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Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ κΈ°Β·μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ, 2015. 2. κΆμμ°.λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ μ§λ¨ λ° μΉλ£μ μ μ© κ°λ₯ν μ΄μν λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ λν΄ κΈ°μ νμλ€. μ체 μ‘°μ§μ κ΄λμ μΈ‘μ κ³Ό μ μ λ ₯ μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£μ μ μ© νκΈ° μν΄ μ μ μ¨ μΈ‘μ νλ‘λ₯Ό νλ©΄ν λμΆ νμΉ¨μ μ§μ νμκ³ , λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν λ°μ νλ‘λ₯Ό μ΄ν리μΌμ΄ν°μ μ§μ νμλ€. MEMS κΈ°μ κ³Ό MMIC κΈ°μ μ μ μ©ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ¨μΌ νλ«νΌμ μ§μ λ μμ€ν
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μ μ μνμλ€. μΉλ£λ₯Ό μ§ννλ λμ, λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘νμ μ λ ₯μ μΈ‘μ ν μ μλλ‘ μ λ ₯ κ²μΆκΈ°μ λ°©ν₯μ± κ²°ν©κΈ°λ ν¨κ» μ§μ νμλ€. μ, κ·Όμ‘ λ± λ€μν μ체 μ‘°μ§μ μ΄μ©ν μ€νμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘λΆν° Ku λμμ μ£Όνμμμ μ μ λ ₯ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£κ° κ°λ₯ν¨μ νμΈνμλ€.
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μμ μ νλ ν₯μμ μν μ΅μ μ μ£Όνμλ₯Ό κ²°μ νμλ€. λ°μ§κΈ°μ μ λ ₯ μ¦νκΈ° MMICμ μ΄μ€ μ±λ λ‘κ·Έ μ λ ₯ κ²μΆκΈ°, λ°©ν₯μ± κ²°ν©κΈ°λ₯Ό νμΉ¨μ μ§μ νμ¬ μμ€ν
μ μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ€ν κ²°κ³Όλ‘λΆν° λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ μ±λ₯μ νμΈνμμΌλ©°, μμ± λλ
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μκ° μ μ λ ₯ λ° μ νΉμ΄ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£μ ν¨μ¨κ³Ό μ νλλ₯Ό ν₯μμν€λλ° μ μ©ν¨μ κ²μ¦νμλ€.This thesis presents miniaturized microwave active integrated probe systems applicable to cancer detection and treatment. To realize broadband detection and low-power hyperthermia, planar-type coaxial probes and heat applicators have been integrated with active circuits for permittivity measurement and microwave generation, respectively. Each integrated system is implemented on a single platform using Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technologies for miniaturization and integration.
First, a complex permittivity measurement technique using an integrated multi-state reflectometer (MSR) is proposed for cancer detection application. The broadband MSR covering both 2 and 16 GHz bands consists of a dual-band phase-locked loop, a directional coupler, an impedance tuner, two RF power detectors, and a micromachined silicon planar probe with an open-ended coaxial aperture. All the active and passive circuit components have been integrated on the micromachined probe platform in a small form factor of 6.8 mm Γ 50 mm Γ 0.6 mm. The performance of the fabricated integrated probe has been evaluated by comparing the measured permittivities of 0.9% saline, pork muscle, fat, and xenografted human breast cancer with the reference data.
For low-power microwave hyperthermia, a Ku-band active integrated heat applicator is demonstrated. A planar-type coaxial applicator has been fabricated using silicon micromachining technology, on which a Ku-band voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a driver amplifier, and a power amplifier (PA) have been integrated. A directional coupler and power detectors are employed for power monitoring. The fully integrated heat applicator has been realized in a small footprint of 8 mm Γ 56 mm. In-vitro and in-vivo ablation experiments on pork muscle, fat, and human-cancer xenografted nude mouse demonstrate the feasibility of low-power hyperthermia using Ku-band microwaves.
Finally, an active integrated heat applicator for magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-assisted hyperthermia is developed. The effect of the MNP on microwave hyperthermia has been analyzed by a coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis. The optimum frequency for hyperthermia is determined by the coupled analysis. A 2-GHz source module consisting of a VCO and a PA has been implemented in MMICs and integrated on the heat applicator platform. A dual-channel log detector and a directional coupler have been also employed to monitor the power levels during hyperthermia. Experiment results show not only sufficient heating performance of the integrated applicator, but also the effectiveness of the MNP for low-power and cancer-specific microwave hyperthermia.Abstract i
Contents iv
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Microwave Cancer Detection 4
1.3 Microwave Hyperthermia 5
1.4 Outline of Thesis 7
2. Active Integrated Probe for Cancer Detection 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Principle of Operation 13
2.2.1 Multi-State Reflectometer 14
2.2.2 Governing Equation for Complex Permittivity 15
2.2.3 Determination of Complex Permittivity 17
2.2.4 Calibration 19
2.3 Design and Fabrication 21
2.3.1 Micromachined Planar Coaxial Probe 21
2.3.2 Impedance Tuner 30
2.3.3 Directional Coupler 34
2.3.4 Power Detector 37
2.3.5 Signal Source 39
2.3.6 Active Integrated Probe System 43
2.4 Measurement Results 46
2.5 Summary 52
3. Ku-Band Active Integrated Heat Applicator for Cancer Ablation 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Design and Fabrication 57
3.2.1 Micromachined Planar Coaxial Applicator 58
3.2.2 Microwave Source 63
3.2.3 Power Monitoring Circuits 67
3.2.4 Ku-Band Active Integrated Applicator System 67
3.3 Experiment Results 70
3.4 Summary 77
4. Active Integrated Heat Applicator for Magnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Hyperthermia 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle (MNP) 82
4.2.1 Heating mechanism of MNP 83
4.2.2 Permeability of MNP 84
4.3 Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Analysis 88
4.3.1 Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Problems 88
4.3.2 Electromagnetic Analysis 92
4.3.3 Thermal Analysis 94
4.3.4 Analysis Results 96
4.4 Design and Fabrication 103
4.4.1 Spiral Applicator 104
4.4.2 Microwave Source 107
4.4.3 Power Monitoring Circuits 111
4.4.4 Active Integrated Applicator for MNP-Assisted Hyperthermia 119
4.5 Experiment Results 122
4.6 Summary 132
5. Conclusion 134
Bibliography 137
Abstract in Korean 152Docto