Technology utilization program report, 1974

The adaptation of various technological innovations from the NASA space program to industrial and domestic applications is summarized

Innovation Effects of Science-Related Technological Opportunities - Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Findings for Firms in the German Manufacturing Industry -

This paper investigates the innovation effects of science-related technological opportunities. Against the background of theoretical considerations about the interrelation of innovation and the adaptation of external (knowledge) resources, the impacts of technological opportunities stemming from scientific institutions on firms' innovation input and output are empirically analyzed for the German manufacturing industry. The investigations focus on the question whether science-related technological opportunities are used as complements or substitutes in the innovation process. The estimations indicate complementary relationships between firms' innovation input and technological opportunities stemming from scientific institutions. The adaptation of science-related knowledge resources has stimulating effects on the intensity of inhouse R&D. The results for the innovation output effects are ambiguous. On the one hand, empirical evidence for complementary impacts on the realisation of improved products could be found. On the other hand, science-related technological opportunities have no enhancing effects on the probability of realizing new products. Obviously, knowledge from universities and research institutes stimulates the development of new products more indirectly by increasing inhouse capacities and enhancing R&D efficiency.innovation activities, technological opportunities, scientific institutions, manufacturing industry

A Structural Land-Use Analysis of Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change: A Proactive Approach

This article proposes a proactive approach for analyzing agricultural adaptation to climate change based on a structural land-use model wherein farmers maximize profit by allocating their land between crop-technology bundles. The profitability of the bundles is a function of four technological attributes via which climate variables‟ effect is channeled: yield potential; input requirements; yields' sensitivity to input use; and farm-level management costs. Proactive adaptation measures are derived by identifying the technological attributes via which climate variables reduce overall agricultural profitability, despite adaptation by land reallocation among bundles. By applying the model to Israel, we find that long-term losses stem from yield potential reductions driven by forecasted increases in temperature, implying that adaptation efforts should target more heat-tolerant crop varieties and technologies.adaptation, agricultural land use, climate change, crop-technology bundles, Land Economics/Use,

Technological adaptation, cities and new work

Where does adaptation to innovation take place? The author presents evidence on the role of agglomeration economies in the application of new knowledge to production. All else equal, workers are more likely to be observed in new work in locations that are initially dense in both college graduates and industry variety. This pattern is consistent with economies of density from the geographic concentration of factors and markets related to technological adaptation. A main contribution is to use a new measure, based on revisions to occupation classifications, to closely characterize cross-sectional differences across U.S. cities in adaptation to technological change. Worker-level results also provide new evidence on the skill bias of recent innovations.Cities and towns ; Urban economics ; Labor market ; Job creation ; Technological innovations

Taking time to understand: articulating relationships between technologies and organizations

Dynamic relationships between technologies and organizations are investigated through research on digital visualization technologies and their use in the construction sector. Theoretical work highlights mutual adaptation between technologies and organizations but does not explain instances of sustained, sudden, or increasing maladaptation. By focusing on the technological field, I draw attention to hierarchical structuring around inter-dependent levels of technology; technological priorities of diverse groups; power asymmetries and disjunctures between contexts of development and use. For complex technologies, such as digital technologies, I argue these field-level features explain why organizations peripheral to the field may experience difficulty using emerging technology

Technological advances and industrial characteristics:Some evidence from developed and developing countries

The need of technological advances for competitiveness is rather well known. However, the structural impacts of technological improvements on unemployment remain largely unexplored in the existing literature. The paper analyses the complex interlinkages among technological adaptation, labour productivity gains and scale expansion. It highlights the two opposing effects of technological improvements and labour productivity on employment. The paper demonstrates the role of scale expansion both through the logic and empirical findings. It is argued that to achieve positive employment effects of technological modernization, via productivity gains and scale expansion, a greater degree of global trade and investment integration is needed. It also highlights the need for strengthening labour productivity and wage rate linkages to simultaneously address the supply and demand side effects of technology on economic growth. In nutshell, the paper argues for building on the new growth theories.Economic Development

Investment and adaptation as commitment devices in climate policy deteriorate mitigation

The strategy of adaptation to climate change has become a central topic within the UNFCCC negotiations in recent years. On the national level, adaptation plans are elaborated, and on the international level, the need for funding adaptation in developing countries is discussed. This tendency shows that adaptation is likely to be advanced relative to mitigation on the political agenda. Therefore, we analyze the economic consequences of the timing of mitigation and adaptation in a game-theoretic framework regarding as well the importance of technological investments for mitigation. Due to strategic behavior, the activity in mitigation deteriorates when adaptation is advanced. As a consequence, the resulting subgame-perfect equilibrium yields higher total costs. We demonstrate that this result is even reinforced when technological investments are regarded, i.e. the negative effects of advancing adaptation relative to the opposite timing are amplified