Analysis of Maize Value Addition among Entrepreneurs in Taraba State, Nigeria

This study analyzed maize value addition among maize entrepreneurs in Taraba State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect primary data from two hundred and twelve respondents (212), using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Value addition model, ANOVA, multinomial logistic regression, log likelihood test ratio and factor analysis. The result of the study revealed that most (62.3%) respondents were males. 61.3% were within the productive age of 21-40 years. Majority (71.1%) were married with household sizes of 6-10. The total of (32.8%) respondents of them had secondary school education, (46.6%) had processing experience of between 6-10 years in processing as their major occupation. proportionate (49.2%) of total respondents had non-farm income of N150,001 per annum. Results of the value addition analysis showed that maize processed as boiled maize is more profitable with a mean of N130, 900 per annum. The result from the multinomial logistic regression on choice of maize processing enterprises revealed that sex had negative coefficient, which implied that male respondents preferred grain production enterprise rather than processing into akamu, corn flour, massa and boiled maize. Also age had negative coefficient, implying that age increase tends to favour grain production than processing. In relation to processing constraints, the maize processing value chain was hampered by the following: inadequate processing facilities, inadequate credit/funds, high cost of transport and inadequate access to inputs. The study concluded that maize value addition is a profitable enterprise and entrepreneurs should be encouraged to venture into it. Also the Agricultural Development Project Programme should send extension agents to processors to encourage processing diversification especially into poultry feeds

Value Addition to Organically Produced Naturally-Coloured Cotton under Contract Farming

The Agricultural Research Station of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, has released a naturally-coloured cotton variety, DDCC–1. To popularize this variety, its large scale cultivation in Uppinabetageri village of the Dharwad district was arranged under contract farming system in collaboration with Khadi Nekar Sahakari Utpadak Sangha, Niyamita, which buys back cotton of the contract farmers and processes it into garments for marketing. This study has analysed the value addition to naturally-coloured cotton at different stages of processing. It has been found that during ginning one quintal of colour cotton yielded 35 kg lint, 64 kg seed and 1 kg of waste. This lint underwent spinning process and yielded 29.69 kg yarn and 5.31 kg waste. The yarn underwent the weaving process and yielded 28.96 kg cloth and 0.98 kg. waste. The 29.96 kg cloth has been found equivalent to 106.28 metres of cloth. While preparing (cuttings) shirts, 1.28 m of waste material was obtained. Finally, 42 shirts were made from 105 m of cloth. The study has found that an additional value of Rs 5,875 was generated through processing kapas into cotton garments (shirts). Its break-up at different levels of processing has been recorded as follows: ginning, Rs 327 (5.57%); spinning, Rs 781 (13.30%); weaving, Rs 1626 (27.68%); and garments manufacturing, Rs 3140 (53.45%).Crop Production/Industries,

Understanding Value Addition in Indian Dairy Sector: Some Perspectives

Indian dairy sector has shown tremendous growth in terms of milk production, from 17 million tonnes (1950-51) to 112 million tonnes (2009-10). This transition from deficiency to sufficiency has been achieved by a series of policy interventions by the government. It has been found that in the first phase of ‘Operation Flood’, growth rate of value-added products was 0.93 per cent per annum, but in the third phase, it became 9.10 per cent per annum. Milk processing in India is around 35 per cent, of which the organized dairy industry accounts for only 13 per cent of the milk produced, the remaining 22 per cent is processed in the unorganized sector. To explore the diversity and market exploration for enhancing the value in milk, the study has identified the untapped demand of different dairy and dairy products in ethnically diversified rural urban groups. The paper has highlighted certain dairy development policies to encourage growth of the dairy sector. While value addition in milk is unavoidable if one has to enhance sector profitability, the same does not seem feasible unless the organized sector improves its penetration. Because, it is the involvement of the organized sector that will drive the growth by resorting to value addition in basic product and harnessing the consumer market. The mechanics of the organized sector penetration could be agency-specific as also area-specific.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Is Value Addition in Honey a Panacea for Poverty Reduction in the ASAL in Africa? Empirical Evidence from Baringo District, Kenya

Using survey data from 110 randomly selected honey producers from two divisions in Baringo this paper analyzes the constraints and drivers of value addition in honey, an economic activity with a potential to improve household livelihoods but whose development has remained rudimentary. Baringo District undergoes frequent and prolonged drought that impacts on household livelihood assets. The livelihoods have traditionally been agro-based but due to variations in climatic conditions, crop production has been very low. Livestock production has also been adversely affected by these trends, leaving honey production as a viable alternative for smallholder farmers since it is less dependent on, or affected by climatic variations and is not resource intensive. This study uses Heckman two stage and the logistic regression models to determine the extent of value addition contingent on the decision of a honey producer to participate in value addition activity, and to assess the link between honey value addition and household poverty status, respectively. The results show that the decision to add value is positively and significantly influenced by the amount of honey harvested, group membership and amount of hours spent on off-farm activities, while it is negatively influenced the age of the farmers and the education level of the household head. Value addition contributes to the reduction of poverty through the improvement of household incomes. This paper concludes measures need to be put in place that would encourage and facilitate the practice of value addition if the welfare of the poor rural population is to be improved.value addition, poverty reduction, drought, ASAL, Africa, Livestock Production/Industries,

Properties of Carry Value Transformation

The notion of Carry Value Transformation (CVT) is a model of Discrete Deterministic Dynamical System. In this paper, we have studied some interesting properties of CVT and proved that (1) the addition of any two non-negative integers is same as the sum of their CVT and XOR values. (2) While performing the repeated addition of CVT and XOR of two non-negative integers "a" and "b" (where a >= b), the number of iterations required to get either CVT=0 or XOR=0 is at most the length of "a" when both are expressed as binary strings. A similar process of addition of Modified Carry Value Transformation (MCVT) and XOR requires a maximum of two iterations for MCVT to be zero. (3) An equivalence relation is defined in the set (Z x Z) which divides the CV table into disjoint equivalence classes.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures and 5 table

Burgess's Bounds for Character Sums

We prove that Burgess's bound gives an estimate not just for a single character sum, but for a mean value of many such sums.Comment: Minor changes and addition of reference to Gallagher & Montgomer

Monopoles in non-Abelian Einstein-Born-Infeld Theory

We study static spherically symmetric monopole solutions in non-Abelian Einstein-Born-Infeld-Higgs model with normal trace structure. These monopoles are similar to the corresponding solution with symmetrised trace structure and are existing only up to some critical value of the strength of the gravitational interaction. In addition, similar to their flat space counterpart, they also admit a critical value of the Born-Infeld parameter \b.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

High Order Riesz Transforms and Mean Value Formula for Generalized Translate Operator

In this paper, the mean value formula depends on the Bessel generalized shift operator corresponding to the solutions of the boundary value problem related to the Bessel operator are studied. In addition to, Riesz Bessel transforms related to the Bessel operators are studied. Since Bessel generalized shift operator is translation operator corresponding to the Bessel operator, we construct a family of RBxj by using Bessel generalized shift operator. Finally, we analysis weighted inequalities involving Riesz Bessel transforms