Analisis Kesalahan Siswa Berdasarkan Tahapan Newman dan Scaffolding pada Materi Aritmatika Sosial

The purpose of this study was to identify students' errors based on Newman Stages and scaffolding in social arithmetic material. This research is an action research. The subject of this research is Pangudi Luhur Salatiga class VII students. Data collection techniques used are tests and clinical interviews. The research instrument in this research is the researcher himself and assisted by supporting instrument in the form of test question and interview guide. Data analysis techniques used include transcript of interview result, data reduction, analysis, and triangulation. The result of the research showed that the mistake of the students on the type error I (reading error) of 8.33%, the type of error II (reading comprehension difficulty) of 13.64%, type error III (transform error) of 14.39%, type error IV (weakness in process skill) of 31.82%, error type V (encoding error) of 31.82%. Scaffolding used in this study only until scaffolding at level II. Scaffolding given to type I and II errors is explaining, the scaffolding given to type III errors is explaining and reviewing. Scaffolding given to type IV errors is explaining, reviewing, and restructuring, while the scaffolding given to type V errors is explaining. Keyword: error analysis, social arithmetic, scaffolding

Detecting abundance trends under uncertainty: the influence of budget, observation error and environmental change

ArticleCopyright © 2014 The Authors. Animal Conservation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Zoological Society of London.Population monitoring must robustly detect trends over time in a cost-effective manner. However, several underlying ecological changes driving population trends may interact differently with observation uncertainty to produce abundance trends that are more or less detectable for a given budget and over a given time period. Errors in detecting these trends include failing to detect declines when they exist (type II), detecting them when they do not exist (type I), detecting trends in one direction when they are actually in another direction (type III) and incorrectly estimating the shape of the trend. Robust monitoring should be able to avoid each of these error types. Using monitoring of two contrasting ungulate species and multiple scenarios of population change (poaching, climate change and road development) in the Serengeti ecosystem as a case study, we used a ‘virtual ecologist’ approach to investigate monitoring effectiveness under uncertainty. We explored how the prevalence of different types of error varies depending on budgetary, observational and environmental conditions. Higher observation error and conducting surveys less frequently increased the likelihood of not detecting trends and misclassifying the shape of the trend. As monitoring period and frequency increased, observation uncertainty was more important in explaining effectiveness. Types I and III errors had low prevalence for both ungulate species. Greater investment in monitoring considerably decreased the likelihood of failing to detect significant trends (type II errors). Our results suggest that it is important to understand the effects of monitoring conditions on perceived trends before making inferences about underlying processes. The impacts of specific threats on population abundance and structure feed through into monitoring effectiveness; hence, monitoring programmes must be designed with the underlying processes to be detected in mind. Here we provide an integrated modelling framework that can produce advice on robust monitoring strategies under uncertainty.Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyEuropean Commissio

Entire approximations for a class of truncated and odd functions

We solve the problem of finding optimal entire approximations of prescribed exponential type (unrestricted, majorant and minorant) for a class of truncated and odd functions with a shifted exponential subordination, minimizing the $L^1(\R)$-error. The class considered here includes new examples such as the truncated logarithm and truncated shifted power functions. This paper is the counterpart of the works of Carneiro and Vaaler (Some extremal functions in Fourier analysis, Part II in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 362 (2010), 5803-5843; Part III in Constr. Approx. 31, No. 2 (2010), 259--288), where the analogous problem for even functions was treated.Comment: 25 pages. To appear in J. Fourier Anal. App

Asymptotic Estimates in Information Theory with Non-Vanishing Error Probabilities

This monograph presents a unified treatment of single- and multi-user problems in Shannon's information theory where we depart from the requirement that the error probability decays asymptotically in the blocklength. Instead, the error probabilities for various problems are bounded above by a non-vanishing constant and the spotlight is shone on achievable coding rates as functions of the growing blocklengths. This represents the study of asymptotic estimates with non-vanishing error probabilities. In Part I, after reviewing the fundamentals of information theory, we discuss Strassen's seminal result for binary hypothesis testing where the type-I error probability is non-vanishing and the rate of decay of the type-II error probability with growing number of independent observations is characterized. In Part II, we use this basic hypothesis testing result to develop second- and sometimes, even third-order asymptotic expansions for point-to-point communication. Finally in Part III, we consider network information theory problems for which the second-order asymptotics are known. These problems include some classes of channels with random state, the multiple-encoder distributed lossless source coding (Slepian-Wolf) problem and special cases of the Gaussian interference and multiple-access channels. Finally, we discuss avenues for further research.Comment: Further comments welcom

Inequalities of Hardy-Littlewood-Polya type for functions of operators and their applications

In this paper, we derive a generalized multiplicative Hardy-Littlewood-Polya type inequality, as well as several related additive inequalities, for functions of operators in Hilbert spaces. In addition, we find the modulus of continuity of a function of an operator on a class of elements defined with the help of another function of the operator. We then apply the results to solve the following problems: (i) the problem of approximating a function of an unbounded self-adjoint operator by bounded operators, (ii) the problem of best approximation of a certain class of elements from a Hilbert space by another class, and (iii) the problem of optimal recovery of an operator on a class of elements given with an error