ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING BETWEEN DYNAMISM AND PRUDENCE

Economic environment and the behavior of the economic entity is in continuous transformation. A determined value today may be outdated tomorrow. Consequently, maintaining a balance in the activity of the economic entity requires corrective actions. The purpose of this article is to highlight the connection between the accrual accounting, the dynamic accounting theory and the accounting prudence. Establishing the optimal timing for recognition of expenses, revenues and outcome, dynamic accounting theory gives managers quality information in order to make the best decisions. Adopting a prudent behavior is necessary in a reasonable measure in order to avoid serious repercussions caused by an exaggerated optimism

INCIDENTS OF INTEGRITY IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONAL SPHERE:THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK, MONITORING AND MEASURES OF PREVENTION AND LIMITATION

Our approach aims at the issues of integrity in the performance of public functions in Romania. Specifically, after the development of the ethical considerations in national administrative system, we present the conceptual and legal aspect of integrity incidents, then making reference to monitoring and measures to prevent and limit them. On two major strategies of the Romanian Executive – Strategy regarding the development of public function and the national anti-corruption strategy, both covering the period 2016-2020 – we can detach some goals regarding correction of deficiencies (conflicts of interest, incompatibilities and violation of rules regarding conduct in the exercise of public functions) insisting on the lines of action to be followed in the next four years. The documentation of the paper was founded on the expense of literature, law - national and European - in the field, but also on recent reports issued by some public bodies (Ministry of Justice, National Integrity Agency, the National Agency of Civil Servants, etc.)

PEACE MARKETING

Peace marketing is a new concept which could be part of the category of the public international marketing  and it is, at the same time, a non-profit marketing. The concept of peace marketing is a new one, but one that should be developed because our future depends on the efficiency of the marketing campaigns for peace

CONSIDERATIONS ON APPLYING THE ANALYSIS MATRIX METHODS OF THE RISKS WITHIN THE AUDIT OF THE PROCUREMENT-PAYMENT CYCLE

In the article hereby we analyse the matrix method of analysis of the risks for fraud and error at the level of the procurement-payments cycle. The risk of presentation of certain fraudulent information regarding the accounts of the procurement-payments cycle becomes more and more accentuated in the enhancement of the administration’s wish to present financial indicators of performance. In these conditions, the auditor is to necessarily quantify the involvement of this phenomenon for the report of audit. As a consequence, the auditor is to evaluate the risk for fraud and apply additional audit procedures for identifying all the possible indicators for „remaking” the financial situations on the side of the accounts of suppliers, activity, as a last consequence of which may be a qualified opinion on audit

LEASE AGREEMENTS FINANCIAL REPORTING ISSUES ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

On January 13th 2016, the Board for International Accounting Standards  published the  new International Standard 16 of Financial Reporting,   named as “Lease”, which will substitute the International Accounting Standard 17 of financial reporting “Lease”. ISFR 16 ensures reflection of practically all lease agreements in the financial reporting, which, in is part, meets the requirements of investors regarding reliability and transparency of the information related to a financial state of an enterprise. The Article considers the changes caused by ISFR 16, which relate to recognition of the lease agreements as the asset, their accounting and, impact on the financial reporting. Relevant conclusions are provided regarding the above mentioned issues

STRATEGIC PLANNING DIMENSIONS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN SOUTH AFRICA: THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND VARIATIONS IN SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the strategic dimensions of SMEs and how each dimension is rated by owners and managers of SMEs. The other objective of the study was to ascertain if differences in strategic planning practices existed with respect to demographic variables namely gender, age and position in the organization. It was found that the main dimensions of strategic planning are mission and vision, environmental scanning, employee participation in the strategic planning process, time horizon of strategic planning, implementation incentives, evaluation and control, formality of strategic planning and source of information about the environment. It was also found that mission and vision, formality of strategic planning and evaluation and control were the most valued factors. No significant statistical difference existed among owners and managers of different age, gender and positions in strategic planning practices. The value of the study is that it offers various dimensions of strategic planning that SMEs can implement to be competitive and sustainable

SHORT-TERM BAYESIAN INFLATION FORECASTING FOR TUNISIA: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

In order to explain clearly inflation forecasting and the dynamic of Tunisian prices, this paper uses two econometric approaches, the Standard VAR and Bayesian VAR, to assess three models for predicting inflation, the mark-up model, the monetary model and Phillips curve over the period 1990 Q1 – 2013 Q4.In order to compare predictions, an out-of-sample estimation was conducted. We used the structural break test of Bai &Perron (1998, 2003) and the RMSE criterion for both inflation indices: CPI and PPI. We found that the BVECM mark-up model is best suited to forecast inflation for Tunisia. Our conclusions corroborate the literature of Bayesian VAR forecasting. Our findings indicate that the models which incorporate more economic information outperform the benchmark autoregressive models (AR (1) and AR (2)). The results reveal that forecasting with the BVECM markup model leads to a reduction in forecasting error compared to the other models. The results of the study are relevant to decision-makers to predict inflation in the short- and long-terms in Tunisia and may help them adopt the appropriate strategies to contain inflation

POSSIBILITIES, LIMITATIONS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN HEALTCARE

The increasing importance of achieving sustainable development is largely positively influenced the emergence and increasing the level of application of artificial intelligence in different spheres of human activity, but especially in the field of health care. It is this trend and initiated that in work devote special attention to precisely to the analysis of potential opportunities, and economic effects of the use of artificial intelligence in the direction of improving efficiency, but the economic effects of health car

THE NEW CIVIL CODE: MONISTIC THEORY BETWEEN INTENTIONS AND REALITY

According to the explanatory memorandum, by adopting a new Civil Code the intention was to introduce the regulatory monistic conception of the relations in private law in one code. Therefore the legislator declares that it incorporated "all" regulations regarding persons, family relations and trade relations in a single act: the Civil Code. To what extent the above stated intention is reflected in reality we try to analyze below. Both before adopting the new civil Code and also now, the controversy aroused by the unitary/plural character of private law only concerns the area of trade and commerce. Because the monistic theory of regulatory issues, has always bordered on the civil-commercial law relationship, our approach will also only fit in this rang

ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF GENDER EQUALITY

Term “gender” means socially constructed roles of man and woman, which are ascribed to them according to gender marker. Thus, gender roles depend on concrete socio-economic, political and culturological context and experience influence of various factors according to race, ethnic origin, class, sexual orientation and age. Gender roles widely differ within each culture and cultures. Unlike the individual’s biological gender, the gender role can be changed. This concept implies the views, conditioned by culture, about the intellectual potentials of man and woman, their personal features and behavior. Gender, as a construct, is formed by the society, as a social model of man and woman, which determines their role and position in all the spheres of the public life. To measure gender, like other hard-to-measure events, is of importance, in order to compare the countries, to identify the problems and to try their correction. It may be said that it enables us to disclose focus of the problems and in case of existence of proper will to positively act on it. Gender is multi-component and hard to measure. Research of the gender equality problems is important for the global business. Gender is a cultural construct, within which our different cultures attach different values, roles and responsibilities to men and women. It should be mentioned that the problems of women’s rights along with other barriers impeding achievement of the gender equality, have long been significant for the leading countries of Europe and America. However, one problem still remains – barriers of the so-called “Glass Ceiling”, which impede carrier advance of the female representatives. At the same time, in the countries, being on the lower level, a woman is still considered to be a being of secondary importance, which has no right to work and, compared with a man, no equal conditions to be educated. To this are added the religious laws of Islamic countries, which sharply separate the rights of men and women from one another and often consider inacceptable the public activity of women. In the background of this diversity, in the present work we have analyzed apprehension of the gender roles and equality in Georgia and the influence of this factor on business