A histochemical study of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in an eosinophilic granuloma of parotid gland region

We experienced a case of eosinophilic granuloma in soft tissue, and demonstrated its patterns of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes histochemically. Neutrophils were rich in acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Eosinophils had much acid phosphatase and less other hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Lymphocytes showed weak reaction in all enzymes. Lymph follicles and histiocytes or fibrocytes had moderately oxidative enzymes. Small blood vessels and collagen fibers were rich in alkaline phosphatase and had a moderate amount of oxidative enzymes and acid phosphatase.</p

Biotechnological Potential of Oxidative Enzymes from Actinobacteria

Oxidative enzymes are often considered for use in industrial processes because of the variety of reactions they are able to catalyse. In the past, most of these oxidative enzymes were obtained from fungi. However, in recent years, it has become evident that these enzymes are also produced by bacteria, including actinobacterial strains, which can therefore be considered as an underexploited resource of oxidative enzymes with potential for application in various industries. This chapter will focus on selected oxidative enzymes found in actinobacteria, their potential for application in industrial processes and how we can access and improve these enzymes to suit the required bioprocess conditions

Histochemical Demonstration of the Three Types of Intrafusal Fibers of Muscle Spindles, a Study on Oxidative Enzymes

Histochemical studies of several oxidative enzymes of the muscle spindles in mouse limbs were carried out. Observations elucidated the existence of the three types of intrafusal fibers which can be distinguished from each other by the difference in the activity of oxidative enzymes as in the muscle fibers, i. e., the first one is the &#34;red intrafusal fibers&#34; and has the most intense activity of oxidative enzyme, the second one the &#34;white intrafusal fibers&#34; with a minimal activity, and the third, &#34;medium intrafusal fibers&#34; being distinguished by their oderate activity of oxidative enzymes from the others.</p

OXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN PARAFFIN SECTIONS

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。The usefulness of paraffin sections was shown for the histochemical detection of some oxidative enzymes. The acetone fixed paraffin sections were floated on the incubating mixture containing Nitro-BT, substrates and others without sticking on the slide or cover glass, or stored in a refrigerator until use. DPN-and TPN-diaphorase (DPND, TPND), DPN-and TPN-linked dehydrogenase systems and succinic dehydrogenase system were examined. The diaphorases and succinic dehydrogenase have shown their marked activities and other dehydrogenases in various grades but not so prominent. The present procedures will give the sufficient results for the detection of oxidative enzymes in the lipid-rich tissues such as the adrenal cortex. It seems most likely that the success of the present studies might be due to the use of Nitro-BT for the hydrogen acceptor and to floating the paraffin sections directly on the incubating mixtures. Thus, the present procedures made it possible to stock the tissues maintaining the oxidative enzyme activities and to avoid or minimize the diffusion of the enzymes and produced formazan deposits

Changes in tissue oxidative enzymes in rats exposed to red bull energy drink and alcohol

There is increase in combined ingestion of alcoholic beverages and energy drinks, but studies on their combined effects on tissue oxidative enzymes are limited. Hence, the present study examined the changes in tissue oxidative enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, AO, EC 1.2.3.1; xanthine oxidase, XO, EC 1.17.3.2; sulphite oxidase, SO, EC 1.8.3.1; and monoamine oxidase, MO, EC 1.4.3.4) in the liver, kidney, heart, brain and testes of rats exposed to red bull energy drink and ethanol. Twenty eight Wistar rats (190±5g) were used for the study. The animals were divided into four groups. Group 1 which was fed with only grower’s mash and water served as control. In addition to the normal dietand water rats in Group 2 receivedRed bull energy drink (3.5ml/kg body weight), while those in Group 3 received Ethanol (1.25g/kg body weight) by intubation. Rats in Group 4 received bothred bull and ethanol as in Groups 2 and 3.Consumption of red bull significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased liver AO activity as compared to control. The results showed that red bull, ethanol or their combination had variable effects on tissue oxidative enzymes as alteration was observed in the activity of the oxidative enzymes. The effect of a combination of red bull and ethanol was more pronounced in the liver MO, kidney AO, liver XO and liver SO than either red bull or ethanol alone. In conclusion the present study has shown that consumption of red bull, ethanol or their combination may alter the ability of tissue oxidative enzymes to metabolize zenobiotics.Keywords: Oxidative enzymes, Energy drinks, Alcohol, Red Bull, Ra

A histochemical study of the red and white muscle fibers Part III. Activity of the diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase and triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase in muscle fibers

From the histochemical study of DPN and TPN diaphorase on the striated muscles of the cats, the following results were obtained. 1. M. gastrocnemius, which belongs to the white muscle by naked eye, consists of three types of muscle fibers distinguished by the DPN diaphorase staining: namely, the small muscle fibers, i. e., the red muscle fibers show a moderate activity, being stained pink, while the large muscle fibers, i. e., the white muscle fibers show a low activity, being stained faint pink. The. third type of muscle fibers: namely, the medium fibers are stained pale pink and show the enzymatic activity intermediate between the red and white muscle fibers. 2. M. soleus, belonging to the red muscle by naked eye, consists of three types of fibers distinguished by the DPN-diaphorase staining, i. e., the red muscle fibers are stained pink, medium fibers pale pink, and a few white muscle fibers faint pink. The diameters of these three types of muscle fibers in M. soleus are almost the same. 3. From the staining pattern of TPN-diaphorase in M. gastrocnemius and M. soleus, the three types of muscle fibers can be distinguished by TPN-diaphorase activity, namely, the red muscle fibers show a high TPN-diaphorase activity, being stained purple, while, the white muscle fibers a low activity, being stained pale pink. The medium fibers are stained pink and show a moderate enzymatic activity intermediate between the red and white muscle fibers. 4. The TPN-diaphorase activity is higher than the DPN-diaphorase activity in the striated muscle, but it is less active than the TPN-diapborase activity in the kidney. However, the activity of DPN-diaphorase in the striated muscle is quite lower than that of the kidney.</p

Histochemical demonstration of three types of muscle fibers of the intercostal muscles. A study on oxidative enzymes

Since the classic work of Ranvier, it is well known that the mammalian striated muscle is composed of two types of muscle fibers, i. e., the red and white muscle fibers. In the previous paper1 it has been reported that the limb muscle fibers of mammals can be divided into three types from their activities of the histochemically demonstrable oxidative enzymes. Namely, the small red muscle fibers had a higher activity of oxidative enzymes, the large white muscle fibers a lower activity and the third type of muscle fibers being called &#34;medium fiber&#34; or &#34;intermediate fiber&#34; showed an intermediate activity between those of the red and white muscle fibers.</p

Production and effect of aldonic acids during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose at high dry matter content

BACKGROUND: The recent discovery of accessory proteins that boost cellulose hydrolysis has increased the economical and technical efficiency of processing cellulose to bioethanol. Oxidative enzymes (e.g. GH61) present in new commercial enzyme preparations have shown to increase cellulose conversion yields. When using pure cellulose substrates it has been determined that both oxidized and unoxidized cellodextrin products are formed. We report the effect of oxidative activity in a commercial enzyme mix (Cellic CTec2) upon overall hydrolysis, formation of oxidized products and impact on β-glucosidase activity. The experiments were done at high solids loadings using a lignocellulosic substrate simulating commercially relevant conditions. RESULTS: The Cellic CTec2 contained oxidative enzymes which produce gluconic acid from lignocellulose. Both gluconic and cellobionic acid were produced during hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw at 30% WIS. Up to 4% of released glucose was oxidized into gluconic acid using Cellic CTec2, whereas no oxidized products were detected when using an earlier cellulase preparation Celluclast/Novozym188. However, the cellulose conversion yield was 25% lower using Celluclast/Novozym188 compared to Cellic CTec2. Despite the advantage of the oxidative enzymes, it was shown that aldonic acids could be problematic to the hydrolytic enzymes. Hydrolysis experiments revealed that cellobionic acid was hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase at a rate almost 10-fold lower than for cellobiose, and the formed gluconic acid was an inhibitor of the β-glucosidase. Interestingly, the level of gluconic acid varied significantly with temperature. At 50°C (SHF conditions) 35% less gluconic acid was produced compared to at 33°C (SSF conditions). We also found that in the presence of lignin, no reducing agent was needed for the function of the oxidative enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of oxidative enzymes in Cellic CTec2 led to the formation of cellobionic and gluconic acid during hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw and filter paper. Gluconic acid was a stronger inhibitor of β-glucosidase than glucose. The formation of oxidized products decreased as the hydrolysis temperature was increased from 33° to 50°C. Despite end-product inhibition, the oxidative cleavage of the cellulose chains has a synergistic effect upon the overall hydrolysis of cellulose as the sugar yield increased compared to using an enzyme preparation without oxidative activity

Antioxidants activity in pineapple CV. N36 culture under aluminium stress

Aluminium is an important stress factor for plants in acidic environments. In the present study, the effect of aluminium-stress on the oxidative enzymes and antioxidant activities in pineapple cv. N36 plantlets was investigated. The plantlets were cultured in MS medium containing 100 μM Al (pH 4.0) for 30 days. Results showed that fresh and dry weight, ascorbic acid content and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by Al-stress. Al did significantly (p<0.05) reduce the α-tocopherol content (2.76 mg/fwt.) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activity (3.39 units/mg protein), and increased the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (7.16 units/mg protein). These results indicated that long-term Al-stress did change antioxidant substances content and oxidative enzymes activities in the leaves of pineapple cv. N36 plantlets