The objectives were: to obtain selected instruments which were not standard equipment on the Portable Automated Mesometeorological (PAM) and Data Control Platform (DCP) stations; to assist in incorporation of these instruments onto the PAM and DCP stations; to help provide routine maintenance of the instruments; to conduct periodic instrument calibrations; and to repair or replace malfunctioning instruments when possible. All of the objectives were or will be met soon. All instruments and the necessary instrument stands were purchased or made and were available for inclusion on the PAM and DCP stations before the beginning of the IFC-1. Due to problems beyond control, the DCP stations experienced considerable difficulty in becoming operational. To fill some of the gaps caused by the DCP problems, Campbell CR21-X data loggers were installed and the data collected on cassette tapes. Periodic checks of all instruments were made, to maintain data quality, to make necessary adjustments in certain instruments, to replace malfunctioning instruments, and to provide instrument calibration. All instruments will be calibrated before the beginning of the 1988 growing season as soon as the weather permits access to all stations and provides conditions that are not too harsh to work in for extended periods of time

Blad, Blaine L.

Hays, Cynthia J.

Walter-Shea, Elizabeth A.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

8 .  r)” / A  4’5- y G 
Long Term Measurement Network f o r  FIFE 
A F i n a l  Report 
t o  t h e  
Na t iona l  Aeronaut ics  and Space Adminis t ra t ion  
f o r  
Grant  NAG 5-876 
by 
Bla ine  L. Blad, E l i zabe th  A. Walter-Shea and Cynthia J. Hays 
CAMaC Progress  Report 87-6 
Center  €or A g r i c u l t u r a l  Meteorology and Climatology 
I n s t i t u t e  of Agr i cu l tu re  and Natura l  Resources 
U n i v e r s i t y  of Nebraska-Lincoln 
Lincoln,  Nebraska 68583-0728 
(NaSA-CR-182Q91) L O l G  TERR 4EASURBWElT N88-19857 
NETWORK FOR F I F E  Pinal Report 
Unir.) 26 p CSCL O4B 
[Nebraska 
Unclas 
63/47 0124546 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880010473 2020-03-20T08:13:00+00:00Z
I n t r o d u c t i o n  
A long-term measurement network f o r  o b t a i n i n g  v a r i o u s  meteorological 
parameters w a s  e s t a b l i s h e d  du r ing  FIFE. The measured parameters are l i s t e d  i n  
Tables  1 and 2: 
Table  1. Parameters  measured a t  a l l  long-term measurement s t a t i o n s .  
Automatic Meteoro loa ica l  S t a t i o n s  ( A M s )  
Symbol 
Ta 
9 
U 
Td 
R r  
Rn 
T s  
P 
* Sm 
Parameter 
Air tempera ture  
Humidity (psychrometer-nonfreezing; 
so l id  state f r e e z i n g  c o n d i t i o n s )  
Wind speed (2 o r  3 components) 
Soi l  temperature  ( - .1  and -0.5 m )  
Re f l ec t ed  solar r a d i a t i o n  
N e t  r a d i a t i o n  
Surf  ace temperature  
P r e c i p i t a t i o n  
Soi l  mois ture  
Resolu t ion  
0.1 oc 
1 %  
0.1 m sec-1 
0.1 ^c 
1% 
1% 
0.1 oc 
1 m m  
1% 
Accuracy 
2 0.25% 
t 5% 
5% (.5 m sec-1 
star t u p )  
2 0.25% 
5% 
5% 
-+ 1 . 0 9  
5% 
2% 
* Measured weekly or more f r e q u e n t l y  a t  each site. 
Table  2. Addi t iona l  parameters measured at four super-AMS sites. 
Super Automatic Meteorological  S t a t i o n s  ( S A M s )  
Symbol Parameter Resolu t ion  Accuracy 
R S  Global r a d i a t i o n  1% 2% 
RD Direct solar r a d i a t i o n  1% 5% 
Ra Di f fuse  solar r a d i a t i o n  1% 3% 
PAR P h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l l y  active r a d i a t i o n  1% 
(0 .4  - 0.7 um) (direct  and d i f f u s e )  
2% 
RLw Longwave r a d i a t i o n  1% 5% 
A t o t a l  of 16 AMs and super AMs s t a t i o n s  were e s t a b l i s h e d .  There were two 
t y p e s  of AMs measurement systems: ( 1  ) Por t ab le  Automated Mesometeorological 
(PAM) s t a t i o n s  suppl ied  by t h e  Nat iona l  Center f o r  Atmospheric Research and 
( 2 )  Data Cont ro l  Platform (DCP) s t a t i o n s  suppl ied by t h e  U. S. Army Corps of 
Engineers.  I n i t i a l l y ,  there were 10 PAM s t a t i o n s  and 6 DCP s t a t i o n s .  Due t o  
problems wi th  some of t h e  DCP s ta t ions,  two a d d i t i o n a l  PAM s t a t i o n s  were 
i n s t a l l e d  to  replace two DCP s t a t i o n s  before  t h e  beginning of In t ens ive  F ie ld  
Campaign number 4 ( IFC-41,  i n  October,  1987. 
The network was e s t a b l i s h e d  to:  ( 1  measure t h e  microc l imat ic  v a r i a b i -  
l i t y  w i th in  and a c r o s s  the FIFE re sea rch  a r e a ;  ( 2 )  provide i n p u t  d a t a  f o r  
numerical  s imula t ion  models; and, ( 3 )  c o l l e c t  broad band r e f l e c t e d  and emi t ted  
r a d i a t i o n  to  h e l p  e v a l u a t e  satell i te imagery. Data c o l l e c t e d  by t h e  network 
a r e  impor tan t  f o r  e x t r a p o l a t i n g  obse rva t ions  made a t  t h e  va r ious  Bowen ra t io  
energy ba lance  and eddy c o r r e l a t i o n  s i t e s  to  o t h e r  a r e a s  wi th in  t h e  FIFE 
r e s e a r c h  a r e a  and t o  provide e s t i m a t e s  of important  r a d i a t i o n ,  energy and mass 
f l u x e s  du r ing  p e r i o d s  no t  covered by t h e  In t ens ive  F i e l d  Campaigns. I n  addi-  
t i o n ,  d a t a  c o l l e c t e d  a t  some s t a t i o n s  serve  a s  i n p u t  i n t o  t h e  c a l c u l a t i o n  
procedures  of certain i n v e s t i g a t o r s ,  as wel l  a s  provid ing  comparison i n f o r -  
mation f o r  d a t a  c o l l e c t e d  with o t h e r  measurement systems. Data c o l l e c t e d  by 
t h e  network a r e  v i t a l  t o  the accomplishment of the  FIFE goa l  t o  v a l i d a t e  cer- 
t a i n  a lgo r i thms ,  which use a i r b o r n e  and su r face  d a t a ,  f o r  r e l a t i n g  land sur-  
f a c e  p rocesses  to  satel l i te  rad iances .  
The o b j e c t i v e s  of t h i s  s p e c i f i c  p r o j e c t  were: (1 )  t o  o b t a i n  s e l e c t e d  
in s t rumen t s  which were no t  s tandard  equipment on t h e  PAM and DCP s t a t i o n s ;  (2) 
t o  assist i n  i n c o r p o r a t i o n  of t hese  ins t ruments  on to  t h e  PAM and DCP s t a t i o n s ;  
( 3 )  to  h e l p  provide r o u t i n e  maintenance of t h e  ins t ruments ;  ( 4 )  t o  conduct 
p e r i o d i c  in s t rumen t  c a l i b r a t i o n s ;  and ( 5 )  t o  r e p a i r  o r  r e p l a c e  malfunct ioning 
in s t rumen t s  when poss ib l e .  
- 2- 
Materials and Methods - 
The Unive r s i ty  of Nebraska purchased a l l  a d d i t i o n a l  r a d i a t i o n  and 
meteorological in s t rumen ta t ion  r equ i r ed  to  make the measurements s p e c i f i e d  i n  
Tables  1 and 2 t h a t  were n o t  be ing  made on t h e  PAM or DCP s t a t i o n s .  These 
a d d i t i o n a l  i n s t rumen t s  and t h e  parameters they  measured are l i s ted  i n  Table 3: 
Table  3. Type and number of additional in s t rumen t s  and parameters measured. 
Ins t rument  Type Number of Instruments  
Omega Thermistor  #44301 36 
Eppley P r e c i s i o n  Spectral 
Pyranomter 16 
Micro Met N e t  Radiometer 18 
Everest Model 4001 I n f r a r e d  
Transducer  16 
Li-Cor plantum Sensor 8 
Li-Cor PAR Sensor 8 
Shadow Bands 
Parameter  measured 
Soi 1 temperature  
Ref lec ted  solar r a d i a t i o n  
N e t  r a d i a t i o n  
Surf  ace temperature  
Direct,  d i f f u s e  and t o t a l  
s o l a r  radiation 
Direct, d i f f u s e  and t o t a l  
P h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l l y  Active 
Rad ia t ion  ( P A R )  
8 Needed to  separate , 
d i f f u s e  & d i r e c t  solar 
and PAR r a d i a t i o n  
Eppley Pyrgeometer 4 Long Wave Radiation 
Ins t rument  s t a n d s  t o  accommodate the a d d i t i o n a l  i n s t rumen t s  were made by 
NCAR for t h e  PAM s t a t ions  and by the Unive r s i ty  of Nebraska for t h e  DCP sta- 
t i o n s .  Those i n s t rumen t s  a t t a c h e d  t o  the PAM s t a t i o n s  become part of the per- 
manent i nven to ry  of NCAR once t h e  FIFE s t u d i e s  are complete, while  those 
a t t a c h e d  to  t h e  DCP s t a t i o n s  become the p rope r ty  of t h e  Un ive r s i ty  of 
Nebraska. 
Personnel  from NCAR, t h e  Un ive r s i ty  of Nebraska and Kansas S t a t e  
Un ive r s i ty  had t h e  primary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y  for s e t t i n g  up and main ta in ing  t h e  
- 3- 
i n s t rumen t s  l i s t e d  i n  Table 3. In  o rde r  to i n s u r e  proper  performance of t he  
in s t rumen t s ,  it w a s  necessary  to  visit each s i t e  a t  l e a s t  once a month. For 
those  s i t e s  des igna ted  a s  super  AMs sites (i.e. s t a t i o n s  measuring t h e  parame- 
ters l i s t e d  i n  Table 21, it was necessary  to  make v i s i t s  about t h r e e  t i m e s  a 
week to a d j u s t  shadow bands and make o the r  necessary  observa t ions .  During 
monthly visits t o  t h e  sites, t h e  d e s s i c a n t  was changed i n  t h e  n e t  rad iometers ,  
t h e  pyranometers and t h e  pyrgeometers. A t  t h e  same t i m e ,  ou tpu t  from t h e  
Eve res t  i n f r a r e d  t r ansduce r s  was checked a g a i n s t  su r f ace  temperature  r ead ings  
made with a hand-held i n f r a r e d  thermometer and a l s o  p e r i o d i c a l l y  a g a i n s t  a 
blackbody source . A l l  i n s t rumen t s  were cleaned and leve led .  The o r i e n t a t i o n  
of t h e  in s t rumen t s  w a s  checked and c o r r e c t e d ,  i f  necessary.  Whenever i n s t r u -  
ment mal func t ions  w e r e  d e t e c t e d ,  a visit t o  the s t a t i o n  t o  c o r r e c t  t h e  problem 
w a s  made as soon as poss ib l e .  
C a l i b r a t i o n  of a l l  n e t  rad iometers ,  pyranometers and pyrgeometers w i l l  be 
accomplished be fo re  t h e  o n s e t  of t h e  growing season i n  1988. 
R e s u l t s  and Discussion 
I n  o rde r  t o  f a c i l i t a t e  i nco rpora t ion  of all i n s t rumen ta t ion  onto  t h e  PAM 
and DCP s t a t i o n s ,  i n s t rumen t s  were ordered i n  t h e  f a l l  of 1986. With t h e  
except ion  of t h e  pyrgeometers and t h e  s o i l  t h e r m i s t o r s ,  a l l  i n s t rumen t s  w e r e  
procured and s e n t  to NCAR and t h e  Army Corps of Engineers  before  January 1 ,  
1987. It w a s  necessary  to  r e t u r n  the  merest su r face  temperature  senso r s  to  
t h e  f a c t o r y  f o r  t h e  purpose of making mod i f i ca t ions  f o r  c o m p a t i b i l i t y  with the  
d a t a  logging systems. The s o i l  t h e r m i s t o r s  were s e n t  before  February 1 ,  1987. 
The pyrgeometers,  due t o  some manufacturing problems, were no t  received u n t i l  
l a t e  Apr i l  1987. Subsequent ly ,  t h e  la te  a r r i v a l  of t he  pyrgeometers d id  not  
permit t h e i r  c a l i b r a t i o n  before  i n s t a l l a t i o n  i n  t h e  f i e l d .  By t h e  time of 
i n s t a l l a t i o n  of t h e  PAM and DCP s t a t i o n s  i n  the f i e l d ,  a l l  of our in s t rumen t s  
and r a d i a t i o n  masts were on hand, checked o u t  and ready t o  be i n s t a l l e d .  
-4- 
I n s t a l l a t i o n  of the PAM s t a t i o n s  began i n  mid-April 1987, and w a s  
completed i n  e a r l y  May. Seve ra l  problems arose i n  t h e  i n s t a l l a t i o n  of the DCP 
s t a t i o n s  and, i n  f ac t ,  t h e  t w o  super  DCP s t a t i o n s  w e r e  never f u l l y  opera- 
t i o n a l .  A s  a r e s u l t ,  it w a s  necessary  t o  connect  some of the ins t ruments  i n  
Table  1 and those  l i s t e d  i n  Table 2 t o  Campbell CR21-X d a t a  logge r s  suppl ied  
by  t h e  U n i v e r s i t y  of Nebraska. A f t e r  some i n i t i a l  problems, t h e  CR21-X's 
began c o l l e c t i n g  d a t a  on May 30. A s  problems with t h e  DCP's were supposedly 
corrected, most of t h e  in s t rumen t s  were taken o f f  t h e  CR21-X logger  du r ing  IFC 
2, excep t  f o r  t h e  pyrgeometers. However, problems p e r s i s t e d  with t h e  t w o  
super  DCP s t a t i o n s  and t h e  in s t rumen t s  were removed and aga in  placed on the 
CR21-Xs d u r i n g  IFC 3 and cont inued  on t h e m  u n t i l  t h e  end of September when t w o  
a d d i t i o n a l  PAM s t a t i o n s  were i n s t a l l e d  as replacements  f o r  t h e  t w o  super  
DCP' S. 
Data collected by t h e  CR21-X l ogge r s  are c u r r e n t l y  be ing  checked and eva- 
l u a t e d  to  i d e n t i f y  and e l imina te ,  where possible, errors i n  the da ta .  Af t e r  
t h i s  a n a l y s i s  is done, the corrected data will be placed i n t o  the FIFE data 
system. Examples of d a t a  c o l l e c t e d  by both CR21-X l ogge r s  for Day 227 (August 
14, 1987) are shown i n  Figs.  1-18. Analys is  of t h e  informat ion  conta ined  i n  
these Figures i s  not germane to this report, but two observations should be 
made about  t h e  data. F i r s t ,  t h e  data for t h e  pyrgeometers (Figs. 11-16) have 
n o t  been conver ted  from the r a w  d a t a  i n t o  parametric form because t h e  i n s t r u -  
ments have n o t  y e t  been calibrated to p e r m i t  convers ion  of t h e  raw numbers 
i n t o  i n f r a r e d  rad iances .  P l ans  have been made t o  make t h e s e  pyrgeometer 
c a l i b r a t i o n s  accord ing  to  procedures  descr ibed  by Albrecht  e t  a1 (1974) and 
Albrecht  and Cox (1977) i n  e a r l y  March, 1988. Secondly,  a l though n o t  spe- 
c i f i e d  i n  Table 1 or 2, dew d a t a  w e r e  c o l l e c t e d  d u r i n g  part of the growing 
season a t  t h e  r e q u e s t  of some of t h e  sc ience  i n v e s t i g a t o r s .  Examples of the 
d e w  data are p resen ted  i n  Figs.  17 and 18. 
-5- 
Conclusions and Future  Work 
A l l  of the o b j e c t i v e s  stated i n  this proposa l  as part of t h e  long-term 
measurement network f o r  FIFE have been or soon W i l l  be m e t .  All i n s t rumen t s  
and necessary  in s t rumen t  s t a n d s  were purchased or made and w e r e  available f o r  
i n c l u s i o n  on the PAM and DCP s ta t ions  before  t h e  beginning of the IFC-1. Due 
t o  problems beyond our  c o n t r o l ,  t h e  DCP s t a t i o n s  experienced cons ide rab le  d i f -  
f i c u l t y  i n  becoming o p e r a t i o n a l  and i n  be ing  able to  collect  d a t a  from many of 
t h e  d e s i r e d  ins t ruments .  To fill some of t h e  gaps caused by the DCP problems, 
we  i n s t a l l e d  Campbell CR21-X d a t a  loggers and c o l l e c t e d  d a t a  on cassette 
tapes. These d a t a  have been converted to  parametric form and are c u r r e n t l y  
be ing  examined to  e l i m i n a t e  errors before  being s e n t  t o  the FIFE informat ion  
system. 
P e r i o d i c  checks of a l l  i n s t rumen t s  have been made, p r i m a r i l y  by personnel  
from the Unive r s i ty  of Nebraska and Kansas State Un ive r s i ty  to  main ta in  
d a t a  q u a l i t y ,  t o  make necessary  ad jus tments  i n  c e r t a i n  in s t rumen t s ,  to  replace 
mal func t ioning  in s t rumen t s ,  and t o  provide ins t rument  c a l i b r a t i o n .  All 
i n s t rumen t s  w i l l  be calibrated be fo re  the beginning of t h e  1988 growing season 
as  soon as t h e  weather permits access to  a l l  s t a t i o n s  and provides c o n d i t i o n s  
t h a t  are n o t  too harsh to  work i n  €or extended periods of t i m e .  Since funding 
f o r  t h i s  project  t e rmina te s  i n  March, 1988, o p e r a t i n g  and travel funds t o  con- 
t i n u e  t h e  r o u t i n e  maintenance and c a l i b r a t i o n  of the AMs i n s t rumen t s  w i l l  be 
inc luded  as a par t  of an  ongoing FIFE g r a n t  awarded to  the Unive r s i ty  of 
Nebraska. 
-6- 
L i t e r a t u r e  Ci ted  
Albrecht ,  B . ,  M. P o e l l o t  and S. K. Cox. 1974. Pyrgeometer measurements from 
aircraft.  R e v .  S c i .  Instrum. 45:33-38. 
Albrecht ,  B. and S. K. Cox. 1977. Procedures for improving pyrgeometer per- 
formance. J. Appl. Meteorol. 16:188-197. 
-7- 
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Long term measurement network for FIFE

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

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