The Short-Term Effect of Store-Level Promotions on Store Choice and the Moderating Role of Individual Variables.

The short-term effect of store-level promotions (weekly flyers, radio and outdoor advertising) on grocery store choice is investigated. We estimate household-level multinomial logit (MNL) models of store choice on panel data, using promotional variables, loyalty, and moderating variables. The research shows that the short-term effect of store-level promotions on store choice is significant but weak: store choice is mainly driven by loyalty. While we fail to demonstrate the moderating role of individual variables (involvement toward shopping, attitude toward the purchase of products on promotion, search for promotional information), however, the quasi-moderating role of loyalty is clearly validated. From a managerial point of view, adapting store-level promotions to individual characteristics does not seem to be relevant. Nevertheless, further research should be conducted in order to take into account the potential interactive effects of individual variables in a more systematic way, for example though a latent class analysis.Promotion des ventes; Store choice; Distribution; Retailing;

The Short-Term Effect of Store-Level Promotions on Store Choice and the Moderating Role of Individual Variables

The short-term effect of store-level promotions (weekly flyers, radio and outdoor advertising) on grocery store choice is investigated. We estimate household-level multinomial logit models of store choice on panel data, using promotional variables, loyalty and psychographic moderating variables. The research shows that the short-term effect of store-level promotions on store choice is significant but weak: store choice is mainly driven by loyalty. While we fail to demonstrate the moderating role of psychographic variables (involvement toward shopping, attitude toward the purchase of products on promotion, search for promotional information), however, the quasi-moderating role of loyalty is clearly validated. From a managerial point of view, adapting store-level promotions to individual characteristics does not seem to be relevant. Nevertheless, further research should be conducted in order to take into account the potential interactive effects of individual variables in a more systematic way, for example though a latent class analysis.store choice, store patronage, store promotions, retailing, marketing

Direct contact and authoritarianism as moderators between extended contact and reduced prejudice: Lower threat and greater trust as mediators

Using a representative sample of Dutch adults (N = 1238), we investigated the moderating influence of direct contact and authoritarianism on the potential of extended contact to reduce prejudice. As expected, direct contact and authoritarianism moderated the effect of extended contact on prejudice. Moreover, the third-order moderation effect was also significant, revealing that extended contact has the strongest effect among high authoritarians with low levels of direct contact. We identified trust and perceived threat as the mediating processes underlying these moderation effects. The present study thus attests to the theoretical and practical relevance of reducing prejudice via extended contact. The discussion focuses on the role of extended contact in relation to direct contact and authoritarianism as well as on the importance of trust in intergroup contexts

When employer brand image aids employee satisfaction and engagement

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether employee characteristics (age, gender, role and experience) influence the effects of employer brand image, for warmth and competence, on employee satisfaction and engagement. Design/methodology/approach – Members of the public were surveyed as to their satisfaction and engagement with their employer and their view of their employer brand image. Half were asked to evaluate their employer’s “warmth” and half its “competence”. The influence of employee characteristics was tested on a “base model” linking employer image to satisfaction and engagement using a mediated moderation model. Findings – The base model proved valid; satisfaction partially mediates the influence of employer brand image on engagement. Age, experience gender, and whether the role involved customer contact moderate both the influence of the employer brand image and of satisfaction on engagement. Practical implications – Engagement varies with employee characteristics, and both segmenting employees and promoting the employer brand image differentially to specific groups are ways to counter this effect. Originality/value – The contexts in which employer brand image can influence employees in general and specific groups of employees in particular are not well understood. This is the first empirical study of the influence of employer brand image on employee engagement and one of few that considers the application of employee segmentation

Moderating Factors of Immediate, Dynamic, and Long-run Cross-Price Effects

In this article the authors describe their comprehensive analysis of moderating factors of cross-brand effects of price changes and contribute to the literature in five major ways. (1) They consider an extensive set of potential variables influencing cross-brand effects of price changes. (2) They examine moderators for the immediate as well as the dynamic cross-price effect. (3) They decompose price into regular and promotional price and study both cross-price effects separately. (4) They compare their findings with previous literature on the moderating factors of own-price effects to understand which factors influence own-price elasticity through affecting brand switching. (5) The authors use an advanced Bayesian estimation technique. The results show evidence of the neighborhood price effect and suggest that it is conditional on whether the promoted brand is priced above or below its competitor. The promoted brand's activities turn out to play a much more important role in determining the cross-price promotional effects than its competitor's similar activities. The authors outline conditions when cross-brand post-promotion dips tend to occur. Finally, they argue that the brand choice portion of the overall own-brand effect of a promotion depends on the brand's marketing strategy and on category-specific characteristics.dynamic effects;asymmetry;hierarchical Bayes;cross-price elasticity

Occupational stress and strains in rehabilitation service provision : some moderating affects of a sense of coherence : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University

The sense of coherence was investigated as a potential moderator between psychological climate (PC) stressors and job satisfaction, intent to quit the organisation/profession and psychological well-being. Respondents were a heterogeneous group of rehabilitation providers (n=89) drawn from a list provided by the New Zealand Rehabilitation Society, and from a list of individuals who had completed a post graduate diploma in rehabilitation at Massey university. The relationships between demographic variables and other variables were examined using Pearson r's correlations and t-tests. Significant demographic variables that were entered as control variables in a series of hierarchical multiple regressions. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also performed to analyse potential moderating effects. The results of the study, found that the PC variables role ambiguity, management awareness, job variety and challenge, and leader trust and support significantly predicted job satisfaction. Role ambiguity was also found to be significant predictor of positive affect and general happiness. The SOC subscales of meaningfulness, comprehensibility and manageability were found to be significant predictors of job satisfaction. Meaningfulness was also found to be a significant predictor of intent to quit the profession and organisation, and manageability and meaningfulness significantly predicted positive affect and negative affect. The interaction analyses found that meaningfulness moderated the effects of role ambiguity on job satisfaction, and manageability moderated the effects of role ambiguity on general happiness. Meaningfulness was found to be the pivotal aspect of the SOC construct. The research limitations and implications were discussed along with recommendations for future research

Examining the moderating effect of individual-level cultural values on users’ acceptance of E-learning in developing countries: a structural equation modeling of an extended technology acceptance model

In this study, we examine the effects of individual-level culture on the adoption and acceptance of e-learning tools by students in Lebanon using a theoretical framework based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). To overcome possible limitations of using TAM in developing countries, we extend TAM to include subjective norms (SN) and quality of work life constructs as additional constructs and a number of cultural variables as moderators. The four cultural dimensions of masculinity/femininity (MF), individualism/collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance were measured at the individual level to enable them to be integrated into the extended TAM as moderators and a research model was developed based on previous literature. To test the hypothesised model, data were collected from 569 undergraduate and postgraduate students using e-learning tools in Lebanon via questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using the structural equation modelling technique in conjunction with multi-group analysis. As hypothesised, the results of the study revealed perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), SN and quality of work life to be significant determinants of students’ behavioural intention (BI) towards e-learning. The empirical results also demonstrated that the relationship between SN and BI was particularly sensitive to differences in individual-cultural values, with significant moderating effects observed for all four of the cultural dimensions studied. Some moderating effects of culture were also found for both PU and PEOU, however, contrary to expectations the effect of quality of work life was not found to be moderated by MF as some previous authors have predicted. The implications of these results to both theory and practice are explored in the paper

Nutrition Labeling in the United States and the Role of Consumer Processing, Message Structure, and Moderating Conditions

It has been since 1990 that the landmark Nutritional Labeling Education Act (NLEA) was passed in the United States, and since 1969 that the first White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health occurred. In the time since these important events, considerable research has been conducted on how U.S. consumers process and use nutritional labeling. An up-to-date review of nutritional labeling research must address key findings on the processing and use of nutrition facts panels (NFPs), restaurant labeling, front-of-pack (FOP) symbols, health and nutrient content claims, new labeling efforts (e.g., for meat products), and claims not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Message structure mediates the ways in which consumers process nutritional labeling while moderating conditions affect research outcomes associated with labeling efforts. The most recent policy issues and problems to be considered (e.g., by the FDA) include nutritional labeling as well as identifying opportunities for consumer research in helping to promote healthy lifestyles and reducing obesity in the United States and throughout the world. For example, several unanswered research questions remain regarding how the proposed changes to the NFPs—beef, poultry, and seafood labeling; restaurant chain calorie labeling; alternative FOP formats; and regulated and unregulated health and nutrient content claims—will affect consumers. Researchers have yet to examine not only these different labeling and nutrition information formats, but also how they might interact with one another and the role of key moderating conditions (e.g., one’s motivation, ability opportunity to process nutrition information) in affecting consumer processing and behavior