Introduction: food relocalisation and knowledge dynamics for sustainability in rural areas

The chapter presents the literature on local food and local knowledge and introduces the case studies analysed in the volum

Sur les espaces mesures singuliers I - Etude metrique-mesuree

Recall Jones-Schmidt theorem that an ergodic measured equivalence relation is strongly ergodic if and only if it has no nontrivial amenable quotient. We give two new characterizations of strong ergodicity, in terms of metric-measured spaces. The first one identifies strong ergodicity with the concentration property as defined, in this (foliation) setting, by Gromov \cite{Gromov00_SQ}. The second one characterize the existence of nontrivial amenable quotients in terms of "F{\o}lner sequences" in graphings naturally associated to (the leaf space of) the equivalence relation. We also present a formalization of the concept of quasi-periodicity, based on (noncommutative) measure theory. The "singular measured spaces" appearing in the title refer to the leaf spaces of measured equivalence relations.Comment: french, english summar

Acyclicity conditions and their application to query answering in description logics

Answering conjunctive queries (CQs) over a set of facts extended with existential rules is a key problem in knowledge representation and databases. This problem can be solved using the chase (aka materialisation) algorithm; however, CQ answering is undecidable for general existential rules, so the chase is not guaranteed to terminate. Several acyclicity conditions provide sufficient conditions for chase termination. In this paper, we present two novel such conditions—model-faithful acyclicity (MFA) and model-summarising acyclicity (MSA)—that generalise many of the acyclicity conditions known so far in the literature. Materialisation provides the basis for several widely-used OWL 2 DL reasoners. In order to avoid termination problems, many of these systems handle only the OWL 2 RL profile of OWL 2 DL; furthermore, some systems go beyond OWL 2 RL, but they provide no termination guarantees. In this paper we investigate whether various acyclicity conditions can provide a principled and practical solution to these problems. On the theoretical side, we show that query answering for acyclic ontologies is of lower complexity than for general ontologies. On the practical side, we show that many of the commonly used OWL 2 DL ontologies are MSA, and that the facts obtained via materialisation are not too large. Thus, our results suggest that principled extensions to materialisationbased OWL 2 DL reasoners may be practically feasible.Full Tex

PRZENIESIENIE KONCEPCJI MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO PRAWA KARNEGO NA JURYSDYKCJE KRAJOWE – PRZYPADEK LUDOBÓJSTWA

This article discusses preliminary findings of a study on the transposition of the legal concept of genocide into 131 national jurisdictions. The specificities of this transposition into national criminal systems, as well as those related to the international legal definition of genocide, are described in the first part. The communicative situations in which the concept of genocide has been transposed are then examined in order to show their scope and breadth, and to which extent they contribute to the transformation of the concept of genocide. Trends related to the object of transformation in the definition and their effect on meaning are subsequently outlined. The findings point to a situation where, despite having been the object of multiple consensus at the international level, the concept of genocide has been transformed by the vast array of domestic legal languages and legal systems into which it has been transposed and thereby reinforce the relation between the configuration of the language and law, and the difficulty of translation.Artykuł przybliża wstępne badania nad przeniesieniem prawnej koncepcji ludobójstwa na 113 jurysdykcji. W pierwszej części uwzględnia się uwarunkowania tego przeniesienia w systemach karnych jak i powiązań z międzynarodową definicją prawną ludobójstwa. Przeanalizowano sytuacje komunikacyjne, w których uwypuklił się koncept ludobójstwa by ukazać ich zakres i rozległość jak i określić, w jakim stopniu przyczyniły się one do przeformułowania koncepcji ludobójstwa. Ustalenia wskazują na sytuację, w której pomimo ludobójstwa na szczeblu międzynarodowym koncepcja ludobójstwa została przekształcona przez wachlarz krajowych języków prawnych i systemów prawnych, do których została transponowana, a tym samym wzmocniła relację między konfiguracją języka i prawa a trudnością tłumaczenia

Quasi-analycité, o-minimalité et élimination des quantificateurs

This thesis studies from the point of view of model theory and topology certain classes of real functions : restricted quasi-analytic functions. Here, a restricted quasi-analytic class E will consist on the one hand of a ring of real functions C ∞, which vanish outside a compact box, containing the indicator functions of every compact box and which is closed by composition, rational powers, implicit functions and C ∞ division. On the other hand, we will require every C ∞ function around 0 either to vanish around 0 or to have a finite multiplicity. For such a given class E, we consider the language L which contains the langage of rings, a symbol for each function of E and one more for the order ; we study the universal theory T in the language L such that T contains the theory of ordered rings and the universal axioms which define the indicator functions of compact boxes, rational powers, implicit functions, C ∞ division, the simple diagram of R (real numbers) and the boundedness of the functions of E on a compact box. We prove that T is equivalent to the complete theory of R in the language L and is model-complete. In particular, T admits quantifiers elimination because T is universal. Furthermore, T is o-minimal and admits local cellular decompositions in terms of E.Cette thèse étudie selon le point de vue de la théorie des modèles certaines classes de fonctions réelles : les classes quasi-analytiques restreintes. Soit E une telle classe, on explicite un langage naturel L contenant E et une théorie T dans L tels que T admet l’élimination des quantificateurs, est o-minimale et est équivalente à la théorie complète de R dans L

Télévision à la carte, un divorce annoncé

International audienceDespite many projects and applications, interactive television, which was supposed to reconfigure the broadcasting industry and change forms of consumption, has not developed as expected. This article re-examines three French experiences of pay-per-view and on-demand video, based on the frame proposed by the "economy of qualities" which places the process of qualification of products and users at the heart of the market dynamics. The article shows that the attempt to singularize these television projects was handicapped by the weakness of the interactivity and the cumbersomeness of the procedures of exploring the offer.Malgré de très nombreux projets et applications, la télévision interactive qui devait reconfigurer le monde industriel de l'audiovisuel et changer les formes de consommation, n'a pas connu le développement annoncé. L'article réexamine trois expériences françaises de pay-per view et vidéo à la demande à partir du cadre proposé par « l'économie des qualités » qui place au cœur de la dynamique des marchés le travail de qualification des produits et des usagers. L'article montre que le travail de singularisation de ces projets de télévision était handicapé par la faiblesse de l'interactivité et la lourdeur des procédures d'exploration de l'offre

Rethinking Emancipation in Organization Studies. In the light of Jacques Rancière's Philosophy

The demand for emancipation was once something we only associated with oppressed social groups such as Women, Workers or the colonized who were seeking to escape from various forms of domination which they had long been subjected to. Today, some of the most privileged groups in our society such as middle managers and professions talk about their thirst for emancipation. They seek this precious and awe inspiring goal through participating in management courses (Gosling, 2000), reading various forms of management literature which promises to turn them into revolutionaries (Jacques, 1996), and engaging with various journeys to free themselves from the shackles of thought control and simply 'be themselves' at work (Fleming, 2009). Corporations routinely sell themselves as a route to emancipation for their consumers and employees. One only needs to think about the recent advertisement for Virgin which replaced the famous images of the revolutionary Ché Guevara with Richard Branson. The message seems to be clear - it is not just radical political movements that can provide emancipation, corporations can too! The fact that emancipation has lost its anchor in radical political movements and shocks and scandalizes some. For others, it is a kind of an indication of how endlessly flexible and omnivorous capitalism is insofar as it is able to adopt nearly anything - include forms of virulent anti-capitalism - to further itself. While these two explanations are certainly appealing, we think that the widespread adoption of this culture of emancipation actually underlines the increasing uncertainty and fragmentation that has taken place around the term. For us this is due to a shift in focus of understanding of emancipation. Previously, emancipation was understood as a form of wide-scale transformational change in society achieved through intellectuals enlightening people who find themselves dominated. This notion informed studies of emancipation for many years. The result was that research on emancipation tended to focus on either documenting large scale challenges to capitalism and management or agitating for emancipation through a progressive enlightenment of the audience. This approach to emancipation began to fall out of favour as it was accused of being too grandiose - subjects were positioned as victims of managerial knowledge which they could only escape from through the progressive enlightenment under the tutelage of critical intellectuals. Such disenchantment led researchers to turn their focus towards more minor forms of micro-emancipation whereby people momentarily escape from domination in their everyday life through minor activities (eg. Alvesson and Willmott, 1992). This focus produced a deep body of literature that documented the various ways individuals seek out micro-emancipation in the workplace (eg. Zanoni and Jensens, 2007). However, recently we have witnessed some important questions being asked around this research agenda. In particular, some are concerned that it has begun to fundamentally constrain how we think about forms of emancipation, creating a myopic focus on small-scale struggles and fundamentally ignoring many of the broader social struggles that challenge management. In this paper we seek to overcome these problems associated with macro as well as micro-emancipation by positing a new conception of emancipation offered in the recent thought of Jacques Rancière. For Rancière, emancipation should not be seen as an ideal to be reached, but as a postulate to be acualised in day-to-day practice. He points out that equality can be actualized by interrupting the order of sensibility (rather than through quotidian everyday acts), through creating a sense of dissensus (rather than collaboration and attempts to create consensus), and attempts to singularize the universal (rather than through fragmentary struggles). By focusing on these three processes, Rancière enables us to see a range of emancipatory struggles that we were blinded to by both accounts of marco-emancipation (which went looking for grand revolts) as well as micro-emancipation (which focused on everyday transgression). In particular it enables us to register the kinds of emancipation movements that have frequently been left out of accounts of emancipation in organization studies. These include the self-education movements, proliterian intellectual movements, as well as forms art. Rancière's account of emancipation allows us to extend how we think about processes of emancipation in and around organizations in three ways. First, it allows us to register activities in our theoretical gaze that we had previously ignored or discounted. Macro-emancipation focuses our attention on collective movements which are organised and micro-emancipation focuses our attention on often individual every-day activities which are not organised. In contrast, Rancière draws our attention to various emancipatory movements that are often collective, but are not formally organised. This broadens the range of forms of emancipation we can study. Second, Rancière allows us to rethink how exactly emancipation works. Instead of focusing on creation of new states of freedom (as studies of macro emancipation do) or attempts to seize fleeting forms of freedom (as studies of micro emanciption do), Rancière's work allows us to see how emancipation involves the transformation of the sensible. This re-orients our studies to how emancipation movements seek to change what and how we actually see the world. Finally, Rancière allows us to move beyond the assumption that contemporary resistance is fragmented and disorganised by registering how individual forms of resistance are experienced as an embodiment or singularization of universal struggles. Doing this allows us to recognise the link between the specific demands of many resistance movements and more universal claims such as dignity, recognition, and justice. By making these three contributions, we hope to move beyond either an elitist account found in studies of macro-emancipation and the banal account found in studies of micro-emancaiption. In order to make this argument, we proceed as follows. We begin by reviewing the two dominant conceptions of emancipation. First we look at three different modes of emancipation that have been successively pursued - political emancipation, economic emancipation and ideological emancipation. We then look at the ways in which organization studies has suggested these struggles take place - through 'macro-emancipation' or 'micro-emancipation'. In this review we highlight the shortcomings of these two existing conceptions of emancipation. We then introduce a third conception of emancipation inspired by the work of Jacques Rancière. After we have outlined this, we then draw out the implications of this for the study of emancipation in organization studies. We conclude by sketching out what new areas of emancipation this allows us to understand and perhaps engage with.Rancière ; emancipation ; critical theory ; critical management studies ; micro emancipation