Population pressure and global markets drive a decade of forest cover change in Africa\u27s Albertine Rift

Africa\u27s Albertine Rift region faces a juxtaposition of rapid human population growth and protected areas, making it one of the world\u27s most vulnerable biodiversity hotspots. Using satellite-derived estimates of forest cover change, we examined national socioeconomic, demographic, agricultural production, and local demographic and geographic variables, to assess multilevel forces driving local forest cover loss and gain outside protected areas during the first decade of this century. Because the processes that drive forest cover loss and gain are expected to be different, and both are of interest, we constructed models of significant change in each direction. Although rates of forest cover change varied by country, national population change was the strongest driver of forest loss for all countries – with a population doubling predicted to cause 2.06% annual cover loss, while doubling tea production predicted to cause 1.90%. The rate of forest cover gain was associated positively with increased production of the local staple crop cassava, but negatively with local population density and meat production, suggesting production drivers at multiple levels affect reforestation. We found a small but significant decrease in loss rate as distance from protected areas increased, supporting studies suggesting higher rates of landscape change near protected areas. While local population density mitigated the rate of forest cover gain, loss was also correlated with lower local population density, an apparent paradox, but consistent with findings that larger scale forces outweigh local drivers of deforestation. This implicates demographic and market forces at national and international scales as critical drivers of change, calling into question the necessary scales of forest protection policy in this biodiversity hotspot. Using a satellite derived estimate of forest cover change for both loss and gain added a dynamic component to more traditionally static and unidirectional studies, significantly improving our understanding of landscape processes and drivers at work

Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD

Forest loss and degradation in the tropics contribute 6-17% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Protected areas cover 217.2 million ha (19.6%) of the world's humid tropical forests and contain c. 70.3 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) in biomass and soil to 1 m depth. Between 2000 and 2005, we estimate that 1.75 million ha of forest were lost from protected areas in humid tropical forests, causing the emission of 0.25-0.33 Pg C. Protected areas lost about half as much carbon as the same area of unprotected forest. We estimate that the reduction of these carbon emissions from ongoing deforestation in protected sites in humid tropical forests could be valued at USD 6,200-7,400 million depending on the land use after clearance. This is >1.5 times the estimated spending on protected area management in these regions. Improving management of protected areas to retain forest cover better may be an important, although certainly not sufficient, component of an overall strategy for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD

Loss Estimation of Protected Forest Damage and Its Impact on Fishery Sector in Goa Cina Beach, South Area of Malang Regency

Goa Cina is one of magnificent beach destinations in the South Area of Malang Regency which attracts local and foreign tourists. Generally, there are two kinds of tourism management namely ecoturism based and masstourism based. However, Goa Cina implements masstourism based management. Thus it needs an area to build tourism facilities and infrastructures. The ideal functions of protected forest had conversed into buildings such as parking lots, stalls, religious buildings, restrooms, etc. The damage of protected forest caused by its missing functions contributes to some losses. The aims of this research were to: 1) count the loss as the impact of protected forest conversion in Goa Cina which turned into tourism facilities and infrastructures; 2) analyze its impact on fishery production. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interview with the key informant and finding secondary data. The result indicated that the conversion of protected forest into tourism facilities and infrastructures caused ecological and economic loss and it needed massive ecological recovery. The fishery production also decreased due to sedimentation of saltwater. It is suggested that ecotourism should be considered for tourism development instead of masstourisnm

Parks, Buffer Zones, and Costly Enforcement

The reality of protected area management is that enforcing forest and park boundaries is costly and so most likely incomplete, due in part to the pressures exerted on the boundaries by local people who often have traditionally relied on the park resources. Buffer zones are increasingly being proposed and implemented to protect both forest resources and livelihoods. Developing a spatially-explicit optimal enforcement model, this paper demonstrates that there is a trade-off between the amount spent on enforcement, the size of a formal buffer zone, and the extent to which a forest can be protected from illegal extraction. Indeed, given the reality of limited enforcement budgets, a forest manager with a mandate to protect a whole forest may in fact end up doing a worse job than one who is able to incorporate an appropriately sized buffer zone into their management plans that, combined with more effective enforcement of a smaller exclusion zone, provide the appropriate incentives for villagers to extract only in the periphery of the forest, rather than venture further into the forest.

Paper Tigers, Fences-&-Fines or Co-Management? Community conservation agreements in Indonesia's Lore Lindu National Park

Protected areas may be established and maintained at the expense of local communities ('fences & fines'), although attempts to block local land use can be fruitless ('paper tigers'). Innovation in protected area policy has led to the involvement of communities in protected-area management ('co-management'). This paper aims to predict and study the emergence of such negotiated agreements to share the management of as well as the benefits from forest. First, we develop a conceptual framework for understanding roles of co-management interventions. Second, we bring to our derived hypotheses unique panel data collected from a co-management policy implemented in Lore Lindu National Park, Indonesia. The results broadly support our model predictions, although there is mixed evidence in some cases, possibly due to the fact that our relatively rough data proxies often correlate with several model parameters. --forest,protected area,park,community,property right,Indonesia

Effects of Protected Areas on Forest Cover Change and Local Communities: Evidence from the Peruvian Amazon

Protected areas are a cornerstone of forest conservation in developing countries. Yet we know little about their effects on forest cover change or the socioeconomic status of local communities, and even less about the relationship between these effects. This paper assesses whether 'win-win' scenarios are possible-that is, whether protected areas can both stem forest cover change and alleviate poverty. We examine protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon using high-resolution satellite images and household-level survey data for the early 2000s. To control for protected areas nonrandom siting, we rely on quasi-experimental (matching) methods. We find that the average protected area reduces forest cover change. We do not find a robust effect on local communities. Protected areas that allow sustainable extractive activities are more effective in reducing forest cover change but less effective in delivering win-win outcomes

Studi Tingkat Kepedulian Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan terhadap Hutan Lindung Gunung Pemancing - Gunung Ambawang Kabupaten Kubu Raya

Protected Forest of Mount Pemancing Mount Ambawang in the area of Sungai Deras Village and Sungai Bemban Village are one of sources of local community life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of public awareness around the forest and the factors that have a relationship with the level of public awareness toward Protected Forest of Mount Pemancing - Mount Ambawang. This study was conducted in August 2015. The method used in this research is descriptive survey method by interview technique and questionnaire. Communities that were being sample in this study were determined by purposive sampling, the number of respondents in this study were 90. The results showed that 44 (48.88%) of the communities around forest in Sungai Deras Village and Sungai Bemban Village have a high level of concern for Protected Forest of Mount Pemancing - Mount Ambawang, 24 (26.66%) is moderate, and 22 (24.44%) is low. The high public awareness around forest toward Protected Forest of Mount Pemancing - Mount Ambawang in Sungai Deras Village and Sungai Bemban Village because some people have realized the importance of the role of Protected Forest of Mount Pemancing - Mount Ambawang for their lives. Keywords: Protected Forest, Awareness Level, Communities around Fores

Community Dependence on Non-timber Forest Products - A Household Analysis and its Implication for Forest Conservation

This study explores the factors determining the dependence of local people on protected area of forest based on household analysis of a Protected Area from Kerala. The findings confirm the hypothesis that alternative income source would greatly reduce the dependence and hence ease the conflict between local people interests and forest management in conservation activities. This study raised certain issues in the institutional mechanism of marketing and management of non-wood forest products. The price spread highlighted the large difference between sellers (gatherers) price and final retail price. Ensuring a fair share to the local people in the final value added and bringing together traditional knowledge of the villager and the commercial ventures making the final product for efficient sharing of benefits would act as incentives for the gatherers to extract the product in a sustainable way and also to cooperate willingly in the conservation activities.forest products, sustainable management, community livelihood

Perilaku Masyarakat dalam Pemeliharaan Hutan Lindung di Banjar Kedisan, Desa Yehembang Kauh, Kecamatan Mendoyo, Kabupaten Jembrana

Society Behavior On conservation of Protected Forest Society Behavior On conservation of Protected Forest in the Sub-Village of Kedisan, Yehembang Kauh Village, in the Sub-Village of Kedisan, Yehembang Kauh Village, Mendoyo District, Jembrana Regency. Mendoyo District, Jembrana Regency. The protected forest will be preserved by the society if the knowledge, attitude and action on the protected forest belong in the category of good and even very good. The aim of this study is to find out the behavior (knowledge, attitude, and action) of the society on conservation of protected forest in Sub-Village of Kedisan, Yehembang Kauh Village, Mendoyo District, Jembrana Regency. This research uses descriptive qualitative method of analysis. Based on the result of the study, it is revealed that peoples behavior towards protected forest belongs in the category of good in which reach the level of 80,50 %. In the level of knowledge falls into the category of "high" with achieving a score of 80%, for the level of attitudes classified in the category of "agreed" with the achievement score of 80,49 %, and for the level of action classified in the category of "frequent" with achieving a score of 81%. To maximize the level of behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and actions) of the society on the conservation of protected forest, it is advisable to the related government, particularly the Department of Forestry to hold socialization on protected forest as well as giving instructions and certain regulation, either in the form of manuals or bulletin boards. The protected forest will be preserved by the society if the knowledge, attitude and action on the protected forest belong in the category of good and even very good. The aim of this study is to find out the behavior (knowledge, attitude, and action) of the society on conservation of protected forest in Sub-Village of Kedisan, Yehembang Kauh Village, Mendoyo District, Jembrana Regency. This research uses descriptive qualitative method of analysis. Based on the result of the study, it is revealed that peoples behavior towards protected forest belongs in the category of good in which reach the level of 80,50 %. In the level of knowledge falls into the category of "high" with achieving a score of 80%, for the level of attitudes classified in the category of "agreed" with the achievement score of 80,49 %, and for the level of action classified in the category of "frequent" with achieving a score of 81%. To maximize the level of behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and actions) of the society on the conservation of protected forest, it is advisable to the related government, particularly the Department of Forestry to hold socialization on protected forest as well as giving instructions and certain regulation, either in the form of manuals or bulletin boards. Keywords: protected forests, behavior, society Keywords: protected forests, behavior, societ

Human Impacts on Forest Biodiversity in Protected Walnut-Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan

We used a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics, supported by empirical field data and socioeconomic data, to examine the impacts of human disturbances on a protected forest landscape in Kyrgyzstan. Local use of 27 fruit and nut species was recorded and modeled. Results indicated that in the presence of fuelwood cutting with or without grazing, species of high socioeconomic impor- tance such as Juglans regia, Malus spp., and Armeniaca vulgaris were largely eliminated from the landscape after 50–150 yr. In the absence of disturbance or in the presence of grazing only, decline of these species occurred at a much lower rate, owing to competi- tive interactions between tree species. This suggests that the current intensity of fuelwood harvesting is not sustainable. Conversely, cur- rent grazing intensities were found to have relatively little impact on forest structure and composition, and could potentially play a positive role in supporting regeneration of tree species. These results indicate that both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity can arise from human populations living within a protected area. Potentially, these could be reconciled through the development of participatory approaches to conservation management within this reserve, to ensure the maintenance of its high conservation value while meeting human needs