. InIndonesia, S. zeamais has been reported to bethe main primary pest of milled rice (Haines andPranata, 1982) while R. dominica infests mainlyrough rice (personal observation). Malathionresistance in Sitophilus spp. and R. dominica hasbeen reported from several countries of theworld (Parkin, 1965; Lemon, 1967; Morallo-Rejesus, 1974; Champ and Dyte, 1976; andHaliscak and Beeman, 1983).Malathion has been widely used for manyyears as a protective treatment against thesepests, although at the time of our study in 1979,it had been replaced by pirimiphos methyl for usein BULOG stores in Indonesia.Until 1978, there had been no thoroughstudies of insecticide resistance in storage pests inIndonesia. Our study was undertaken in 1978-79 and the results relating to Tribol£um casta-neum have already been published (Osman andMorallo-Rejesus, 1981). In 1981, Pranata andSunjaya tested some further samples from Indo-lprofessor, Department of Entomology, University of Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Philippines.NOORMA OSMAN AND B. MORALLO-REJESUSnesian stores for insecticide resistance, as report-ed by Pranata and Haines (1982) and Pranata etal., (1983).This paper reports the results of out studyon the occurrence of resistance to malathion andpirimiphos methyl in S. teamais, and to mala-thion in R. dominica, in Indonesia from 1978-1979. All samples of Sitophilus were carefullyexamined to deterIIiine which species werepresent.MATERIALS AND METHODSTest InsectsThis study was conducted at BIOTROP,Bogor, Indonesia from 1978 -1979. The insectspecimens were collected from various places inJava following methods recommended by FAO(1974). Insect specimens from Sumatra, Kali-mantan, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya and Nusa Teng-gara Timur were provided by BULGG and itsagencies through mail. General informationabout the various samples is presented in Tables1 and 2. Fourteen strains of S. zeamais andfifteen of R. dominica were tested. Three repli-cates of 40 insects each were used in each test.Resistance TestThe two insecticides used for resistancedetection were malathion and pirimiphosmethyl; both were emulsifiable concentrates of57 and 25% a.i. respectively. The discriminatingdoses and exposure times for both the speciesstudied are presented in Table 3. Aliquots of 0.5rol of stock solution were evenly distributed onWhatman No. 1 filter papers of 7 cm diameterwhich were placed in petri dishes.TABLE 1Information on field-collected strains of Sitophilus spp.from various parts of IndonesiaSample Locations Types of l Commodity Insecticidal 2Number Warehouse historyRanca Udik (Krawang) New BULOG milled rice M, PM2 Krawang FS padi NCS3 Bandung New BULOG milled rice M, PM4 Bogor CRIA corn Unknown5 Bogor Commercial green gram Unknown6 Magelang FS milled rice NCS7 Wonosari FS cassava NCS8 Sukaraja (PuTWokerto) FS rice bran NCS9 PUTWokerto FS corn NCS10 Lumajang Commercial rice bran Unknown11 Ujung Pandang New BULOG milled rice M, PM12 Irian Jaya New BULOG milled rice M, PM13 Nusa Tenggara Timur New BULOG milled rice M, PM14 BanJarmasin New BULOG milled rice M, PM1. FSCRIABULOG2fanners' storage 2. MCentral Res. Inst. for Agric. PMBadan Urusan Logistik NCS(the National Grain Logistics Agency)PERTANIKA VOL. 8 NO. I, 1985malathionpirimiphos methylno chemical sprayedINSECTICIDE RESISTANCETABLE 2Infonnation on field-collected strains of R. dominicafrom various parts of IndonesiaSampleNumber23456789101112131415l. FSLocation Types of l Commodity Insecticidal 2Warehouse historyKrawang Commercial padi M, PMKrawang Commercial padi M, PMKrawang Commercial padi UnknownKrawang New BULOG padi M, PMKrawang New BULOG padi M, PMSubang FS padi NCSIndramayu Commercial padi MIndramayu FS padi NCSCirebon Commercial padi PMCirebon FS padi PMPati FS padi NCSPati New BULOG padi PMWonosari FS cassava NCSSouth Surabaya Commercial padi UnknownPalembang New BULOG milled rice Unknownfanners' storage 2. M malathionPM pirimiphos methylNCS no chemical sprayedTABLE 3Discriminating concentrations and exposure timesfor detecting resistance in S. zeamais and R. dominicaInsect species S. zeamais R. dominicaInsecticideMalathion 1Pirimiphos methyl 2lRecommended byFAO (1974)2Virrey (1976)Cone. Exposure time(%) (hrs.)1.5 60.6 12Cone. Exposure time(%) (hrs.)2.5 24The physical conditions under which thetest was conducted and the categorization of thedifferent degrees of resistance were the same asreported in the previous study (Osman andMorallo-Rejesus, 1981).Determination ofthe Sitophilus speciesThe Sitopht'lus strains were identified usingcharacters described by Halstead (1964) andProctor (1971).PERTANlKA VOL. 8 NO.1, 1985NOORMA OSMAN AND B. MORALLO-REJESUSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIdent£ty ofSitophilus Strains and theirDistributionThe aedeagi of all 1400 male Sitophilusexamined had two longitudinal impressions onthe flattened upper surfaces, and the tips werepointed, thus identifying them as S. zeamazf,;The predominant species of Sitophilus present inour samples was therefore S. zeamais. Thisobservation agrees with the findings of McFar-lane in 1977 (reported by Atmosudirdjo, 1981)who, from the identity of 200 specimens collect-ed from two places in Java, concluded that S.zeamais occurred on milled rice in Java morecommonly than previously assumed. The dataobtained in our study confirmed that S. zeamaisis common and widespread in Indonesia, espe-cially on milled rice. Further survey work(Haines and Pranata, 1982) has also confirmedthat in Java, S. zeamais is dominant on milledrice and maize, but that small numbers of S.oryzae are sometimes present on these commo-dities. These authors also found that S. oryzae isoften dominant on rough rice, however, and thishas been shown (Husain et al., 1983) to be ex-plicable by the different rates of increase of thetwo species on the two forms of rice.Resistance ofS. zeamais to Malathion andPirimzphos MethylFourteen strains of S. zeamais were testedfor resistance to both insecticides. Twelve strainswere classified as susceptible to malathion andtwo showed a low degree of resistance (Table 4).All strains showed a susceptible response to piri-miphos methyl. From the interview conductedduring the collection, it was found that wherepirimiphos methyl was used, it had been firstused sometime in May 1978. At the date ofcollection, pirimiphos methyl had only beenused for five months to control these storageinsects. Five months is probably too short forselection to occur with this insecticide.TABLE 4Response of S. zeamais to a discriminating concentrationof 1.5% malathion for 6 hours.Sample Number234567891011121314IS susceptibleSR slightly resistant4Percent Knockdown Degree of Resistance 1100 S100 S100 S100 S100 S100 S100 S93.3 SR100 S100 S100 S100 S100 S93.3 SRPERTANlKA VOL. 8 NO. I, 1985INSECTICIDE RESISTANCETABLE 5Response of R. dominica to a discriminating concentrationof 2.5% malathion for 24 hours.Sample Number Percent Knockdown Degree of Resistance 11 100 S2 100 S3 100 S4 100 S5 100 S6 100 S7 100 S8 100 S9 100 S10 100 S11 62.97 HR12 84.23 MR13 100 S14 94.67 SR15 100 SIS susceptibleSR slightly resistantMR moderately resistantHR highly resistantResistance ofR. dominica to MalathionFifteen strains of R. dominica were testedfor resistance to malathion. The two strains fromPati (Central Java) were both resistant (onemoderately and one highly) and one from SouthSurabaya (East Java) was slightly resistant; theother twelve strains were susceptible to mala-thion (Table 5). Strains of R. dominica were nottested with pirimiphos methyl because infor-mation on the discriminating concentration wasnot available.General Pattern ofResistanceIn a short follow-up to the present surveysin 1981, it was found that five samples of R.dominica and ten of S. zeamais were resistant tomalathion (Pranata and Haines, 1982).In Our study, five strains of R. dominicawere collected from stores that had indicated theuse of malathion, but all these strains showed asusceptible response to this insecticide.Of the seven strains collected from storesrecording no history of malathion use, twostrains were detected to be resistant and five weresusceptible. One resistant and two susceptiblestrains were from stores whose insecticidalhistory was not available. Six strains of S.zeamais were from stores in which the use ofmalathion was recorded, and one of these strainswas resistant to this ~nsecticide. Of the fivestrains obtained from stores recording no insec-ticidal history, one strain was found to be resis-tant to malathion. Three susceptible strains of S.zeamais came from stores whose insecticidalhistory was not known. The occurrence ofPERTANlKA VOL. 8 NO. I, 1985 5NOORMA OSMAN AND B. MORALLO-REjESUSresistance did not seem to be associated directlywith the history of use of malathion in a parti-cular store, presumably because populations ofS. zeamais and R. dominica, being internalfeeders in grain, are strongly associated with themovement of their batch of commodity fromstore to store; residual populations in unsweptdebris are obviously a potent source of resistantstrains if insecticides are regularly used on thefabric of the store. But our results indicate thatthis was not happening in Indonesia at the timeof our survey.CONCLUSIONSTwo strains of Sitophilus zeamais showed aslight resistance to malathion. Twelve out of thefourteen strains showed a susceptible response tothis insecticide. All the strains of S. zeamais weresusceptible to pirimiphos methyl. Three out ofthe fifteen strains of Rhizopertha dominicacollected showed some level of resistance tomalathion.The fourteen strains of Sitophilus collectedfrom various parts of Indonesia were all found tobe S. zeamais.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors wish to thank BULOG for theirassistance in obtaining insect samples. Thanksare also due to Mr. Rafael Pranata for his assis-tance in collecting insect samples from the manylocations on the island of Java. The researchfacilities provided by BIOTROP are alsoacknowledged.REFERENCESATMOSUDlRDjO, O. (1981): Problems of stored-products pests in Indonesia with specialreference to insect pests of stored rice. Pestsof Stored Products: Proc. BIOTROP Symp.on Pests of Stored Products. BIOTROPSpecial PubI. No.9. pp. 17 - 28.CHAMP, B.R. and DYTE, C.E. (1976): Report ofFAO global survey of pesticide susceptibilityof stored grain pests. FA 0 Plant Prod. and'Prot. Ser. No.5, 297 pp.F AO Working Party on resistance to pesticides(1974): Recommended methods for thedetection and measurement of resistance ofagricultural pests to pesticides. Tentativemethods for adults of some major beetles ofstored cereals with malathion and lindane.FAO Method No. 15. FAO Plant ProtectionBulletin 33: 127 - 37.HAINES,C.P. and PRANATA,R.1. (1982): Surveyon insects and arachnids associated withstored products in some parts of Java. In:Progress in Grain Protection (eds. N.C.Teter and A.S. Frio) Proc. 5th AnnualWorkshop. Grains Post-Harvest Techno-logy. pp. 17-47.HALISCAK, J.P. and BEEMAN, R.W. (1983):Status of malathion resistance in five generaof beetles infesting farm stored corn, wheat,and oats in the United States. j. Econ. Ent.76(4): 717 - 722.HALSTEAD, D.G.H. (1964): The separation ofSitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. zeamais Mots-chulsky (Col. Curculionidae) with a sum-mary of their distribution. Entomologist'sMonthly Magazine (1963) 99: 72 - 4.HUSAIN, LB.; HAINES, C.P. and PRANATA. R.1.(1983): The susceptibility of milled andrough rice to attack by Sitophilus oryzae(Linneaus) and Sitophilus zeamais Mots-chulsky. Paper presented at the RegionalGrains Post-Harvest Workshop, 3 - 6 May1983, Puncak, Indonesia (Typescript 21pp.)LEMON, R.W. (1967): Laboratory evaluation ofsome additional organophosphorus insecti-cides against stored-product beetles. j.Stored Products Res. 3: 283 - 87.MORALLO-REjESUS, B. (1974): Survey of thePhilippine population of rice weevil com-plex for resistance to insecticides. AdvanceFood Agric. For Research Development andComm. Part 1: 295 - 299.OSMAN, N.B. and MORALLO-REjESUS, B.(1981): Evaluation of resistance to mala-thion and pirimiphos methyl in strains ofTribolium castaneum (Herbst) collected inIndonesia. Pertanika 4(1): 30 - 34.6 PERTANlKA VOL. 8 NO.1. 1985INSECTICIDE RESISTANCEPARKIN, E.A. (1965): The onset of insecticideresistance among field populations ofstored-product insects. j. Stored ProductsRes. 1:3-8.PRANATA, R.I. and HAINES, C.P. (1982): Re-search and training on stored-productsinsects at BIOTROP, Indonesia. In: Pro-gress in Grain Protection. (eds. N.C. Teterand A.S. Frio) Proc. 5th Annual Workshop.Grains Post-Harvest Technol. pp. 74 - 80.PRANATA, R.I., SUKARNA, D. and HALID, H.(1983): Perkembangan masalah resistensihama pasca panen terhadap insektisida.Paper presented at Kongres Entomology II,24 - 26 January 1983, Jakarta, Indonesia.(Typescript 4 pp.).PROCTOR, D.L. (1971): An additional aedeagalcharacter for distinguishing Sitophiluszeamais Motsch. from Sitophilus oryzae (L.)(Coleoptera, Curculionidae). j. Stored Pro-ducts Res. 6: 351 - 352.VIRREY, C. (1976): Insecticide resistance in fieldstrains of red flour beetles (Tribolium casta-neum Herbst) in Batangas and Laguna.Undergraduate B. Sc. Thesis, College ofAgriculture, UPLB, College, Laguna,Philippines, Unpublished.(Received 24January, 1984)PERTANlKA VOL. 8 NO.1, 1985 7

Insecticide Resistance in Sitophilus zeamais Mots. and Rhizopertha dominicav (F.) in Indonesia

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Insecticide Resistance in Sitophilus zeamais Mots. and Rhizopertha dominicav (F.) in Indonesia

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