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    ๊ฐœํ˜๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ: ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„

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    ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋ จ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์น˜๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ†ต์„ฑํŒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ฌ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ •์น˜๋™์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์„ฑ์˜ฌ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ์ „ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(pravda 1986, 78-82; Vanneman 1976, 74; MaCormick 1996, 43). ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด 1979๋…„ ์ง์ ‘์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๊ธ‰(็ธฃ็ดš: ็ธฃยทๅธ‚ยทๅ€) ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Œ€ํšŒ(ไบบๆฐ‘ไปฃ่กจๅคงๆœƒ/์ง€๋ฐฉ์ธ๋Œ€) ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€? ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์ด์ „ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ •์น˜๋™์› ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์™ธ ์„ ์ „ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(MaCormick 1996, 29-53; MaCormick 1990, 130-156). ์ด ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํ˜์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค(๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์ฃผ์˜์ฒด์ œ/๋‹น์ •์ฒด์ œ)์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค

    ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ์ด์ •ํ™˜.Why do countries issue public debt, and why do some countries depend more on public debt than other countries? This reserach views public debt and budget deficit as not simply economic but also political phenomenons, and conduct a mixed method research in order to explore the relationship between public debt and political factors such as frequency of elections. Firstly, this research conducted a multi-national statistical comparison among OECD countries with stable democracy, and found out that countries with higher average frequency of elections tend to have higher level of General Government Debt and Central Government Debt as a percentage of GDP. After testing some factors that might affect this correlation, this research found that both political business cycle, which means that budget deficits go up in the year of the election, and policy makers myopia, which means that they are limited in their ability to correct the fiscal balance by raising taxes or cutting expenditures due to frequent elections, are both in play. In the case studies, we look at how Japan and Sweden dealt with their fiscal crisis to look for causal mechanism between frequency of elections and budget balance. Japan has, since 1965 been on a budget deficit except for a few years, and in 2021 Japans General Government Debt as a percentage of GDP became 259%, making it the highest level of public debt among OECD countries. There were many attempts to restore Japans budget balance. But, Japan has a unique system of parliamentary government in that House of Representatives and House of Councilors are elected in separate elections and the House of Councilors plays an important role even though the Prime Minister is elected by the House of Representatives. Due to the high frequency of diet elections caused by the separate election system, whenever a Prime minister announces plans for raising taxes or cutting expenditures for budget balance, the ruling party almost invariably faces a setback in the election right after that, thereby thwarting or weakening the budget reform initiative. As a result of this pattern repeating itself for 40 years, public debt continued to grow throughout the period. In the case of Sweden, the bicameral Riksdag that elects 1/8th of its members every year through an indirect election ensured the SAP a stable majority. However, when the Riksdag was reformed in 1970 into a unicameral parliament which elects its members directly by the people every 3 years, political competition intensified and instability grew. This instability made cabinets incapable of conducting drastic reforms that could restore budget balance in the long term, and cabinets resorted more to stopgap measures rather than structural reform, which led to increases in public debt. But, in 1994, Riksdags term was extended to 4 years, and the SAP cabinet that came into power conducted a massive budget reform during its 4 year term, which put the budget back to balance. Since then, cabinets that mostly get 4 years term ensured continue to pursue a balanced budget policy. The comparison of Japan and Swedens cases shows that when a country has adequate length between elections that allows policy makers to have long enough time horizons, that country will be more likely to have balanced budget in the long term. This kind of trade-off between frequency of elections and levels of public debt is connected to one of the classic dilemmas of politics: How to balance between democratic accountability and effective governability in a Representative Democracy. Therefore, we should be aware of the fact that this dilemma exists in the fiscal policy sector as well and try to find a balance point.๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋Š” ์™œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ยท์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ž„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์š”์ธ, ํŠนํžˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์ ยท์งˆ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , OECD ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ค‘ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก GDP ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์™€ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์™€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์‹œ์•ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์žฌ์ • ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์‹ฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์ด ์žฌ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ • ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 1965๋…„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ ์ž๊ตญ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ GDP ๋Œ€๋น„ ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋Š” 2021๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 259%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ OECD ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ฐธ์˜์›๊ณผ ์ค‘์˜์›์ด ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์˜์›์ด ์„ ์ถœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐธ์˜์›๋„ ๊ตญ์ • ์šด์˜์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ •์žฌ๊ฑด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฆ์„ธ๋‚˜ ์ง€์ถœ์‚ญ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณง ๊ทธํ•ด ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์˜ ์ฐธ์˜์›/์ค‘์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์ •์น˜์  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์œ„์ถ•๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ •๊ถŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ค€ ์–‘์›์ œ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ 1970๋…„ 3๋…„ ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์›์ œ ์˜ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋‚˜์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ด‰์ฑ…์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1994๋…„ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 4๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 94๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„  ์‚ฌ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด 4๋…„ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ์ •๊ถŒ๋“ค์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ • ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ธธ์–ด ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์•ˆ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์  ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์žฌ์ • ์ ์žยท๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€์˜์ œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์น˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋‹ด๋ณด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฌ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 1.2 ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 II. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 13 2.1 ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 13 2.2 ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ • 18 III. ์ผ๋ณธ : ์žฆ์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์žฌ์ • ์žฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์‹คํŒจ 35 3.1 ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 35 3.2 1970~1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์žฌ์ • ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 39 3.3 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์žฌ์ • ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 43 3.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 60 IV. ์Šค์›จ๋ด : ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ถ•๊ณผ ์žฌ์ • ์žฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต 62 4.1 ์ „ํ›„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์žฌ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 62 4.2 1970~1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์žฌ์ • ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 66 4.3 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์žฌ์ • ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 74 4.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 82 V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  84 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 89 Abstract 98์„

    Trade Union Democracy in Metal Industry

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    In metal trade unions, there are two party system based upon the competition of the shop-floor militantsโ€™ organizations. These shop-floor militantsโ€™ organizations are divided by ideological difference or perception on direction of union movement. In metal industry, union democracy is not representative democracy that confines to elect only the union leaders, but delegation democracy which include the recalling delegates and final approval of the negotiation result by the rank and file. In the aspect of members\u27 participation, the tendency toward \u27instrumental collectivism\u27 is strengthening. While members participate in the activities of union, it is limited on instrumental participation around the workplace issues for collective bargaining in enterprise level. The rank and fileโ€™s participation based upon blue-color workers\u27 community or ideological commitment is weakening. Both the union officers and the rank and file regard lack of membersโ€™ participation as the most important problem for union vitality. While the union members of political class orientation tend to participate actively in the union activities, the members of economic interest orientation show the most low participation level. Many union members normatively agree to participate in the activities of the federation of enterprise unions beyond the enterprise level. However, they don\u27t participate in the activities of metal union federation and didnโ€™t support voting for the transition from enterprise union to industrial. These facts seem to agree with the thesis of \u27instrumental collectivism\u27. Because the traditional practice of activities of enterprise union and employee consciousness of union members are strong, it seems that some institutional changes from the top should be ahead of transition to industrial union system

    A Study on Periodic Changes in Fiscal Variables Due to Elections

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    โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  ใ€€โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ใ€€โ…ข. ์ด๋Ÿ‰๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ใ€€โ…ฃ. ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ์ง€์ถœ ๋ถ„์„ ใ€€โ…ค. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ใ€€๋ถ€

    20๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ 21๋Œ€ ์ด์„ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ๊ถŒ์ผ์›….๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ž…์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 20๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณต์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ , ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ณต์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 21๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณต์ฒœ๊ณผ ๋‹น์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณต์ฒœ๊ณผ ๋‹น์„ ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งค๋‹ˆํŽ˜์Šคํ† ์‹ค์ฒœ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 20๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› 253๋ช…์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณต์•ฝ ์ดํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์•ฝ์ดํ–‰ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ›„๋ณด์ž ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น ์š”์ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค. ์ดํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ •์ฑ…๊ณต์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ , ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ณต์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต์ฒœ๊ณผ ๋‹น์„ ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด ์ดํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ˜„์ง ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๊ณผ ๋ณด์ขŒ๊ด€, ์ •๋‹น ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ฒ˜ ์ง์›์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ž…์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ด ์ด๋ค„๋‚ธ ์ •์ฑ… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.This study focuses on the policy legislative results of the members of the National Assembly, who formulate and implement national policies. Research was conducted on how the policy legislative results of lawmakers can be measured and how their policy performance affects the actual election results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting nomination and election in the 21st National Assembly election process, focusing on the number of policy pledges, and implementation rates, legislative pledges, and implementation rates among the parliamentary activities of the 20th National Assembly. In this study, research assumes that the higher the number of pledges and the higher the implementation rate, the more positive the nomination, and the election would have been. To prove this, the Korea Manifesto Practice Headquarters conducted a study based on evaluation data on the implementation of pledges that evaluated the implementation of policy pledges of 253 lawmakers in the 20th National Assembly. Unlike previous studies that analyzed the factors influencing the election results, focusing on candidate and party factors, this study focused on investigating the impact and extent of the election results, focusing on policy legislative performance. As a result of conducting and analyzing binary logistic regression analysis, it was found that neither the number of policy pledges nor implementation rates, the number of legislative pledges or implementation rates had a statistically significant effect on the nomination and election of the National Assembly. Binary logistic regression analysis was additionally conducted by adjusting the analysis target and scope in various ways, but no significant results were derived. In response, an interview survey was conducted on incumbent lawmakers, aides, and employees of the political party secretariat to analyze the cause of such results. This study has limitations in that it is difficult to avoid criticism that the legislative performance of parliamentary activities cannot be calculated only by the number of pledges and the rate of implementation. However, from a policy perspective, it is significant in measuring and evaluating the legislative performance of lawmakers to provide an opportunity for voters to recognize its importance. In addition, we hope that further research will continue to calculate the policy legislative performance achieved by lawmakers in the process of drafting and realizing policies and establish a new research model to analyze whether it had a significant impact on election results.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 6 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 6 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 9 1. ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ ํƒ ์ด๋ก  10 2. ํšŒ๊ณ ์  ํˆฌํ‘œ 11 3. ์ „๋ง์  ํˆฌํ‘œ 12 4. ๋‹น๋ก  ํˆฌํ‘œ์™€ ์ •๋‹น ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ 13 5. ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌด์ง€ ์ด๋ก  15 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ˜„์—ญ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 16 1. ํ˜„์—ญ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜์˜ 16 2. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 17 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ณต์•ฝ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ฒœ, ๋‹น์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 1. ๊ณต์•ฝ์ดํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ณต์ฒœ, ๋‹น์„ ์˜ ์˜์˜ 19 2. ๊ณต์•ฝ์ดํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 21 3. ๊ณต์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 22 4. ๋‹น์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 24 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 26 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์ •๋ฆฝ 26 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์ œ 26 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 26 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ค๋ช… 29 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 29 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 29 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 30 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 34 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 43 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„ 43 1. ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธ t-๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 43 2. ์ผ์›๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„ 49 3. ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ 52 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 1์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 2์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 67 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 81 1. ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 81 2. ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  82 3. ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 84 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  86 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 86 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 87 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 87 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 88 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 89 Abstract 94 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„ 29 ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 30 ์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 31 ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„ 32 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 1 36 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 2 39 ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ •๋‹น ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 44 ์ƒ์ž„์œ„์›์žฅ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 45 ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 45 ์˜๋‚จ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 46 ํ˜ธ๋‚จ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 47 ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 48 ํ•™๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(F๊ฒ€์ •๋ถ„์„) 50 ์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(F๊ฒ€์ •๋ถ„์„) 51 ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 52 ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 54 ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 56 ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 57 ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 59 ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 59 ์ „๊ตญํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€(2040๋งŒ ์›) ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 61 ์ „๊ตญํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€(2040๋งŒ ์›) ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 62 ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ์ด ์ „๊ตญํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์ค€(66.2%) ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 63 ๊ทน๋‹จ๊ฐ’์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 64 ๊ณต์ฒœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ 66 ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 67 ์ดํ–‰๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 69 ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 70 ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 71 ๋‚™์ฒœ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 72 ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 73 ์ „๊ตญํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€(2040๋งŒ ์›) ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 75 ์ „๊ตญํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€(2040๋งŒ ์›) ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 76 ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ์ด ์ „๊ตญํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์ค€(66.2%) ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 77 ๊ทน๋‹จ๊ฐ’์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 78 ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ 79 ๊ทธ ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 1 35 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 2 38์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ •์›๊ทœ.์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๋‚ด์šฉ, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์˜์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚œ๋งฅ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ์„ ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋™์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์€ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ณตํ†ต์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ, ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋จน๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋‹ต์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ํ† ๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๊ณ ๋„์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์‰ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋žต๋˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋งค ํ•™๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ•™๊ธ‰ ์ž„์›์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ๋ฟ, ๊ณต๋ก ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ์˜์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ์˜์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ•์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 6ํ•™๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋‹ด์ž„๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ด๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆœ์‘์ ยท์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์—†์ด ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ยท์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์›์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์˜์‹์ด ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์กด์ค‘์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์›์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œ์ ์ธ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ถŒ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์›๋“ค์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ์˜์‹์ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•ด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ ์ž๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ •์˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •์น˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ธ ํ–‰๋™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์กด์ค‘์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์žฅ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Recently, the importance of democratic citizenship education in schools is emerging. However, the current school democratic citizenship education is not systematically activated due to the lack of an agreed point of view on the goal, content, and method it should aim for. Therefore, it can be said that the first task for vitalizing democratic citizenship education in schools is to find an agreement that can encompass all conflicting positions in relation to it. The justification for practicing sovereign education in schools is found in the context of this democratic citizenship education. This is because the concept of citizenship as a sovereign proclaimed by our Constitution can become a consensus mechanism that all positions related to school democratic citizenship education can agree. In other words, sovereign education is the least common element of school democratic citizenship education, and serves as the basis for systematization and vitalization of school democratic citizenship education. In order for students to grow into sovereigns in a democratic society, it is necessary to cultivate the capacity for reflection. This is because the decision-making actions of sovereign citizens cannot be made in a sloppy fashion or follow traditional rules, but must be made according to the results of high-level political judgment based on discussion among citizens. However, when sovereign education is practiced in schools, the reflective process of students is easily omitted. A typical example is the election of class chairs held every semester. Class chair elections function only as a forum for students to vote, but have long since lost their role as a forum for public debate. Based on this awareness of the problem, this study practiced reflective sovereign education centering on the election of class chairs, and examined the changes in the sovereignty consciousness of elementary school students who experienced it. To this end, this study posed the following two research questions, and the answers were used as the basis for inferring changes in the sovereignty consciousness of elementary school students. First, how do elementary school students perceive the difference between ordinary class chair election and class chair election as a reflective sovereign education? Second, how about the behavior change of elementary school students who participated in the class chair election as a reflective sovereign education? In order to answer the above research questions, this study conducted a qualitative case study targeting a class of 6th graders of Watermelon Elementary School who practiced class chair election as a reflective sovereign education. Data collection was conducted through observation of participation in class chair election as a reflective sovereign education and in-depth interviews with the homeroom teacher and 14 elementary school students who wished to participate in the research. As a result of the study, the following findings were found for the two research questions. First, with respect to the first research question, elementary school students perceived the two types of class chair elections differently depending on the nature of their participation in the election and the criteria for voting. Elementary school students passively participated in the ordinary class chair election and voted based on popularity without any practical criteria, whereas they actively participated in the class chair election as a reflective sovereign education, and voted on the results of reflection in the class. And with respect to the second research question, elementary school students appeared to regulate their own behavior according to the results of reflection in the class chair election, and based on the listening and empathy experienced during the reflective process, they could mutual respect that affirms the existence of other person. Specifically, class chairs abandoned their sense of privilege and volunteered to do volunteer work, and instead of tyrannical and controlled speaking, they began to use the solicitation and request method. Meanwhile, ordinary students gave up their resistant attitude toward class chairs and recognized them as more public beings, so they could better accommodate class chairs' requests. Through this, it can be inferred that elementary school students who have experienced reflective sovereign education have changed their sovereignty consciousness in a positive way. This is because elementary school students would be able to recognize themselves as sovereigns in the cognitive aspect and improve their political efficacy in the affective aspect through the experience of making a common decision through reflection in the class and actually putting it into practice. In addition, it is because the behavioral changes shown by elementary school students who have experienced reflective sovereign education are believed to be based on an attitude of mutual respect that recognizes both themselves and others as sovereigns. The results of this study are meaningful in that they provide an opportunity for reflection on the sovereign education currently being conducted in schools without reflective process in a practical context, and in that it enables a follow-up study on reflective sovereign education in an academic context. Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that reflective sovereign education that recognizes students' subjectivity will be further activated and follow-up studies on reflective sovereign education will be continuously accumulated so as to provide a forum for diverse and rich discussions on democratic citizenship education and sovereign education.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 5 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 1. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก 8 2. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก 11 3. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 13 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 18 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 23 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 25 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๊ฒ€ํ†  33 โ…ฃ. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™๊ธ‰์ž„์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 35 1. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ: ์ˆœ์‘์ ยท์†Œ๊ทน์  ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ vs ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ยท์ ๊ทน์  ์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ 35 2. ํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ vs ํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ์ž์œจ์  ๊ทœ์น™ 44 โ…ค. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™” 53 1. ์ž๊ธฐ์กฐ์ ˆ์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ 53 2. ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์กด์ค‘์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ 60 โ…ฅ. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์–ธ 67 1. ๋…ผ์˜: ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ต์œก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 67 2. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 74 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 80 Abstract 84์„

    ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€ํ‘œ 2011

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    ์ด ์ €์„œ๋Š” 2008๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2008-362-B00015

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์ด์Šน์ข….1995๋…„ ์ฒซ ๋™์‹œ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ดํ›„, ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ 2014๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ์— ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜ 20๋…„์„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋œป๊นŠ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์— ๋ชป์ง€์•Š๊ฒŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ŠนํŒจ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ•ด์ง„ ์–‘๋‹น์ œ ๊ธฐ์กฐ ์†์— ์—ฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ์•ผ๋‹น์ด ํŒฝํŒฝํ•œ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ดํ‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ•ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฌ๋‹น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท๊ฐ๋… ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋งˆ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘ํ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฒฝ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌด์šฉ๋ก ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ํ•ด ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1987๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์ˆ™์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์ƒ‰์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋Š” ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ์ œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ถ•์ œ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ์ผ์„ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ง‰์ค‘ํ•œ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ด‘์—ญ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ, ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํญ๋„“์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐจ๊ทผ์ฐจ๊ทผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์•„ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ธ์žฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฏธ์ง„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์žฌ์„ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ณธ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ตœ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›์ด ํ˜„์ง์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณต๋ฆฌ ์ฆ์ง„์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—ด์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด์— ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์•ˆ๋ฐœ์˜๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜ํšŒ์ถœ์„๋ฅ ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์žฌ์„  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ œ 6๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ „์ฒด ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์ด ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ๋‹น์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ํ˜„์ง ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ง ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„ ์ œ 5๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์ง์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ 6๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์žฌ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์„ ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ธ๋˜ ํ˜„์ง ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žฌ์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ๋ฐœ์˜๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜ํšŒ์ถœ์„๋ฅ ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์žฌ์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์žฌ์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์€ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋’ค์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๋ฉด์ ‘์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ˜„์ง์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ •๋‹น, ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ๋‹น์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ˜„์ง์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ๋‹น์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํ˜„์งํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ์…ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€์กธํ•™๋ ฅ, ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ •๋‹น, ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ˜„์ง์ž์˜ ์žฌ์„ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋กœ์ง์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ๋ฐœ์˜๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜ํšŒ์ถœ์„๋ฅ ์€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์€ ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์žฌ์„  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ˜„์ง ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ง ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์€ ์• ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์ง€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์— ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž˜ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ์š”์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋‹น์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์ข€ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์— ์ž„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ™œ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ์‹œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์ •์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ™๋ณดํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •์น˜์— ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋•…์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋Š” ํ„ฐ์ „์ด์ž ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ํ›„์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์—ด๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์ด ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ด€์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ๊ณต์ง์ž์˜ ์†Œ๋ช…์˜์‹๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์˜์‹์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด ์˜์‹ฌ์น˜ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 8 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  10 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜์˜ 10 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 12 3. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ์Ÿ์  15 4. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ 19 5. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 22 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์žฌ์„ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 26 1. ํ˜„์งํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 26 2. ํ˜„์งํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 29 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์žฌ์„ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 36 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜„์งํšจ๊ณผ 36 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์žฌ์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 40 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ 45 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ 45 2. ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 53 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 58 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 58 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 58 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 65 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 67 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 68 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 69 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 69 1. ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 69 2. t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 77 3. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(F๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„) 83 4. ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ 87 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 91 1. ๊ฐ€์„ค 1์˜ ๊ฒ€์ • 92 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค 2์˜ ๊ฒ€์ • 97 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 103 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  117 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 117 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 121 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 124 Abstract 132 ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก 14 ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์›์˜ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ 47 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 1 61 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 2 64 ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„ 70 ๊ด‘์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 73 ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„ 75 t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 1 78 t๊ฒ€์ • ๋ถ„์„ 2 80 ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(F๊ฒ€์ •๋ถ„์„) 84 ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ 1 87 ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ 2 89 ์ œ6๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ ์˜์›์˜ ๋‹น์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 92 ์ œ6๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ ํ˜„์ง์ž ์žฌ์„  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 97 ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ 45 ์˜์ •ํ™œ๋™ ์˜์—ญ 46 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 1 59 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 2 62Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ๊น€์ƒํ—Œ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์ชฝ์ง€์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํ–‰ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์–ธ๋ก ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‡„๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„๋‹จ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ์˜ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ์ •์น˜ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ๋น„๋‹จ ๋Œ€์˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํํ•ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์žฌ์›์˜ ํšจ์œจ์  ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์œ ์น˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด๋“์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์˜์›์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์ง ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ฆ์•ก ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์„  ์ถœ๋งˆ ์‹œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” 2009๋…„~2012๋…„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์•ˆ ์ค‘ SOC๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ 19๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ํ˜„์ง ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ธ ์ถœ๋งˆ์ž์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ›„๋ณด์ž ์ˆ˜, ์ด์ „๋“ํ‘œ์œจ, ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ํ•™๋ ฅ, ์ •๋‹น ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ์žˆ์–ด 4๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด 1% ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ๊ฑฐ 3๋…„ ์ „์ธ 2009๋…„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  2010~2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ•ฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 10์–ต์› ์ฆ์•ก ์‹œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํš๋“ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 0.52%(์ด๊ทœ๋ชจ 10์–ต์›~20์–ต์› ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํš๋“ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์˜ ์ˆœ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฒด๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ 2012๋…„์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ(0.26~0.73)์™€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ง์˜์›์˜ ์—…์ ์ด ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒด์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹œ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ๋œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜„์ง ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ด ์žฌ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋งˆ ์‹œ ๋น„ํ˜„์ง ์ถœ๋งˆ์ž ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์งํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ธ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์˜์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹œ, ํŠนํžˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ชฝ์ง€์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋ผ๋„ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค ์œ ์ธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฆ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ๋“ฑ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์น™์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  3 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์‹ฌ์˜ 3 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์˜์›์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ํ–‰ํƒœ์™€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ 11 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  13 1. ์žฌ์ •์ง€์ถœ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 13 2. ํ˜„์ง ํšจ๊ณผ(incumbency advantage) 15 3. ์ง€์—ญ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ •๋‹น ํšจ๊ณผ 16 4. ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋„ 17 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 1. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ 19 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 23 1) ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 23 3. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 27 1) ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฆ์•ก๊ทœ๋ชจ 27 2) ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜ 31 3) ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น 32 4) ์ด์ „ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 33 5) ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ 35 6) ํ•™๋ ฅ 36 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 38 ์ œ4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 40 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 47 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 49 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  49 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 50 53 56Maste
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