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Importance of carbon-nitrogen interactions and ozone on ecosystem hydrology during the 21st century
Authors
Ball
Bartholomay
+62 more
Benjamin S. Felzer
Betts
C. Adam Schlosser
CASTNET
Chappelka
Choudhury
Cramer
Curtis
Dai
David W. Kicklighter
Federer
Felzer
Felzer
Felzer
Gedney
Gordon
Groisman
Gunderson
Heck
Hornbeck
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Jerry M. Melillo
Jones
Karnosky
Karnosky
Kimball
Kittel
Leipprand
Leuning
Lin
Magnani
Magnani
McLaughlin
McLaughlin
McLaughlin
McLaughlin
Medlyn
Melillo
Melillo
Melillo
Mitchell
Nadelhoffer
Norby
Norby
Ollinger
Ollinger
Ollinger
Pye
Raich
Reich
Reich
Runeckles
Showman
Shuttleworth
Smith
Sokolov
Teskey
Tian
Timothy W. Cronin
Vitousek
Vorosmarty
Wittig
Publication date
18 March 2009
Publisher
'American Geophysical Union (AGU)'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (2009): G01020, doi:10.1029/2008JG000826.There is evidence that increasing CO2 concentrations have reduced evapotranspiration and increased runoff through reductions in stomatal conductance during the twentieth century. While this process will continue to counteract increased evapotranspiration associated with future warming, it is highly dependent upon concurrent changes in photosynthesis, especially due to CO2 fertilization, nitrogen limitation, and ozone exposure. A new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM-Hydro) was developed to examine the effects of carbon and nitrogen on the water cycle. We used two climate models (NCAR CCSM3 and DOE PCM) and two emissions scenarios (SRES B1 and A2) to examine the effects of climate, elevated CO2, nitrogen limitation, and ozone exposure on the hydrological cycle in the eastern United States. While the direction of future runoff changes is largely dependent upon predicted precipitation changes, the effects of elevated CO2 on ecosystem function (stomatal closure and CO2 fertilization) increase runoff by 3–7%, as compared to the effects of climate alone. Consideration of nitrogen limitation and ozone damage on photosynthesis increases runoff by a further 6–11%. Failure to consider the effects of the interactions among nitrogen, ozone, and elevated CO2 may lead to significant regional underestimates of future runoff.This study was funded by the Interdisciplinary Science Program of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNG04GJ80G, NNG04GM39G), the Dynamic Global Economic Modeling of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation from Land-Use Activities of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (XA-83240101), and the Nonlinear Response to Global Change in Linked Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems of the U.S. EPA (XA-83326101)
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