Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis: similarities and differences

Cardiovascular diseases account for more than half of total mortality before the age of 75 in industrialized countries. To develop therapies promoting the compensatory growth of blood vessels could be superior to palliative surgical surgical interventions. Therefore, much effort has been put into investigating underlying mechanisms. Depending on the initial trigger, growth of blood vessels in adult organisms proceeds via two major processes, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. While angiogenesis is induced by hypoxia and results in new capillaries, arteriogenesis is induced by physical forces, most importantly fluid shear stress. Consequently, chronically elevated fluid shear stress was found to be the strongest trigger under experimental conditions. Arteriogenesis describes the remodelling of pre-existing arterio-arteriolar anastomoses to completely developed and functional arteries. In both growth processes, enlargement of vascular wall structures was proposed to be covered by proliferation of existing wall cells. Recently, increasing evidence emerges, implicating a pivotal role for circulating cells, above all blood monocytes, in vascular growth processes. Since it has been shown that monocytes/macrophage release a cocktail of chemokines, growth factors and proteases involved in vascular growth, their contribution seems to be of a paracrine fashion. A similar role is currently discussed for various populations of bone-marrow derived stem cells and endothelial progenitors. In contrast, the initial hypothesis that these cells -after undergoing a (trans-)differentiation- contribute by a structural integration into the growing vessel wall, is increasingly challenged

Similarities of gauge and gravity amplitudes

We review recent progress in computations of amplitudes in gauge theory and gravity. We compare the perturbative expansion of amplitudes in N=4 super Yang-Mills and N=8 supergravity and discuss surprising similarities.Comment: Talk presented by Harald Ita at "Continuous Advances in QCD 2006", 7 page

Similarities in face and voice cerebral processing

In this short paper I illustrate by a few selected examples several compelling similarities in the functional organization of face and voice cerebral processing: (1) Presence of cortical areas selective to face or voice stimuli, also observed in non-human primates, and causally related to perception; (2) Coding of face or voice identity using a “norm-based” scheme; (3) Personality inferences from faces and voices in a same Trustworthiness–Dominance “social space”

Similarities on Graphs: Kernels versus Proximity Measures

We analytically study proximity and distance properties of various kernels and similarity measures on graphs. This helps to understand the mathematical nature of such measures and can potentially be useful for recommending the adoption of specific similarity measures in data analysis.Comment: 16 page

ARTMAP-DS: Pattern Discrimination by Discounting Similarities

ARTMAP-DS extends fuzzy ARTMAP to discriminate between similar inputs by discounting similarities. When two or more candidate category representations are activated by a given input, features that the candidate representations have in common are ignored prior to determining the winning category. Simulations illustrate the network's ability to recognize similar inputs, such as STAR and START, in a noisy environment.National Science Foundation (IRI-94-01659); Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0409, N00014-95-1-0657

Similarities in Dielectrophoretic and Electrophoretic Trap

This paper was presented at the 4th Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2014), which was held at University College, London, UK. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute, ASME Press, LCN London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL University College London, UCL Engineering, the International NanoScience Community, www.nanopaprika.eu.In this study we present a universal theoretical formulation of the particle motions in electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic traps. It is extended from the well-known Mathieu equation based theories for Paul trap. The white noise random force model is utilized to form the Brownian motion of particle in the traps and the instantaneous dielectrophoretic force is employed rather than the time-averaged ponderomotive expression. The new approach enables many interesting properties of dielectrophoretic traps about stability and random motion. This study will be expected to provide a concrete protocol for the design of nanoscale traps which is essential in single molecule analysis

Similarities in Populations of Star Clusters

We compare the observed mass functions and age distributions of star clusters in six well-studied galaxies: the Milky Way, Magellanic Clouds, M83, M51, and Antennae. In combination, these distributions span wide ranges of mass and age: 10^2\lea M/M_{\odot}\lea10^6 and 10^6\lea\tau/yr \lea10^9. We confirm that the distributions are well represented by power laws: $dN/dM\propto M^{\beta}$ with $\beta \approx-1.9$ and $dN/d\tau\propto\tau^{\gamma}$ with $\gamma\approx -0.8$. The mass and age distributions are approximately independent of each other, ruling out simple models of mass-dependent disruption. As expected, there are minor differences among the exponents, at a level close to the true uncertainties, $\epsilon_{\beta}\sim\epsilon_{\gamma}\sim$~0.1--0.2. However, the overwhelming impression is the similarity of the mass functions and age distributions of clusters in these different galaxies, including giant and dwarf, quiescent and interacting galaxies. This is an important empirical result, justifying terms such as "universal" or "quasi-universal." We provide a partial theoretical explanation for these observations in terms of physical processes operating during the formation and disruption of the clusters, including star formation and feedback, subsequent stellar mass loss, and tidal interactions with passing molecular clouds. A full explanation will require additional information about the molecular clumps and star clusters in galaxies beyond the Milky Way.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables; published in the Astrophysical Journal, 752:96 (2012 June 20

Similarities between organic and cuprate superconductors

This ``Perspective'' briefly reviews recent work showing that a class of organic superconductors have important similarities to the cuprate superconductors: (i) There is competition betweeen superconductivity and antiferromagnetism. (ii) Uncoventional metallic behavior is observed near the metal-insulator transition. A more detailed review and discussion of the appropriate strongly correlated electron model can be found in cond-mat/9802198.Comment: 2 pages, RevTeX + epsf, 1 figure