54 research outputs found

    Smittskydd och vaccinationsrutiner inom hÀstuppfödning

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    HĂ€stsport och hĂ€sthĂ„llning Ă€r populĂ€rt i Sverige och pĂ„ grund av det stora intresset har transporter, försĂ€ljning och hĂ€stevenemang sĂ„som tĂ€vlingar och utstĂ€llningar ökat. Även hĂ€staveln har gjort framsteg, inte minst med anvĂ€ndandet av artificiell inseminering som gör mĂ„nga hingstar tillgĂ€ngliga för semin i flertalet lĂ€nder. I och med att kontakter mellan olika hĂ€star ökar, ökar ocksĂ„ risken för spridning av smittsamma sjukdomar. Det inkluderar Ă€ven stuterier och seminstationer. För att begrĂ€nsa smittspridningen behövs ett adekvat smittskydd men det finns fĂ„ studier gjorda för generellt smittskydd inom hĂ€stuppfödning. De vanligaste smittsamma sjukdomarna som förekommer inom hĂ€stuppfödning i Sverige Ă€r hĂ€stinfluensa, kvarka, ekvint herpesvirus typ 1 (EHV-1), ekvin virusarterit (EVA), smittsam livmoderinflammation (CEM) och godartad beskĂ€llarsjuka (EHV-3). Syftet med det hĂ€r examensarbetet var att undersöka vilka smittskydds- och vaccinationsrutiner som tillĂ€mpas inom svensk hĂ€stuppfödning och om det fanns skillnader mellan verksamheter, raser eller lĂ€n. Arbetet skulle ocksĂ„ se över om det fanns bristande rutiner inom verksamheterna och hur dessa pĂ„verkar smittspridningen inom hĂ€staveln. Syftet var ocksĂ„ att se över dokumentation över smittsamma sjukdomar för att se var i landet problemet var som störst. Statistik avseende indexfall av sjukdomarna hĂ€stinfluensa, kvarka, EHV-1 (centralnervös- och abortform) och EVA Ă„r 2016, 2017 och 2018 hĂ€mtades frĂ„n Statens jordbruksverks statistikdatabas tillsammans med statistik över antalet hĂ€star och hĂ€stanlĂ€ggningar i Sverige Ă„r 2016. En enkĂ€t med frĂ„gor om smittskydds- och vaccinationsrutiner inom hĂ€stuppfödning under de tre senaste avelssĂ€songerna utformades i nĂ€tverktyget Netigate och skickades ut till 32 avelsförbund, avelsföreningar och rasförbund. EnkĂ€ten besvarades av 100 personer. Kvarka var den vanligast förekommande sjukdomen under tidsperioden 2016–2018 och VĂ€stra Götaland var det lĂ€n som hade rapporterat in flest indexfall av sjukdomarna. Majoriteten av de svarande, 53 %, tillhörde avelsförbundet Swedish Warmblood Association (SWB) och svenskt halvblod var ocksĂ„ den vanligast förekommande hĂ€strasen. Avelsston fanns hos 95 % av de svarande och hĂ„llning av avelsston var den vanligast förekommande avelsverksamheten. Majoriteten av de svarande, 59 %, angav att de inte hade observerat nĂ„gra kliniska sjukdomstecken hos sina hĂ€star. De vanligast observerade tecknen var ögonflöde och feber, dĂ€r 19 % angav att de observerat Ă„tminstone ett av dem. Kastningar hos ston förekom hos ca. 30 % av respondenterna. Det var 63 % som angav att de bytte klĂ€der innan och efter besök i andra stall men inte mellan olika stall eller avdelningar. Det fanns en statistiskt signifikant skillnad i anvĂ€ndandet av klĂ€dbyte mellan olika delar av landet. De som anvĂ€nde handdesinfektion efter kontakt med varje individuell hĂ€st anvĂ€nde ocksĂ„ handtvĂ€tt mellan kontakt med varje individuell hĂ€st i högre utstrĂ€ckning. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan rasgrupperna gĂ€llande hur ofta respondenterna tĂ€nkte pĂ„ smittrisker. Vaccination mot hĂ€stinfluensa utfördes hos 83 % och 39 % vaccinerade de drĂ€ktiga avelsstona mot EHV-1. Det fanns en statistiskt signifikant skillnad i vaccinationsrutinerna för EHV-1 mellan de olika rasgrupperna. De som vaccinerade sina hĂ€star mot hĂ€stinfluensa vaccinerade ocksĂ„ sina avelsston mot EHV-1 i större utstrĂ€ckning, kontrollerade hĂ€lsostatus hos nyanlĂ€nda hĂ€star mer och höll sina avelsston skilda frĂ„n tĂ€vlingshĂ€star eller andra hĂ€star som reser mycket i större utstrĂ€ckning. Av studien framgĂ„r det att det finns brister i smittskydds- och vaccinationsrutiner inom svensk hĂ€stuppfödning. NĂ„gra enklare Ă„tgĂ€rder som kan tillĂ€mpas för att minska smittspridningen till, frĂ„n och inom en verksamhet Ă€r att ha en god vaccinationsstatus mot framförallt hĂ€stinfluensa, anvĂ€nda handtvĂ€tt- och desinfektion samt rengöring av utrustning mellan individuella hĂ€stkontakter och att byta klĂ€der och skor mellan besök i olika verksamheter. För att vidare utreda skillnader mellan olika raser och verksamheter behövs en mer omfattande studie.Horse riding and horse keeping is popular in Sweden and because of this, transportation, sales and horse events such as horse shows have increased. A lot of progress has been made in horse breeding as well, one of the examples is the wide use of artificial insemination which can make a stallion available for breeding in many countries at the same time. Because of this increase in horse contacts all over the world, there is also an increased risk for transmission and spread of contagious diseases. To minimize the spread of diseases, it is important to apply adequate biosecurity measures but there are only a few studies about general biosecurity in horse breeding. The most common contagious diseases in horse breeding in Sweden are equine influenza, strangles, equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1), equine viral arteritis (EVA), contagious equine metritis (CEM) and coital exanthema (EHV-3). The aim of this study was to investigate which biosecurity- and vaccination measures are used in Swedish horse breeding and to see if there were any significant differences between different facilities, breeds or counties. The study also investigated if there was a lack of these measures and how it affected the transmission and spread of common equine infections. The aim was also to study the reports of contagious diseases to find out which parts of the country were affected the most. Statistics on the diseases equine influenza, strangles, equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and equine viral arteritis (EVA) from the years of 2016, 2017 and 2018 were collected from the statistics database of the Swedish Board of Agriculture, together with statistics regarding the number of horses and horse facilities in Sweden in the year of 2016. A survey with questions regarding biosecurity,- hygiene- and vaccination routines within horse breeding was created in the survey platform Netigate and sent out to 32 breed associations. The survey was answered by 100 respondents. Strangles was the most common disease during the investigated time period, 2016-2018, and VĂ€stra Götaland was the county that had the most reported index cases of the diseases. In general, Southern Sweden had the most reported index cases. The majority, 53 %, of the respondents belonged to the Swedish Warmblood Association and Swedish warmblood was the most common breed. Brood mares were kept by 95 % of the respondents and was the most common type of breeding activity. The majority of the respondents, 59 %, said they had not observed any clinical signs of disease in their horses. The most common observed clinical signs were ocular discharge and fever, 19 % of the respondents claimed they had seen at least one of these. Approximately 30 % of the respondents claimed abortions had occurred. Changing clothes between different facilities but not within the individual facility was the most common clothes changing routine. There was a statistical significance in clothes changing routines between different geographic regions. The ones who used hand disinfectant between individual horses also washed their hands with soap between individual horses more than the ones who did not use hand disinfectant. There was a statistically significant difference between the breed groups regarding how often the respondents thought about risks of disease transmission within their own facility. Vaccination against equine influenza was used in 83 % of the respondent’s facilities and 39 % vaccinated their pregnant brood mares against EHV-1. There was a statistically significant difference in the vaccination routines for EHV-1 between the different breed groups. Those who vaccinated their horses against equine influenza were more likely to vaccinate their pregnant brood mares against EHV-1, control the health status of visiting horses and kept their brood mares separate from travelling horses more often. There are some flaws in biosecurity and vaccination routines in horse breeding in Sweden. It is recommended to wash and disinfect hands and equipment in between the handling of individual horses and to change clothes and shoes when visiting other facilities. To further explore differences between breeds and facilities, a larger study is necessary

    Risks of infection associated with the international movement of horses : a study of African horse sickness, equine influenza and equine viral arteritis

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    Den internationella handeln med hĂ€star och hĂ€stprodukter samt de internationella tĂ€vlingstillfĂ€llena ökar stadigt. Detta leder till att den globala transporten av hĂ€star ökar vilket i sin tur ger en förhöjd risk för spridning av sjukdomar och infektionsĂ€mnen. NĂ„gra av dessa infektionsĂ€mnen Ă€r afrikansk hĂ€stpest, ekvin influensa och ekvin virusarterit. Afrikansk hĂ€stpest Ă€r endemisk i östra och centrala Afrika, den sprids med hjĂ€lp av mygg av arten Culicoides spp. Det har setts att sjukdomen kan spridas mellan lĂ€nder exempelvis vid import av zebror. Det finns ingen behandling mot afrikansk hĂ€stpest, men det finns vaccin. Vaccinet har dock inte visats skydda fullt ut mot infektion och sjukdom. Ekvin influensa finns spritt över nĂ€stan hela vĂ€rlden. DĂ€r influensan Ă€r endemisk anvĂ€nds vaccinering för att motverka sjukdomen. Men utbrott av sjukdomen har pĂ„visats Ă€ven hos vaccinerade individer. De enda lĂ€nder som anses fria frĂ„n ekvin virusarterit Ă€r Japan och Island. Internationell spridning av sjukdomen kan nĂ€stan alltid hĂ€rröras till internationella transporter av infekterade hingstar eller infektiös sperma. Hingstar som smittats av viruset kan bli kroniska bĂ€rare och dĂ„ utsöndra viruset veneriskt. Genom att vaccinera icke-bĂ€rare och ston kan sjukdomens spridning hindras, men vaccinering Ă€r endast tillĂ„tet i vissa lĂ€nder. För att hindra att de hĂ€star man transporterar ej bĂ€r med sig nĂ„gra infektiösa agens Ă€r det viktigt att ha en noggrann kontroll över den internationella transporten. Trots att tĂ€vlingshĂ€star pĂ„ elitnivĂ„ Ă€r de som reser mest utgör de förmodligen inte den största smittrisken. Detta tack vare att dessa hĂ€star i regel hĂ„lls under stĂ€ndig övervakning och dess hĂ€lsostatus monitoreras noggrant för att de ska kunna prestera pĂ„ topp. En större risk Ă€r förmodligen de hobbyhĂ€star som importeras eller de hĂ€star som tĂ€vlar internationellt men pĂ„ lĂ€gre nivĂ„. Ägare till dessa hĂ€star besitter ofta ej samma kunskap och dĂ€rmed noggrannhet som de som jobbar professionellt med hĂ€star och tĂ€vlingar.The international trade in horses and horse products as well as the global equestrian competition events are steadily increasing. This leads to a greater international transport of horses which increases the risk of spreading disease and infectious substances. Some of these infectious substances are African horse sickness, Equine influenza and Equine viral arteritis. African horse sickness is endemic in eastern and central Africa. It is spread by mosquitoes of the genus Culicoides spp. It has been seen that the disease can spread between countries, for example, with the importation of zebras. There is no treatment against African horse sickness but there are vaccines against the disease. However the vaccine has not been shown to fully protect against infection and disease. Equine influenza is spread almost over the whole world. Where influenza is endemic vaccination is used to prevent the disease. Unfortunately the virus has also been able to cause outbreaks of disease in vaccinated individuals. Equine viral arteritis exists in the whole world apart from Japan and Iceland. International spread of equine viral arteritis can almost always be traced to the international transport of infected stallions or infective semen. Stallions that have been infected by the virus may become chronic carriers and then excrete the virus venereal. By vaccination of non-carriers and mares it is possible to prevent the spread of the disease. However the vaccine is only permitted in certain countries. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases it is important to have an accurate control of the international movements of horses and to ensure that the horses do not bring any infectious agents across country borders. Early diagnosis and reporting is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Although horses that compete at high levels are those who travel most, they are probably not the most important when it comes to spread of infections. These top horses are kept under constant surveillance and their health status is carefully monitored so they should be able to perform at their peak level. The importation of hobby horses and horses that compete internationally but at lower levels probably constitutes a greater risk. The owners of these horses often do not possess the same knowledge and carefulness compared with those who work professionally with horses and equestrian competitions

    Water Sampling and Legionella in Danish hot water systems:A short review

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    Zoonoser hos sÀllskapsdjur

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    Our companion animals can, with or without symptoms, carry infectious agents which have a potential to induce diseases in man, so called zoonoses. An immune compromised person has an increased risk of becoming infected by various agents, and thus also has an increased risk to become infected by one's own companion animals. A study was carried out within the veterinary program at SLU, Sweden, based on a questionnaire answered by 31 physicians, 31 veterinarians and interviews of 30 immune compromised persons in Sweden. The study investigated the following questions: Which zoonoses do physicians and veterinarians consider to be the most important to inform immunecompromised persons about? How are immunecompromised persons being informed by their physicians about the risk of catching zoonoses from their companion animals? How are the owners of zoonosis-infected animals being informed by their veterinarians about zoonoses? Does veterinary medicine and human medicine communicate about zoonoses, in order to take the best care of immunecompromised persons in contact with animals? The results of our study imply that: - Physicians and veterinarians differ about which zoonoses immunecompromised persons should be informed about. - Only oral information is passed to immunecompromised persons and animal owners. - The communication between physicians and veterinarians regarding zoonoses, is limited. In this study there has also been compiled general guidance that may be useful for an immunecompromised person, to decrease the risk of becoming infected by his/her companion animals.VÄra sÀllskapsdjur kan, med eller utan egna symtom, bÀra pÄ smittÀmnen som har potential att framkalla sjukdom hos mÀnniska, sÄ kallade zoonoser. Vid ett defekt immunförsvar hos mÀnniska finns en ökad risk att drabbas av infektioner av alla slag, och sÄledes ocksÄ en ökad risk att smittas av sÀllskapsdjuren. Denna enkÀtstudie utfördes som en del av ett examensarbete inom veterinÀrprogrammet pÄ Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU). I studien ingick 31 veterinÀrer, 31 lÀkare och 30 personer med ett nedsatt immunförsvar. I studien söktes svar pÄ följande frÄgor: Vilka zoonoser anser lÀkare och veterinÀrer vara de viktigaste som en immunsupprimerad person i Sverige bör informeras om? Hur informeras de immunsupprimerade personerna, av sina lÀkare, om smittriskerna frÄn sÀllskapsdjuren? Hur informeras djurÀgare, till djur drabbade av ett zoonotiskt smittÀmne, av veterinÀren? Kommunicerar veterinÀr- och human medicinen om zoonoser för att optimera omhÀndertagandet av immunsupprimerade personer och zoonossmittade djur? Fynden i vÄr studie tyder pÄ att: - LÀkare och veterinÀrer har skilda uppfattningar om vilka zoonoser immunsupprimerade personer bör informeras om. - Informationen som ges till immunsupprimerade personer och djurÀgare enbart sker muntligt. - Kommunikationen mellan lÀkare och veterinÀrer angÄende zoonoser Àr begrÀnsad. I arbetet Àr det ocksÄ sammanstÀllt en del allmÀnna rÄd som en immunsupprimerad person kan ha nytta av, för att minska risken att bli smittad av sitt sÀllskapsdjur

    Risk of zoonoses in zoos via close contact between animals and visitors

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    MĂ„nga djurparker erbjuder nĂ€rkontakt med djur. Det kan innebĂ€ra att besökarna tillĂ„ts klappa traditionella husdjur eller gĂ„ in till mer exotiska djur i anlĂ€ggningar som försöker efterlikna djurens naturliga habitat och ge besökaren en inblick i djurens liv i frihet. Detta ökar risken för spridning av zoonoser, antingen via direktkontakt eller genom inandning av damm och aerosoler. I det hĂ€r kandidatarbetet har jag valt ut fyra sjukdomar som exempel pĂ„ denna typ av smittspridning. Jag har inte tagit med sjukdomar dĂ€r smittspridning sker endast av djur som uppvisar tydliga symtom eller beteendeförĂ€ndringar, dĂ„ jag förutsĂ€tter att de kommer under behandling istĂ€llet för att förevisas publik. De fyra zoonoser jag presenterar Ă€r ornitos, tuberkulos, salmonellos och EHEC/VTEC. Ornitos orsakas av Chlamydophila psittaci, en hos fĂ„glar mycket vanlig bakterie som de utsöndrar via sekret frĂ„n nĂ€shĂ„lan och via feces. Chlamydophila psittaci sprids framför allt via damm och aerosoler som finns i fĂ„garnas fjĂ€derdrĂ€kt och omgivning. Tuberkulos orsakas oftast av Mycobacterium bovis alternativt Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mykobakterier sprids framför allt via aerosoler och pĂ„verkar dĂ„ frĂ€mst respirationsorganen. BĂ„de ornitos och tuberkulos smittar Ă€ven via direktkontakt och kan infektera andra organ. Som exempel pĂ„ infektioner som Ă€r vanliga vid direktkontakt har jag valt EHEC/VTEC och salmonellos. De orsakas av vanligen förekommande tarmpatogener, vilka kan ingĂ„ i normalfloran eller finnas subkliniskt hos sina vĂ€rddjur utan att orsaka sjukdom hos i övrigt friska individer. BĂ„da dessa patogener ingĂ„r i stora familjer med olika underarter vilka Ă€r mer eller mindre vĂ€rdspecifika. I det hĂ€r kandidatarbetet har jag fokuserat pĂ„ hur man vid utformningen av djurparkernas anlĂ€ggningar och deras olika hĂ€gn kan underlĂ€tta handhygienen för besökarna. Besökarna behöver ocksĂ„ informeras om nödvĂ€ndigheten av att minimera riskerna för smittspridning för att skydda bĂ„de djur och mĂ€nniskor. Jag har inte fokuserat pĂ„ djurhĂ„llningen vilken naturligtvis Ă€r oerhört viktig för att minimera smittrycket. Risk för överföring av smittor förekommer vid kontakt mellan alla individer, oavsett art. De studier jag har tittat pĂ„ har framför allt inriktat sig pĂ„ hur zoonoser sprids frĂ„n djur till mĂ€nniskor. För att djurparker ska kunna erbjuda en sĂ€ker miljö för bĂ„de besökare och djur behöver vi Ă€ven vĂ€nda pĂ„ frĂ„gan och fundera över vilka zoonoser till synes friska besökare tar med sig in till djuren.Many zoos around the world offer close contact with the animals. These allow visitors to pet traditional domestic animals or enter facilities with exotic animals. These facilities are meant to imitate the natural habitat of the animals and also give the visitor an insight into the animals’ life in freedom. Such behaviour increases the risk of transmitting zoonosis, either by direct contact or by inhaling of dust and aerosols. In this thesis, I have selected four different diseases that exemplify this type of disease transmission. I have excluded diseases where transmission occur only by animals that show obvious symptoms or signs of behaviour changes, since I assume that these animals would be treated and not displayed in public. The four zoonosis I present include ornithosis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and EHEC/VTEC. Ornithosis is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, a bacterium which is very common among birds. Chlamydophila psittaci is secreted from the nasal cavity and via the feces, and spread through dust and aerosols present in the feathers and surrounding of the bird. Tuberculosis is most often caused by Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are spread via aerosols and affect the respiratory system. Ornithosis and tuberculosis are also transmitted by direct contact and can also infect other organs. As examples of infections that are commonly transmitted by close contact, I have chosen EHEC/VTEC and salmonellosis. These are both caused by intestinal pathogens that can exist sub-clinically in the host animal without causing disease in an otherwise healthy individual. Another common characteristic is that these pathogens are part of large families with different subspecies which are more or less host specific. In this thesis, I have focused on how the facilities of the zoos are planned out, and how this can help the visitors keeping a good handhygiene. The visitors also need to be informed about the necessity of minimizing the risk for transmission of infections by animals as well as by humans. Although I am very much aware of the importance of good animal husbandry, I have not focused on this aspect. Regardless of species, there is always a risk of transmission of infections when individuals interact. The research articles I have looked into have mainly focused on how zoonoses are spread between animal and human. In order for zoos to be able to provide a safe environment for visitors and animals alike, we need to look at the matter at hand also from a different perspective and consider which zoonoses that apparently healthy visitor unknowingly may expose to the animals

    Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis hos alpacka

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    The alpaca is a camelid that originate from the South American highland. During recent years it's been possible to keep alpacas in other parts of the world. Today there is a world-wide interest in alpacas, but there is still limited knowledge about this fascinating animal. There are approximately 350-400 alpacas in Sweden in 2007. In 2003 a Swedish alpaca herd was diagnosed with a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and this caused considerable problems. The bacteria has a world-wide distribution and is a pathogen to most mammals, but mostly recognized as the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. The disease is described in sheep and goats in Sweden, but present incidence is unclear. There are few scientific publications regarding C. pseudotuberculosis in alpacas, which has given some problems in the handling of C. pseudotuberculosis in Swedish alpacas. In this degree project there is a compilation of publications and practical experiences concerning alpacas. In these you can establish that this disease has the potential of causing great economic losses and suffering. The disease is primarily characterized by abscessation of the external lymphnodes and can be highly contagious, in some cases mortal. The bacteria has capabilities to withstand treatment and therefore it's difficult to eradicate. The disease can be controlled by treatment, isolation and surveillance. To eradicate the disease from a herd you need to segregate or cull infected animals.Alpackan Ă€r ett kameldjur som har sina rötter i det sydamerikanska höglandet. Det Ă€r först pĂ„ senare Ă„r som det har blivit möjligt att hĂ„lla alpackor i övriga vĂ€rlden. Nu Ă€r dock alpackaintresset stort över stora delar av vĂ€rlden, men kunskapen om detta fascinerande djur Ă€r fortfarande begrĂ€nsad. I Sverige finns det uppskattningsvis 350-400 alpackor 2007. En svensk besĂ€ttning drabbades 2003 av ett sjukdomsutbrott orsakat av Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis och orsakade stora problem. Denna bakterie Ă€r spridd över större delen av vĂ€rlden och kan orsaka sjukdom hos flertalet dĂ€ggdjur, men Ă€r mest kĂ€nd för att orsaka kaseös lymfadenit (”böldsjuka”) hos fĂ„r och get. I Sverige har sjukdomen pĂ„visats hos fĂ„r och get, men dagens incidens Ă€r okĂ€nd. Det finns fĂ„ publikationer kring C. pseudotuberculosis hos alpacka, vilket har lett till svĂ„righeter att veta hur man ska hantera detta problem hos alpacka i Sverige. I detta examensarbete har det gjorts en genomgĂ„ng av de publikationer och erfarenheter som finns gĂ€llande sjukdomen hos alpacka. Av dessa kan man klargöra att C. pseudotuberculosis kan orsaka betydande ekonomiska förluster och lidanden. Sjukdomen yttrar sig frĂ€mst genom bölder i de yttre lymfknutorna och kan vara mycket smittsam och i vissa fall dödlig. Bakterien har egenskaper som gör den svĂ„rbehandlad, vilket ger stora problem om man vill bli av med sjukdomen. Sjukdomen kan kontrolleras genom behandling, isolering och övervakning, men för att kunna friförklaras frĂ„n smittan mĂ„ste infekterade djur segregeras alternativt avlivas

    The puppy’s physiological and social development’s impact on the need of care on animal hospital

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    Syftet med arbetet var att fĂ„ fördjupade kunskaper kring omvĂ„rdnadsbehovet hos den 8 - 16 veckor gamla valpen pĂ„ kliniker i Sverige. Även ökad förstĂ„else för de viktigaste fysiologiska och sociala parametrarna ville erhĂ„llas, vilket Ă„stadkoms genom litteraturstudie. Genom en kvalitativ telefonintervju-studie intervjuades fem anstĂ€llda pĂ„ olika klinikers vĂ„rdavdelningar anonymt. I arbetet medverkade totalt fem svenska djurkliniker. FrĂ„gorna i intervjuerna rörde separationsĂ„ngest, njurar, nutrition, immunsystem och kardiovaskulĂ€rt system. Vilken omvĂ„rdnad som Ă€r praktiskt genomförbar samt vilka omvĂ„rdnadsĂ„tgĂ€rder som Ă€r bĂ€st med avseende pĂ„ valpens fysiologiska och sociala utveckling diskuterades i arbetet. Metoder som klinikerna nĂ€mnde för att motverka separationsĂ„ngest hos valpar var bĂ€rpĂ„sar, sĂ€llskap av djurĂ€gare pĂ„ eget behandlingsrum, placering av valp dĂ€r personal finns i omedelbar nĂ€rhet och att personal hĂ„ller valpen sĂ€llskap. NĂ€r det kommer till njurar rastades valparna oftare Ă€n vuxna patienter enligt samtliga intervjuade kliniker. Absorberande hygienskydd nĂ€mndes som komplement i buren pĂ„ tre av fem intervjuade kliniker. Inom Ă€mnet nutrition fanns olika rutiner pĂ„ klinikerna. Gemensamt för samtliga var att valparna matades ofta. BetrĂ€ffande immunsystemet var den bĂ€sta lösningen att strikt isolera valpen. PĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt riskerade inte valpen att varken smitta eller smittas. Vad det gĂ€llde det kardiovaskulĂ€ra systemet Ă€r det viktigt att valpen hĂ„lls varm och vĂ€l syresatt. Den bĂ€sta lösningen inom detta Ă€mne ansĂ„gs vara att ha valpen i kuvös dĂ€r bĂ„de vĂ€rme och syre kunde anpassas. Bair hugger, filtar och portabelt syre var alternativa metoder om kliniken inte hade kuvös. En övergripande förbĂ€ttring kring omvĂ„rdnaden av valpar i Ă„ldern 8 - 16 veckor skulle generellt behövas pĂ„ djurkliniker i Sverige. BĂ„de för att underlĂ€tta och minska belastningen för personalen, men ocksĂ„ för valparnas vĂ€lmĂ„ende med avseende pĂ„ deras fysiologiska och sociala utveckling.The aim with this project was to receive deepened knowledge about 8 - 16 weeks old puppies need of care at veterinary clinics in Sweden. An even greater understanding of the most important physiological and social parameters wanted to be obtained, which was achieved with literature study. Through a qualitative telephone interview study, one employee at different clinic’s care unit was interviewed anonymously. A total of five Swedish veterinary clinics participated in the study. The questions in the interviews concerned separation anxiety, kidneys, nutrition, immune system and cardiovascular system. Which care being practically feasible and which care-arrangements being the most suitable regarding the puppy’s physiological and social development is discussed in the project. Methods mentioned to prevent separation anxiety in puppies in this study was “carrying pouch”, company from the owner in a separate treatment room, keeping the puppy where the staff is or having staff staying with the puppy. Concerning kidneys all veterinary clinics are walking the puppy more often than fully grown dogs. Three out of five clinics also mentioned absorbent hygiene protection as a complement in the puppy's cage. Referring to the nutrition there are different routines at the clinics, but in general all clinics fed the puppies more often. The most suitable solution regarding the immune system was to isolate the puppy strictly. In that way the puppy does not infect other dogs or risk being infected. Discussing the cardiovascular system, it is important to keep the puppy warm and well oxygenated. The most suitable solution within this subject was to keep the puppy in an incubator, where heat and oxygen can be set. Bair hugger, blankets and portable oxygen where mentioned as alternating methods if an incubator was not possessed. An overall nursing improvement to 8-16 weeks old puppies would generally be needed in Sweden. Both to facilitate and reduce the heavy workload to the staff, but also to the puppies wellbeing regarding the their physiological and social developmen

    SynsÀtt pÄ smittskydd i svenska hÀststall

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    Today there is a lot of knowledge and information regarding diseases, routines for infectious disease control and measures around contamination. We also know that horse keepers are taking care of infectious disease control in many different ways, but what is it that determines their decision making concerning infectious disease control and what kind of mindset that affects infectious disease control? The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding and insight in horse keepers attitudes about infection control practices as well as hygienic routines in stables, i.e. control the flow of animals and humans, quarantine/isolation, basic hygiene, and see what kind of attitude that affects the level of disease control. The study is based on focus groups with a total of eight experienced horse keepers, from different equestrian sport disciplines; Icelandic horses, trotting horses and riding horses. Horse keepers are from JĂ€mtland and Uppsala. Results: Most horse keepers have a good attitude towards infectious disease control and there are also many who are trying to think about prevention when dealing with infectious diseases. Factors perceived as limitations in order to achieve a higher level of disease control are the stable site and the business economy. Conclusion: In order to draw any major conclusions about the attitudes and approaches regarding the infectious disease control in Swedish horse stables, it would require a greater number of participants/respondents. My study provides more guidance of what one can assume to be the prevailing view in terms of infectious disease control in stables. Keywords: equine infectious diseases, biosecurity, horse keepers.Idag finns det mycket kunskap och föreskrifter om hur man förebygger och Ă„tgĂ€rdar smittsamma sjukdomar. Det vi vet Ă€r att smittsamma sjukdomar fortfarande sprider sig. Vilka faktorer kan det vara som grundar sig i att de smittsamma sjukdomar fortfarande sprider sig i Sverige, finns det nĂ„got som gĂ„r att studera kring hĂ€sthĂ„llares förebyggande och reaktiva arbete kring smittskydd. En viktig del i smittskyddsprocessen med att minska risken för att smittsamma sjukdomar Ă€r det proaktiva arbetet (förebyggande arbete av att smittsamma sjukdomar inte angriper hĂ€starna och anlĂ€ggningen). Ather & Greene (2004) pĂ„stĂ„r att en rutin baserad pĂ„ omtanke och noggrann hĂ€stvĂ„rd samt sunt förnuft kan hĂ„lla hĂ€sten frisk och minska risken för insjuknande. VĂ„ra val och vĂ„rt agerande (reaktivt arbete/aktivitet nĂ€r smitta uppstĂ„r samt Ă„tgĂ€rder som utfĂ€rdas) i vardagen med hĂ€starna Ă€r avgörande för hur smitta pĂ„verkar omgivningen (Chenais et al. 2014). Mycket handlar ocksĂ„ om kommunikationen mellan mĂ€nniskor; bĂ€ttre kommunikation kring smittor och smittskydd hjĂ€lper mĂ€nniskor att motverka eventuella kommande smittsamma sjukdomar och pĂ„ sikt Ă€ven gör att hĂ€starna löper mindre riks att bli drabbade av nĂ„gon smitta. Det finns inga tidigare utförda studier pĂ„ hĂ€sthĂ„llares attityder och synsĂ€tt vad gĂ€ller smittskydd. Inriktning pĂ„ attityder och smittskydd har studerats inom grisproduktionen. Chenais et al. (2014) visar i studien genom intervjuer med grisbönder i Uganda, att vetskapen kring sjukdomar och smittskydd inte Ă€r det som saknas utan stöd för att Ă€ndra attityd och beteende. Afrikansk svinpest Ă€r vanligt i Uganda och om den skulle minskas sĂ„ skulle det utgöra en viktig del eftersom Uganda har den största grispopulationen i Östafrika. Deras slutsats, för att begrĂ€nsa spridningen och de negativa socioekonomiska effekterna av sjukdomsutbrotten sĂ„ behöver mĂ€nniskornas beteende Ă€ndras (Chenais et al. 2014). Ernholm, Nörenmark & Frössling (2014) har Ă€ven utfört en studie som ett delprojekt till ett större projekt (MSB). Det handlar om bönders uppfattningar och synsĂ€tt kring smittskydd inom olika djurbesĂ€ttningar som fĂ„r, get, gris, fjĂ€derfĂ€ och nötkreatur. De har anvĂ€nt sig av metoden med fokusgrupper. I denna kvalitativa studie undersöks hĂ€sthĂ„llares uppfattningar och synsĂ€tt kring smittskydd och hygien i svenska stall. Det undersöks Ă€ven vad hĂ€sthĂ„llare önskar ha med i en smittskyddspolicy som hjĂ€lp för att undvika smitta pĂ„ sina anlĂ€ggningar. Valet av en kvalitativ studie gjordes för att lyfta förstĂ„elsen och beskrivningen, unika tankar och eventuellt det avvikande. Tanken var Ă€ven att skapa en nyfikenhet om mĂ€nniskors synsĂ€tt kring smittskydd. Valet av metod var tydligt nĂ€r studie inte Ă€r ute efter att generalisera, utan vill komma Ă„t det subjektiva synsĂ€ttet vad gĂ€ller smittskydd. Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att fĂ„ en fördjupad förstĂ„else och inblick i hĂ€sthĂ„llares attityder kring smittskydds- och hygienrutiner i stallar som t.ex. kontroll pĂ„ flöden av djur och mĂ€nniskor, karantĂ€n/isolering samt se vad det Ă€r för tankesĂ€tt som pĂ„verkar nivĂ„n av smittskyddet. Vilka tankar har respondenternas gĂ€llande smittskydd- och hygienrutiner och vad Ă€r det som styr deras beslut kring detta? Vilka faktorer upplevs begrĂ€nsande för hĂ€sthĂ„llare vid förebyggandet av smitta

    Bacterial Contamination of Equine Dentistry Equipment—Effect of Cleaning and Disinfection

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    Simple Summary Some of the equipment used in equine dentistry is difficult to clean and disinfect. Since it is vital to avoid the spread of infections in equine healthcare it is important to develop practical and easy-to-follow methods for cleaning and disinfecting dental equipment. The aim of this study was to investigate hygiene in equine dentistry. Dental equipment and the head support, where horses rest their head during dental care, were sampled for the amount of bacteria between each patient before and after dental care as well as after cleaning and/or disinfecting. The amount of bacteria was, in general, high on dental equipment and the head support after dental procedures. Bacteria were found in different amounts on most of the dental equipment after cleaning or disinfecting, which indicates a risk for spreading infections when using the equipment. For the head support, cleaning and/or disinfecting generally resulted in a reduced amount of bacteria, indicating a lowered risk for spreading infections. There is a great need for evidence-based guidelines on hygiene in equine dentistry to decrease the risk of transmitting infections between patients, facilities, and stables. Equine dentistry has developed immensely and human dental equipment, such as handpieces, are often used. Measures to avoid the spread of infectious microorganisms are important, but this is challenging since handpieces are difficult to decontaminate. Thus, it is necessary to develop effective IPC measures in equine dentistry. The aim of this study was to contribute to the evidence needed for future evidence-based guidelines on IPC by investigating hygiene in equine dentistry. Used handpieces and dummies (i.e., handpieces not used during dental procedure, reflecting environmental bacterial contamination) and the head support were sampled each day before the first patient, for each patient after treatment, and after decontamination. All equipment was sampled with 3M (TM) Swab Samplers and the head support additionally sampled with dip slides. After dental procedures, the detected bacterial load was often high on used handpieces, dummies, and the head support. After decontamination, handpieces did not meet the criteria for high-level disinfected equipment. In all but one case decontamination of the head support resulted in a lowered bacterial load. There is a great need for evidence-based guidelines on hygiene in equine dentistry, including IPC measures, to decrease the risk of spreading infectious microorganisms between patients, facilities, and stables
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