Prophylactic examination in persons engaged in fishing industry and in sailors of ocean-going ships demonstrated occupational cochlear neuritis, resulting from the action of noise and vibration. Five hundred and fifty three sailors and fishermen working under conditions of noise were studied. A total of 233 persons 43.7% were found to be suffering from changes of the auditory analyzer typically resulting from the action of noise and vibration. The most pronounced changes of hearing were revealed in fishermen, in 44.8% of the persons examined, the percentage also being the highest among the engine room workers (63%). The incidence of cochlear neuritis in sailors of the ocean-going steamship line and in personnel of research ocean-going ships was almost equal (39.9-40%). These indices differed in the engine room workers (42-46%). Vestibular function was investigated by caloric and rotation tests with the use of electronystagmography. The data obtained point to diminution of the vestibular analyzer excitability with increase of the length of navigation service

Menyakin, R. P.

Poperetskaya, V. I.

English

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NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
	 NASA TM-76335
(RASA-TH- 76335) OCCU2ATIONAL CHANGES IN THE	 N80-32072
ORGAN OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM IN SAILORS
ANN) FISHERMAN (National Aerouautics and
Space Administration) 9 p HC A021MF A01
	 Uuclas
CSCL 04P G5/52 28686
OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES IN THE ORGAN OF HEARING
AND EQUILIBRIUM IN SAILORS AND FISHERMEN
Associate Professor R. P. Menyakin and
V. I. Poperetskaya
Translation of "Professional'nyye izmeneniya
organa slukha i ravnovesiya u moryakov i rybakov,"
Vestnik otorinolaringologii, No. 1 (Jan-Feb), 1980,
pp. 39-42.
r . T
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE AD14INISTRATION
WASHINGTON D.C. 20546	 AUGUST 1980
STANDARD TITLE PAGE a
1
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1. Ropers No.
	 2. ee94rnw9wt As9esslew Me. ?. R.t+pilwl's Corele* N4.
.NASA TM-76335
t. Till* MW S1rklillo S. R*W# 0444
OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES IN THE ORGAN OF HEARING AUGUST 1980
AND EQUILIBRIUM IN SAILORS AND FISHERMEN S. Palerw+wg orgewireriew Celle
7. Author(&) S. Perlerwing orgenlsatien Rq.rl N9.
R. P. Menyakin, V. I. Poperetskaya
10. Welk unit me.
9. perferening Orgeniserren Name 68d Atlil rose il. Ge"9u er eren ► He.
.SCITRA` NASW-3198
12. Type 41 Roder►
 OW Period t'.e90"ASox 5456
Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Translation
12. Sponsoring Ag.ney None and Adilieee*
National Aeronautics and Space Administration lt. spw►e«Iq Agewsy CaAe
Washington, D.C.	 20546
LL Suppla9.n►ay Notes
Translation of "Prefessional'nyye ixmeneniya organs, slukha i
ravnovesiya'u moryakov i rybekov", Vestnik oforinolaringologii,
No. 1 (Jan-Feb), 1980, pp. 39-41.
16. A►•r.e.r
	
Prophylactic examination in persons' engageid in fish .ng industry'
and in sailors of the Far-Eastern ocean-going ships demonstrated occupa-
tional •cochl.ear neuritis, resulting from the action of noise and vibra-
tion, in6.5% of persona examined ('occupied in "noisy" or in "quiet" wor
Sailors. • and fishermein ;(553) working under conditions of 'noise were
studied; 43.7% (233'person9) • were found to.be sufferi+tg from-changes
of the auditory analyser typically resulting from the action of noise
and fibration.	 The oast pronounced changes of hearing were revealed in
fishermen, in 44.8% of the persons examined, the percentage also being
the highest among the engine room workers (63%). 	 The incidence of
cochlear neuritis in sailors of -the -Far-Eastern steamship line and in
personnel of research ocean-going-ships was almost equal (39.9-40%).
These indices differed in the engine room workers (42-46%).' Vestibular
function • was'investigated by caloric and rotation tests with the use
of electronystagwgraphy.	 The data obtained point to diminution of
•
the vestibular analyser ex;itability with inciease.of the length of
navigation service.
17. Key nerds (SeiG4160 isy AYther(►)) 1i. Dielrl ►Iru.w 614190681
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19.	 Sesvriry Cleuil. (sf this ropers) 20. S940rily Clew.(. (el Oki& raged 219 N.. et Pogo. 22.
Unclassified Unclassified
UDC 616.28-008.1-057:639.2
OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES IN THE ORGAN OF HEARING
AND EQUILIBRIUM 1N SAILORS AND FISHERMEN
Associate Professor R. P. Menyakin and V. I.
Poperetskaya*
Data on the condition of the auditory functioo in individuals working on 	 /39**
sea transportation are given in the works of S. N. Rzhevkin (1933), I. I. Slavina
(1955), L. Ya. Skuratova (1961), N. P. Astapovich et al., (1961), A. L. Sinitsina
(1970), L. S. Godin and V. A. Gugel' (1975), 0. A. Vasil'yev and V. M. Kozoda
(1976), Steps et al. (1955), Sergeev (1975). Changes in the vestibular analyzer,
the importance of motion sickness and occupational selection have been noted in
the works of B. 1. O1'shanskiy (1969), V. I. Kopanev and S. S. Markaryan (1971),
0. Ya. Plepis (1973), L. S. Godin et al. (1973), N. I. Kostrov et al. (1976),
V. I. Kopanev et al, (1976). The joint effect of noise and vibration has a more
significant effect on workers than noise alone (N. Ya. Shalashov, 1968, V. G.
Artamonova et al., 1975, V. F. Vatsipan and N. M. Paran'ko, 1975, A. A. Dovgay1o,
1975). The data presented in the aforementioned publications indicate the
urgency of studying the problem of the effect of noise and vibration on sailors
and fishermen . However, studies of the organ of hearing and equilibrium in
workers of sea transportation linked to the stay on modern ships are not very
common, and they have not been made under conditions of the fishing; industry of 	 /40
of the Far East.
We studied the sanitary-hygienic working conditions of workers of sea
transportation on the 15 main types of the Far East steamship company vessels,
scientific research fleet and fishing industry vessels. In the study of noise
*
Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Vladivostok Medical Institute
**
Numbers in margin indicate pagination in original foreign text.
1
mand vibration that was made during the performance tests under route conditions,
it was established that part of the sound energy occurs at frequencies of 250-
2000 Hz and surpasses the permissible level by 5-30 db. The parameters of
general vibration are characterized by a high level in the low frequency
band (2-30 Hz). Our data are confirmed by the studies of A. V. Grishauov (1976).
After studying the hygienic characteristics for the working conditions of fish
processors on the floating base fish-canning plants of the "A. Zakharov" type,
the author noted that the air temperature at the work sites of the separators
and pazkers reaches 26-30°C with relative air humidity of 80-90X, and air
movement velocity of 0.1-0.15 m/s. The noise level with the optimal load of
the working equipment is 79-90 db. A large part of the sound energy occurs at
the most "aggressive" medium and high frequencies of 500-2000 Hz with
exceeding of the permissible level by 5-8 db. During the entire period of
sailing, the workers are exposed to the effect of total vibration, whose
root-mean--square values of oscillating velocity reach the maximum at frequencies
of 8-31 Hz. The vibration parameters are in the limits of the permissible amounts,
but in a number of cases surpass them.
As a result of preventive treatment examinations of the fish industry and
navy workers it was established, that 	 occupational cochlear neuritis under
the influence of noise and vibration develops in no more than 6.5% of those
examined from the total number of those working under conditions of noise and
outside of it.
The evaluation of the degree of disorder in hearing was based on the
complex method with regard for the data of tonal and speech audiometry, per-
ception of whispering suggested by the Institute of Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Diseases of the USSR Academy of Medical. Sciences (V. Ye. Ostapkovich
and N. I. Ponomareva).
An examination was made of 533 sailors and fishermen working under con-
ditions of noise. Depending on the working conditions we divided those examined
into those working in machine sections and the deck command. In 233 (43.7X) a
change in the auditory analyzer was found that was typical for the effect of
noise and vibration. The most significant changes in hearing among the workers
2
A
in noisy conditions in the fishing industry fleet were found in 44.8% of those
examined, in those working in the machine section this index also was the
highest (63X). The indcA for detestability of occupational cochlear neuritis
in the Far East steamship company and on ships of the scientific research fleet
was almost the same (respectively 39.9 and 40% of those examined). These
indices differ in individual working in the machine sections (42 and 22.5X).
Due to the significant, alerting changes in the audiometric data in the
personnel of the deck command (48.2%) of the scientific research fleet especial
attention was focused on them; the work of this group was investigated under
route conditions.	 We separated 50 harpooners working under special conditions
into a separate group. As a result of tonal audiometry occupational hypoacusis
of varying degree was found in 36 people (2/3).
Analysis of the distribution according to degree of hypoacusis of occupational
cochlear neuritis found in sailors and fishermen was made on 269 people, in-
cluding the harpooners. Second degree hypoacusis was found in 122 (45.3X) of the
people, first degree--in 77 (28.6%), third degree--in 58 (21.6X), and fourth
degree in 12 (4.5%) of the people.
There were 39 people g ird- r 21 years of age (14.5%), under 40--92 (34.2X),
from 41 to 50--111 (41.3%) and over 51--27 people (10X).
Of definite practical importance were the data (in a percentage relationship) /41
for the dependence of the degree of reduced hearing on the average age of those
examined in each of the fleets.
A clinical-audiological examination established that a hearing disorder
in the sailors and fishermen began with frequency 4000 Hz with subsequent trans-
ition to higher tonal frequencies and frequencies of the speech zone. In the
majority of workers, the drop in hearing was manifest by a single-type audio-
-	 logical relief with increase in the thresholds at the high frequencies. In the
first 10 years of work no significant differences were established in the average
amounts of hearing thresholds. With period of service from 11 to 15 years a
rapid increase in the hearing thresholds was noted in 300 of those examined.
In subsequent years the rates of decline in hearing in the workers slowed down.
3
The slow progression of hypoacusis during a lengthy occupational service period
in workers of the noisy enterprises has also been noted by A. G. Rakhmilevich (1964)
and Ya. S. Temkin (1968).
We studied the function of the vestibular analyzer in 230 workers with
occupational cochlear neuritis engaged in the fish industry. An investigation
was made of the complaints, data of anamnesis, spontaneous reactions, stato-
kinetic function, and caloric test. The findings were compared with the indices
in the control group (20 people). It was established that as compared to the
control,all the occupational gropps have a tendency towards shortening in the
post-rotational nystagmus from the data of a visual evaluation.
In the group of mechanics, painters and welders not exposed to the effect
of vibration, although they did have occupational hearing disorders, according
to the data of our studies, the reduction in duration of the post-rotational
nystagmus in these individuals proved to be insignificant (P>0.05). In the
group of boiler makers the difference became reliable (P e0.02). This can be
explained by the effect on the boiler makers, in addition to noise, of local
vibration of small parameters. In the group of deck command and the harpooners,
the duration of nystagmus was considerably reduced (P<0.01). The change in
duration of nystagmus was must pronounced during the effectof general vibration
(mechanics of machine sections).
The most complete idea about nystagmus is provided by electronystagmo-
graphy (S. N. Khechinashvili, 1958; B. B. Sharov, 1966; N. S. 81agoveshchenskaya,
1966; V. K. Uryupin, 1968). The method of electronystagmography was used to
examine 147 workers of the deck commands. A comparison was made with the data
of the control group (57 students in the first course of the higher seafaring
school). It was established that as corrared to the data of those examined in
the control group, in the workers of the deck command 41 years old and over
B
	
	 there are statistically insignificant differences in the indices for the
duration of nystagmus and the average ampliutde in 10 s; a reduction was also
noted in the duration of nystagmus with an increase in the period of work.
Based on a visual euluation and the data of electronystagmography the
following law was revealed: the effect of intensive production noise results
4
in a reduction in the duration of poet- .rotational nystagmus, the joint effect
of noise and vibration induces the greatest reduction in its duration. This is
confirmed by the data of B. B. Sharov (1966) and N. I. Ivanov (1967).
Thus, the change in the function of the vestibular analyzer was manifest
in its suppression, which can be explained by the additional effect of low- and
medium-frequency vibration on the ship personnel serving the fishing industry.
1. Artamonova, V. G.; 2elen', R. I.; and Smirnova, V. G. in Sistemy adaptats ii
cheloveka i vneshnyaya Breda ["Systems of Human Adapatation and the Environ-
ment"], Leningrad, 1975. pp. 33-35.
2. Astapovich, N. P.; Yershova, N. V.; and Kaminskaya Ye. A. Bor'ba s shumom
na sudakh. Literatura za 1955-19 61 gg. ["Sturggle with Noise on Ships.
Literature for 1955-1961"], Leningrad, 1961.
3. Blagoveshchenskaya, N. S. Vestn. otorinolar., No. 2 (1966), p. 3-9.
4. Vasil'yev, 0. A.; and Kozodoy, V. M. in M ezhdunarodnyy simpozium Po morskoy	 J42
meditsine. 7-v. Tezisy dokladovs ["International Symposium on Marine
Medicine. Seventh. Summaries of Reports"], Moscow, 1976, p. 112.
5. Vatsipan, V. F.; and Paran'ko, N. M. in Nau chno-tekh_niches kiy_ progress i
ozdorovleniye truda	 i_ metallurRicheskoyrop myehlennosti
["Scientific-Technical Progress and Sanitation of Labor in the Coal and
Metallurgical Industry"], Donetsk, 1975, pp. 97-98.
6. Godin, L. S.; Matsevich, L. M.; Rezina, Yu. I. et al., in Y2pyosy gigiyeny
i dezinfektsionnogo dela na vodnom transporte ["Questions of Hygiene in
Disinfection Work in Water Transportation"], Baku, 1973, p. 175-176.
7. God n, L. S.; and Gugel', V. A. in Issledovaniya po rofessional' n_oy med itsine
v Estonskoy SSR ["Research in Occupational Medicine in the Estonian SSR"]
Tallin, 1975, p. 205-027.
8. Grishanov, A. V. in Gigwiyena truda i_ sostoyniye zdorov'y rabotayushchikh v
t	 razlichnykh otraslyakh promyshlennosti Sibiri i Dal'negq Vo_s_to_ka ["Indus-
'	 trial Hygiene and State of Health of Workers in Different Branches of
Industry of Siberia and the Far East"], Vladivostok, 1976, p. 69-70.
9. Dovgaylo, A. A. Trudy Mosk. obl. nauch. issled. k_l inich. in-t a ["Proceedings
of Moscow Oblast Scientific Research Clinical Institute"], Vol. 5 (1975),
pp. 69-71.
10. Ivanov, N. I. Vestn. otorinolar., No. 2 (1967), p. 73-78.
11. Kpoanev, V. I.; and Markaryan, S. S. Vo yen. med. zh., No. 4 (1971), p. 95-96.
5
12. Kopanev, V. I.; Krasnovidov, V. S.; Sidel'nikov, 1. A. Ibid, No. 1 (1976),
pp. 87-89.
13. Kostrov, N. I.; Korovkin, B. F.; and Nemchenko, N. S. Ibid, No. 4 pp. 55-57.
14. 01'shanskiy, B. Tn. Nekotoryye osobennosti ukachivayemykh lits ["Certain
Features of Individuals with Motion Sickness"], Author's abstract of
candidate disseration. Riga, 1969.
15. Ostapkovich, V. Ye.; Ponomareva, N. I. G^. truda, No. 10 (1967), p. 50-52.
16. Ostapkovich, V. Ye.; Ponomareva, N. I. in Vsesoyuznoye nauchn. o-vo oto-
rinolaringologov. Pravlenlye. Plenum. Pr°xrammnyye doklady ["All-Union
Scientific Society of Otorhinolaryngologists. Board. Plenum. Program
Reports."], Leningrad, 1973. pp. 149-174.
17. Plepis, 0. Ya. Issledovaniye vnutricherepnogo krovoobrashcheniva pri ukachi-
vanii U dannym statisticheskog analiza reoentsefalogramm ["Study of Intra-
cranial circulation during Motion Sickness from Data of Statistical Analysis
of Rheoencephalograms"], Author's abstract of candidate dissertation, Leningrad,
1973.
18. Rakhmilevich, A. G Shum i organ slukha ["Noise and the Organ of Hearing"],
Leningrad, 1964.
19. Rzhevkin, S. N. in Metody issledovaniya shumov ["Methods of Studying Noises"]
Moscow-Leningrad, 1933, pp. 113-120.
20. Slavin, 1. I. Normy irQ avila po ogranicheniyu shuma na proizvodstve_
(Pro ekt ["Standards and Rules for Restricting Noise in Production. (Draft)"]
Leningrad, 1955, p. 39.
21. Sinitsina, A. D. Fiz_iologo-i ey nichskaya atsenka vozdeystvi a shuma_i__
vibratsi_i na ekipazhi sudov s podv_odnymi kryl'vami ["Physiological-Hygienic
Evaluation of the Effect of Noise and Vibration on the Crew of Vessels with
Underwater Hydrofoils"], Author's abstract of candidate dissertation,
Moscow, 1970.
22. Skuratova, L. Ya. Shum n s,idakh i_ mer bor'hy s nim "Noise on Ships and
Measures to Control It"], -rloscow, 1961, p. 21.
23. Temkin, Ya. S. Professional' vye bclezni i travmy ukha ["Occupational
Diseases and Ear Injuries"], Moscowk 1968.
24. Uryupin, V. K. Voyen.-med. zh., No. 10 (196P), p. 74-75.
25. Kheehinashvil.i, S. N. Vestibulvarnaya funktsiya_["Vestibular Function"]
Tbilisi, 1958.
26. Shalashov, N. Ya. Vestn. otorinolar. No. 1 (1968), p. 98.
6
I
it
27. Sharov, B. B. in Problemy labirintoloixii ("Problems of Labyrinthology"]
Chelyabinsk, 1966, p. 148-150.
28. Sergeev, E. Bull. Inst. Marit. Trop. Med. Vol 26 (1975), p. 175-186.
S u m m a r v. Proph%lactic examination ill 	 engaged ill fishing industry and in sai-lors of the Far-Fasiern occan•go;ng ships demonstrated occupational cochlear neuritis.
resultiu;; from the action of nois y and vibration • in 6.5 % of persons examined (occupiodill
	 or in "quiet' work). Sailors and fishermen (5,53) working tinder condiflonr. of
noise were swdicd; 43,7 % (`_M persons) were found to be suffering from changes of the
auditory analyser tvpically resulting from the Petion of noise and vibration. The most pro-
nouttcc " l changes of hearing were rctcah•d ill ill % of the persons examined,
,he l,crccntage also being the highest among the engine room workers (63 %). The inci-
dencc of cochlear neuritis in sailors of the Far-Eastern steamship-line and in personnel of
resc:urh ocean-going ships was almost equal (39.9---40 ";,). These indices differed ill the
engint room workers (42-46 °0). Vestibular function was investigated by caloric and
roiat;on tests with the use of elertrontistagnuigraphy. The data obtained point to dintintt-
tion of ;he vestibular anakser excitability with iner-asc of the It^gth of navigation service.
it
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7


Occupational changes in the organ of hearing and equilibrium in sailors and fisherman

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