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The influence of light on nitrogen cycling and the primary nitrite maximum in a seasonally stratified sea
Authors
Adina Paytan
Al-Qutob
+82 more
Allen
Allen
Altabet
Anton F. Post
Berg
Berman
Bronk
Cai
Casciotti
Casciotti
Casciotti
Casciotti
Cline
Collos
David R. Parks
Dore
Dore
Duce
Dugdale
Dugdale
D’Elia
Eppley
Foster
Francis
Gilbert
Granger
Granger
Granger
Granger
Gruber
Guerrero
Hansen
Hase
Hollibaugh
Holmes
Iluz
Jackson
Kamennaya
Katherine R.M. Mackey
Knapp
Kristiansen
Labiosa
Laura Bristow
Lindell
Lindell
Lomas
Lomas
Lomas
Lomas
MacIsaac
Mackey
Mackey
Mark A. Altabet
McCarthy
McIlvin
Montoya
Moore
Olson
Palenik
Pantoja
Probyn
Sanudo-Wilhelmy
Sigman
Smayda
Solomon
Starkenburg
Stepanauskas
Tupas
Wankel
Wankel
Wankel
Wankel
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Wheeler
Wuchter
Zafiriou
Zehr
Zubkov
Publication date
8 July 2011
Publisher
'Elsevier BV'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Progress In Oceanography 91 (2011): 545–560, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.09.001.In the seasonally stratified Gulf of Aqaba Red Sea, both NO2- release by phytoplankton and NH4+ oxidation by nitrifying microbes contributed to the formation of a primary nitrite maximum (PNM) over different seasons and depths in the water column. In the winter and during the days immediately following spring stratification, NO2- formation was strongly correlated (R2=0.99) with decreasing irradiance and chlorophyll, suggesting that incomplete NO3- reduction by light limited phytoplankton was a major source of NO2-. However, as stratification progressed, NO2- continued to be generated below the euphotic depth by microbial NH4+ oxidation, likely due to differential photoinhibition of NH4+ and NO2- oxidizing populations. Natural abundance stable nitrogen isotope analyses revealed a decoupling of the δ15N and δ18O in the combined NO3- and NO2- pool, suggesting that assimilation and nitrification were co-occurring in surface waters. As stratification progressed, the δ15N of particulate N below the euphotic depth increased from -5‰ to up to +20‰. N uptake rates were also influenced by light; based on 15N tracer experiments, assimilation of NO3-, NO2-, and urea was more rapid in the light (434±24, 94±17, and 1194±48 nmol N L-1 day-1 respectively) than in the dark (58±14, 29±14, and 476±31 nmol N L-1 day-1 respectively). Dark NH4+ assimilation was 314±31 nmol N L-1 day-1, while light NH4+ assimilation was much faster, resulting in complete consumption of the 15N spike in less than 7 hour from spike addition. The overall rate of coupled urea mineralization and NH¬4+ oxidation (14.1±7.6 nmol N L-1 day-1) was similar to that of NH¬4+ oxidation alone (16.4±8.1 nmol N L-1 day-1), suggesting that for labile dissolved organic N compounds like urea, mineralization was not a rate limiting step for nitrification. Our results suggest that assimilation and nitrification compete for NH4+ and that N transformation rates throughout the water column are influenced by light over diel and seasonal cycles, allowing phytoplankton and nitrifying microbes to contribute jointly to PNM formation. We identify important factors that influence the N cycle throughout the year, including light intensity, substrate availability, and microbial community structure. These processes could be relevant to other regions worldwide where seasonal variability in mixing depth and stratification influence the contributions of phytoplankton and non-photosynthetic microbes to the N cycle.This research was supported under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Science for Peace Grant SfP 982161 to AP and AFP, a grant from the Koret Foundation to AP, a National Science Foundation Biological Oceanography grant to AP, the Israel Science Foundation grant 135/05 to AFP, and research grant 8330-06 from the Geological Society of America to KRMM
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